Bagsecg

Bagsecg's origins are obscure. He is one of the first Vikings to be named by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.Townend (2002) p. 112; Lehiste (1958) pp. 7–8. He and Healfdene are the first principal Viking leaders attested by all versions of this source, after the Great Army's arrival in Wessex.McLeod, SH (2011) p. 123; Ó Corráin (1979) p. 316.{{#tag:ref|The earliest source to make note of Ingware in the context of the Great Army's invasion of Anglo-Saxon England is Chronicon Æthelweardi.Kries (2003) p. 52. Many of the earliest vikings attested by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle are those that lost recorded battles or died in them.Woolf (2007) p. 73. Such is certainly the case in Irish sources. The 15th/16th century Annals of Ulster, for example, reports the deaths of Saxolb,Kulovesi (2017) p. 10, 10 n. 35; The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 837.9; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 837.9; Woolf (2007) p. 73 n. 12. Tuirgéis,Kulovesi (2017) p. 10, 10 n. 36; The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 845.8; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 845.8; Woolf (2007) p. 73 n. 12. Agonn,Kulovesi (2017) p. 10, 10 n. 36; The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 847.4; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 847.4; Anderson (1922) p. 278, 278 n. 1. and Tomrair in the 830s and 840s,Kulovesi (2017) p. 10; The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 848.5; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 848.5; Woolf (2007) p. 73 n. 12; Anderson (1922) p. 278, 278 n. 5. before naming the first living Viking, Stain, in the 850s.The Annals of Ulster (2017) § 852.3; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 852.3; Woolf (2007) p. 73 n. 12. The fact that Ingware is not noted by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle until after his death may be related to the fact that he did not suffer any defeats against the Anglo-Saxons, and never fought against the West Saxons.McLeod, SH (2011) p. 123.|group=note}} Nothing further is known regarding Bagsecg's background.Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 37 n. 68; Whitelock (1996) p. 198 n. 2; Brooks (1979) p. 8.

The precise historical phonology and etymology of the name Bagsecg are also obscure.Townend (2002) pp. 112–113; Lehiste (1958) pp. 7–9. It appears only in sources relating to this particular historical individual, in England during the 9th century. (By comparison, Healfdene clearly corresponds to the relatively common Old Norse name Halfdan meaning "half Dane".Townend (2002) pp. 114–115.) Surviving sources give many differing forms of Bagsecg's name. The "A" version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle gives "{{lang|ang|Bachsecg}}" and "{{lang|ang|Bagsecg}}";Cowen (2004) pp. 46–47; Irvine (2004) p. lii; Lehiste (1958) p. 8; Plummer; Earle (1892) p. 70 § 871; Thorpe (1861a) p. 138 § 871. the "B" version gives "{{lang|ang|Bagsceg}}";Irvine (2004) p. lii; Taylor (1983) pp. lvi, 35 § 872; Lehiste (1958) p. 8; Plummer; Earle (1892) p. 70 n. 3; Thorpe (1861a) p. 138 § 871; Bagsecg 1 (n.d.). the "C" version gives "{{lang|ang|Bagsecg}}";Irvine (2004) p. lii; O'Keeffe (2001) p. 59 § 872; Lehiste (1958) p. 8; Plummer; Earle (1892) p. 70 n. 3; Thorpe (1861a) p. 138 § 872; Bagsecg 1 (n.d.). the "D" version gives "{{lang|ang|Bagsecg}}";Irvine (2004) p. lii; Lehiste (1958) p. 8; Plummer; Earle (1892) p. 70 n. 3; Thorpe (1861a) p. 139 § 871; Bagsecg 1 (n.d.). the "E" version gives "{{lang|ang|Bagsecg}}" and "{{lang|ang|Basecg}}";Irvine (2004) pp. lii, 49 § 871, 148; Lehiste (1958) p. 8; Plummer; Earle (1892) p. 71 § 871; Thorpe (1861a) p. 139 § 871. the "F" version gives "{{lang|ang|Bagsæc}}" and "{{lang|ang|Bagsec}}";Baker (2000) p. 69 § 871; Irvine (2004) p. lii; Lehiste (1958) p. 8; Thorpe (1861a) p. 137 § 871; Bagsecg 1 (n.d.). and the "G" version gives "{{lang|ang|Bachsecg}}".Lehiste (1958) p. 8; Bagsecg 1 (n.d.). The edition of Vita Alfredi preserved by Cambridge Corpus Christi College (100) gives "{{lang|la|Bægscecg}}";Stevenson, WH (1904) p. 31 n. 20. the edition preserved by British Library (Cotton Otho A xii) gives "{{lang|la|Beagstecg}}";Anscombe (1920); Stevenson, WH (1904) p. 31 n. 20. and the edition of preserved by Cambridge University Library (Additional 3825) gives "{{lang|la|Beagscecg}}". One late 10th century source, the Latin Chronicon Æthelweardi, varies notably, in that it records the name as {{lang|la|Berse}}.Townend (2002) pp. 112–113; Giles (1906) p. 27 bk. 4 ch. 2; Stevenson, J (1854) p. 428 bk. 4 ch. 2; Bagsecg 1 (n.d.). Although this name is unattested by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, forms of it are recorded by the Durham Liber vitae, and it appears to represent the Old Norse {{lang|non|Bersi}}, a name otherwise uncommon in Anglo-Saxon England.Townend (2002) pp. 112–113. (Subsequent sources revert to the more conventional forms in Anglo-Saxon. The account of the 12th century Chronicon ex chronicis gives "{{lang|la|Bagsecg}}".Stevenson, WH (1904) p. 31 n. 20; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 217; Forester (1854) p. 63; Thorpe (1848) p. 85. The 12th century Annals of St Neots gives "{{lang|la|Beagsecg}}".Stevenson, WH (1904) p. 31 n. 20; Gale (1691) p. 163.)

{{main|Great Heathen Army}}

File:Viking invasion (Pierpont Morgan Library MS M.736, folio 9v) crop.jpg on folio 9v of Pierpont Morgan Library M.736.Williams, G (2017) p. 31; The Life and Miracles of St. Edmund (n.d.).]]

There is a historical consensus that an invading viking army coalesced in Anglo-Saxon England, during the 860s. The "A version" of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle – dating from the 9th or 10th century – describes the invading force as the "{{lang|ang|micel here}}",Downham (2013a) p. 13; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 9, 27 n. 96; Sheldon (2011) p. 12, 12 n. 13; McLeod, S (2013) p. 64, 64 n. 16; Swanton (1998) p. 68 § 866; Gomme (1909) p. 58 § 866; Hervey (1907) pp. 2–3 § 866; Plummer; Earle (1892) p. 68 § 866; Thorpe (1861a) p. 130 § 866; Thorpe (1861b) p. 59 § 866. an Old English term that can translate as "big army",Downham (2013a) p. 14; Downham (2013b) p. 52; Downham (2012) p. 4; Sheldon (2011) p. 12. or "great army".Naismith (2017) p. 279; Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 230; Downham (2013a) p. 14; Downham (2013b) p. 52; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 9, 27 n. 96; McLeod, S (2013) p. 64; Halsall (2007) p. 106; Williams, A (1999) p. 69.{{#tag:ref|The earliest form of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is the "A" version. Another Old English name "{{lang|ang|mycel hæðen here}}", meaning "great heathen raiding-army", appears in later versions of the Chronicle.Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 231 § 866; McLeod, S (2013) p. 64; Sheldon (2011) p. 12, 12 n. 13; Irvine (2004) p. 48 § 866; O'Keeffe (2001) p. 58 § 867; Swanton (1998) p. 69 § 866; Whitelock (1996) p. 196 § 866; Taylor (1983) p. 34 § 867; Conybeare (1914) p. 140 § 866; Giles (1914) p. 49 § 866; Hervey (1907) pp. 2–3 § 866; Giles (1903) p. 351 § 866; Plummer; Earle (1892) p. 69 § 866, 69 n. 3; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 130–131 § 866/867; Thorpe (1861b) p. 59 § 866; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 43 § 866.|group=note}}

Contemporary sources make mutually-contradictory claims regarding the origins of the Great Army.Downham (2013a) p. 13; Woolf (2007) p. 71. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle usually identifies the Vikings simply as "Danes" or "heathens".McLeod, S (2013) p. 64; Woolf (2007) p. 71. The 10th century Vita Alfredi seems to allege that the invaders came specifically from Denmark.Downham (2013a) p. 13; Downham (2013b) p. 53; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 140; Downham (2007) p. 64; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 21, asser's life of king alfred § 21 n. 44; Smyth (2002) pp. 13 ch. 21, pp. 217–218 n. 61, 224 n. 139; Conybeare (1914) p. 98 § 24 ch. 21; Cook (1906) p. 13 ch. 21; Giles (1906) p. 50; Stevenson, WH (1904) p. 19 ch. 21; Stevenson, J (1854) p. 449, 449 n. 6. However, a more general Scandinavian origin may be evident in the Chronicon Æthelweardi (late 10th century), which states that "the fleets of the tyrant Ingware (Norse Ivár) arrived in England from the north".Lewis (2016) p. 18; Downham (2013a) p. 13, 13 n. 23; Downham (2007) p. 64; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 21 n. 44; Kirby (2002) p. 173; Swanton (1998) p. 68 n. 5; Whitelock (1996) p. 196 n. 5; Ó Corráin (1979) pp. 314–315; McTurk, RW (1976) pp. 117 n. 173, 119; Stenton (1963) p. 244 n. 2; Conybeare (1914) p. 156 bk. 4 ch. 2 § 1; Giles (1906) p. 25 bk. 4 ch. 2; The Whole Works of King Alfred the Great (1858) p. 30; Stevenson, J (1854) p. 427 bk. 4 ch. 2. The documentary evidence as a whole, and modern archaeological research, suggests that the Great Army was not a homogeneous force, but a composite of warbands from different parts of Scandinavia (and possibly other parts of Europe).Hadley; Richards; Brown et al. (2016) p. 55; McLeod, S (2013) pp. 75–76, 79 n. 77; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 10; Budd; Millard; Chenery et al. (2004) pp. 137–138.

File:Bagsecg and Healfdene (British Library MS Cotton Faustina B IX, folio 6r).jpg as they appear on folio 6r of British Library Cotton Faustina B IX (the Chronicle of Melrose): "{{lang|la|Basrechg}}".Stevenson, J (1856) p. 91; Stevenson, J (1835) p. 19; Cotton MS Faustina B IX (2004).]]

The leadership of the Great Army appears to have fallen to Bagsecg and Healfdene after the departure from England, or death, of Ingware,Holm (2015); Abels (2013) p. 125; Yorke (1995) p. 109. the foremost leader of the Great Army and one of the vikings most prominent in 9th century Britain.Downham (2007) pp. 64, 67; Woolf (2007) pp. 71–73; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 21 n. 44. In 869, the vikings claimed a pivotal victory, when Edmund, King of East Anglia was killed and the entire Kingdom of East Anglia was captured.Downham (2007) p. 65; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 72; Costambeys (2004b); Gransden (2004); Keynes (2001) p. 54; Stenton (1963) p. 246. It may have been at about this date that Ingware either died or moved on to campaign in the Western Isles, the Scottish mainland or Ireland.Abels (2013) p. 125; Downham (2007) pp. 66–67; Costambeys (2004a); Costambeys (2004b); Keynes (2001) p. 54; Stenton (1963) pp. 247–248. Chronicon Æthelweardi states that Ingware died in the same year as Edmund.Lewis (2016) p. 22; McTurk, R (2015) pp. 42, 46–47, 213; Downham (2013a) p. 16 n. 33; Downham (2011) p. 192; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 127; Downham (2007) p. 66; McTurk, R (2006) p. 681; Costambeys (2004b); Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 33 n. 61; Ó Corráin (1979) pp. 315, 319; McTurk, RW (1976) p. 117 n. 174; Whitelock (1969) pp. 223, 227 n. 49; Barker (1967) p. 82; Giles (1906) p. 26 bk. 4 ch. 2; Stevenson, J (1854) p. 428 bk. 4 ch. 2. (While there is reason to believe that Ingware is identical to Ímar, a Viking king later active in Ireland and Scotland,Downham (2018) p. 109; Lewis (2016) p. 22; McTurk, R (2015) pp. 42, 46, 49; Downham (2013a) p. 16, 16 n. 33; Downham (2011) p. 192; Gigov (2011) pp. 24–25; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 127–128; Downham (2007) p. 66; McTurk, R (2006) p. 681; Costambeys (2004b); Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 21 n. 44; Keynes (2001) p. 54; Jaski (1995) p. 318 n. 29; Brooks (1979) p. 6, 6 n. 22; Ó Corráin (1979); McTurk, RW (1976) pp. 93, 117–119; Whitelock (1969) p. 227; Stenton (1963) pp. 247–248. such an identification has never achieved consensus.Downham (2018) p. 109; Downham (2011) p. 192; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 127–128; Downham (2007) p. 66; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 21 n. 44; Keynes (2001) p. 54; Jaski (1995) p. 318 n. 29; Ó Corráin (1979); McTurk, RW (1976) pp. 93, 118; Whitelock (1969) p. 227; Stenton (1963) p. 248.)

File:Æthelred, King of Wessex coin.png.Grueber (1899) p. 24 § 133, pl. 4 § 133.]]

With the capitulation of the East Angles, the Vikings turned their attention towards the Kingdom of Wessex.Downham (2013a) p. 16; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 72; Keynes (2001) p. 54. This was the final Anglo-Saxon realm to withstand the Vikings,Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 72. which could indicate that the latter sought to isolate the West Saxons before committing to a fullscale invasion.Downham (2013a) p. 16 n. 34. Late in 870, the Great Army arrived at Reading on the banks of the River Thames.Williams, G (2017) pp. 31–32, 34; Downham (2013a) p. 16; Gigov (2011) p. 20; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 11; Halsall (2007) pp. 155, 278 n. 143; Costambeys (2004b); Miller (2004); Page (1987) p. 19; Stenton (1963) p. 246. There is reason to suspect that this seizure of Reading could have been timed to coincide with Christmas.Halsall (2007) pp. 155, 278 n. 143. In any case, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that the Vikings fought nine battles with the West Saxons in the following months, and elaborates on six of these.Lavelle (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 1; Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 232 § 871; Downham (2013a) p. 16; Gigov (2011) p. 73; Stodnick (2010) p. 106, 106 n. 45; Costambeys (2004a); Irvine (2004) p. 49 § 871; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 42 n. 78; Smyth (2002) pp. 184, 223 n. 118; O'Keeffe (2001) p. 59 § 872; Williams, A (1999) p. 69; Swanton (1998) pp. 72–73 § 871; Whitelock (1996) p. 198 § 871, 198 n. 12; Yorke (1995) p. 110; Taylor (1983) p. 35 § 872; Conybeare (1914) p. 142 § 871; Giles (1914) p. 52 § 871; Gomme (1909) p. 61 § 871; Giles (1903) p. 354 § 871; Plummer; Earle (1892) pp. 72–73 § 871; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 140–141 § 871/872; Thorpe (1861b) pp. 61–62 § 871; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 45 § 871. Vita Alfredi lists eight such engagements, elaborating on only four.Lavelle (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 1; Downham (2013a) p. 16; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 42, asser's life of king alfred § 42 n. 78; Smyth (2002) pp. 21 ch. 42, 184, 223 n. 118; Conybeare (1914) p. 106 § 45 ch. 42; Cook (1906) pp. 23–24 ch. 42; Giles (1906) p. 57; Stevenson, WH (1904) p. 33 ch. 42; Stevenson, J (1854) pp. 454–455.

File:Battle of Ashdown 2.jpg.Hughes (1859) pp. 68–69.]]

Not long after having encamped at Reading, the Great Army appears to have divided, with part of it striking out into Wessex.Williams, G (2017) pp. 32, 34; Downham (2013a) p. 16; Abels (2013) pp. 126–127. One of the recorded engagements between Vikings and West Saxons was the Battle of Englefield, in which Æthelwulf, Ealdorman of Berkshire defeated a party of invaders led by several earls.Williams, G (2017) pp. 32, 34; Downham (2013a) p. 16; McLeod, S (2006) p. 145; Kirby (2002) p. 174; Abels (2013) pp. 126–127; Stenton (1963) p. 246. It is possible that this conflict took place in the context of Bagsecg and Healfdene having the earls ride forth from Reading to forage, raid, and reconnoitre.Abels (2013) pp. 126–127; McLeod, S (2006) p. 145. In any case, four days later, the Vikings and West Saxons again clashed. This time, the West Saxons confronted the Vikings at Reading, and were led by Æthelred, King of Wessex, and his younger brother, Alfred. The Battle of Reading ended in defeat for the West Saxons.Williams, G (2017) pp. 32–33; Downham (2013a) p. 17; Miller (2004); Kirby (2002) p. 174; Stenton (1963) p. 246.

{{main|Battle of Ashdown}}

File:Battle of Ashdown.jpg.Hughes (1859) p. frontis.]]

Four days after the disaster at Reading, the West Saxons intercepted a massed force of Vikings at the Battle of Ashdown, fought somewhere in the Berkshire Downs.Williams, G (2017) pp. 34–35; Abels (2013) p. 129; Downham (2013a) p. 17; Bradbury (2005) p. 142; Miller (2004); Stenton (1963) pp. 246–247.{{#tag:ref|Vita Alfredi states that the battle was fought at Ashdown (Æscedun), which could refer to the whole of the Berkshire Downs.Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 35, asser's life of king alfred § 35 n. 67; Smyth (2002) p. 18 ch. 37; Conybeare (1914) p. 103 § 37 ch. 37; Cook (1906) p. 20 ch. 37; Giles (1906) p. 54; Stevenson, WH (1904) p. 28 ch. 37; Stevenson, J (1854) p. 453.|group=note}} According to Vita Alfredi, the West Saxons were "aroused by grief and shame" to meet the Vikings in battle.Abels (2013) p. 129; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 37; Smyth (2002) p. 18 ch. 37; Conybeare (1914) p. 103 § 37 ch. 37; Cook (1906) p. 20 ch. 37; Giles (1906) p. 54; Stevenson, WH (1904) p. 28 ch. 37; Stevenson, J (1854) p. 453. It is uncertain what motivated the Vikings to meet their opponents in the open ground. One possibility is that the Vikings' recent victory at Reading had emboldened them to the extent that they intended to destroy the demoralised West Saxon army once and for all.Abels (2013) pp. 129–130.

Surviving sources give differing accounts of the conflict. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Æthelred fought the division of Vikings commanded by two kings, Bagsecg and Healfdene, whilst Alfred fought the division led by several earls, including Sidroc the Old, Sidroc the Young, Osbern, Fræna, and Harold. According to this source, thousands of men were slain in the encounter, including Bagsecg and the five named earls.Williams, G (2017) pp. 37–38; Lewis (2016) pp. 34–35; Hadley; Richards; Brown et al. (2016) p. 55; Richards; Hadley (2016) p. 41; Abels (2015) pp. 50–51; Holm (2015); Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 232 § 871; Downham (2013a) p. 17; Ó Cróinín (2013) ch. 9 ¶ 67; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 18, 18 n. 50, 123 n. 23; Heather (2010) ch. 9 ¶ 69; McLeod, S (2006) p. 142 n. 5; Costambeys (2004a); Costambeys (2004c); Cowen (2004) pp. 46–47; Irvine (2004) p. 49 § 871; O'Keeffe (2001) p. 59 § 872; Baker (2000) p. 69 § 871; Swanton (1998) pp. 70–71 § 871, 71 n. 11; Whitelock (1996) p. 198 § 871, 198 nn. 3–4; Taylor (1983) pp. lvi, 35 § 872; Ó Corráin (1979) p. 316; McTurk, RW (1976) p. 119; Johnston (1975) p. 130; Storms (1972) p. 435 n. 1; Conybeare (1914) p. 141 § 871; Giles (1914) p. 51 § 871; Gomme (1909) p. 60 § 871, 60 n. 4; Giles (1903) p. 353 § 871; Plummer; Earle (1892) pp. 70–71 § 871; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 137–139 § 871/872; Thorpe (1861b) pp. 61–62 § 871; Stevenson, J (1853) pp. 44–45 § 871.{{#tag:ref|The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle describes Bagsecg and Healfdene as heathen kings, which suggests that some of the army were also pagans.Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 232 § 871; McLeod, S (2013) pp. 64–65; Irvine (2004) p. 49 § 871; O'Keeffe (2001) p. 59 § 872; Baker (2000) p. 69 § 871; Swanton (1998) pp. 70–71 § 871, 71 n. 11; Whitelock (1996) p. 198 § 871; Taylor (1983) p. 35 § 872; McTurk, RW (1976) p. 119; Conybeare (1914) p. 141 § 871; Giles (1914) p. 51 § 871; Gomme (1909) p. 60 § 871, 60 n. 4; Giles (1903) p. 353 § 871; Plummer; Earle (1892) pp. 70–71 § 871; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 137–139 § 871/872; Thorpe (1861b) pp. 61–62 § 871; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 44 § 871. Nevertheless, the term is not employed again by this source until 942, when it is attested within the poem The Capture of the Five Boroughs, preserved by the "A", 'B", "C", and "D" versions of the chronicle.McLeod, S (2013) pp. 64–65; O'Keeffe (2001) p. 79 § 942; Swanton (1998) pp. 110–111 § 942, 71 n. 11; Whitelock (1996) p. 223 § 942; Taylor (1983) p. 53 § 942; Giles (1914) p. 76 § 941; Gomme (1909) p. 89 § 941; Giles (1903) p. 378 § 941; Plummer; Earle (1892) p. 110 § 942; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 210–211 § 941/942; Thorpe (1861b) p. 89 § 941; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 65 § 941. According to some versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, an earl named Sidroc was slain at the Battle of Englefield.Williams, G (2017) p. 32; Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 232 § 871; Downham (2013a) p. 16; Irvine (2004) p. 48 § 871; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 35 n. 65; O'Keeffe (2001) p. 59 § 872; Swanton (1998) pp. 70 n. 8, 71 § 871; Whitelock (1996) p. 197 § 871; Taylor (1983) p. 34 § 872; Conybeare (1914) p. 141 § 871; Giles (1914) p. 51 § 871; Gomme (1909) p. 60 n. 3; Giles (1903) p. 353 § 871; Plummer; Earle (1892) pp. 70 n. 2, 71 § 871; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 136–137 § 871/872; Thorpe (1861b) p. 61 § 871; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 44 § 871, 44 n. 4. The "A" and "F" versions of this source do not name him.Baker (2000) p. 69 § 871; Swanton (1998) pp. 70 § 871, 70 n. 8; Whitelock (1996) p. 197 n. 10; Gomme (1909) p. 60 n. 3; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 44 n. 4; Thorpe (1861a) p. 137 § 871. Although Vita Alfredi mentions the earl, he is not named by this particular source.Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 35; Smyth (2002) p. 18 ch. 35; Whitelock (1996) p. 197 n. 10; Conybeare (1914) p. 103 § 36 ch. 35; Cook (1906) pp. 19 ch. 35; Giles (1906) p. 54; Stevenson, WH (1904) p. 27 ch. 35; Stevenson, J (1854) p. 452. Whilst it is possible that a man by the name indeed fought at Englefield,Williams, G (2017) p. 32. the record of his demise in this conflict may be confused, and may actually refer to the Battle of Ashdown, in which two earls of the same name (Sidroc the Old and Sidroc the Young) certainly did perish.Williams, G (2017) p. 32; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 35 n. 65; Whitelock (1996) p. 197 n. 10. The accounts of the Battle of Ashdown are the first historical sources to make note of Healfdene.Gore (2016) p. 68 n. 70; Gigov (2011) p. 20; Costambeys (2004a). According to an unreliable account of events preserved by the twelfth-century Liber Eliensis, Ubba was one of the Vikings leaders slain in the battle.Bartlett (2016) p. 18; Fairweather (2005) p. 72 bk. 1 ch. 39; Blake (1962) p. 54 bk. 1 ch. 39.|group=note}} The account of events preserved by Chronicon Æthelweardi,Williams, G (2017) p. 38; Conybeare (1914) p. 158 bk. 4 ch. 2 § 6; Giles (1906) p. 27 bk. 4 ch. 2; Stevenson, J (1854) pp. 428–429 bk. 4 ch. 2. as well as that dictated by Vita Alfredi, corroborate the identities of the Viking leadership, and reveal that the battle was particularly large, and particularly bloody, with thousands of casualties.Williams, G (2017) pp. 38–39; Lavelle (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 47; Halsall (2007) pp. 178–179; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 39; Smyth (2002) pp. 19–20 ch. 39; Conybeare (1914) p. 104 §§ 40–41 ch. 39; Cook (1906) pp. 21–22 ch. 39; Giles (1906) pp. 55–56; Stevenson, WH (1904) pp. 30–31 ch. 39; Stevenson, J (1854) p. 454.{{#tag:ref|There is little evidence concerning the organisational structure of the Great Army. Although the Vikings at the Battle of Ashdown appear to have fought in two divisions—with one led by Bagsecg and Healfdene, and the other led by the earls—nothing further is known of the command arrangement. There is reason to suspect that, in comparison to their Anglo-Saxon counterparts, Viking leaders generally had fewer resources to reward their followers. This could mean that ninth-century Viking commanders possessed personal retinues of a single ship. If such was the case at the Battle of Ashdown, with the kings and earls commanding about forty personal followers apiece, the Viking forces would have numbered at least about three hundred men.Williams, G (2017) p. 19.|group=note}}

File:Alfred the Great, Battle of Ashdown.jpg, younger brother of Æthelred, at the Battle of Ashdown.Hull (1913) p. 26.]]

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle relates that fighting continued on into the night, suggesting that the West-Saxons indeed won a bloody and drawn-out affair.Williams, G (2017) p. 38; Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 232 § 871; Irvine (2004) p. 49 § 871; O'Keeffe (2001) p. 59 § 872; Swanton (1998) pp. 70–71 § 871; Whitelock (1996) p. 198 § 871; Taylor (1983) pp. lvi, 35 § 872; Conybeare (1914) p. 141 § 871; Giles (1914) p. 51 § 871; Gomme (1909) po. 60–61 § 871; Giles (1903) p. 353 § 871; Plummer; Earle (1892) pp. 70–71 § 871; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 138–139 § 871/872; Thorpe (1861b) pp. 61–62 § 871; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 44 § 871. According to Vita Alfredi, the Viking dead were dispersed "over the whole broad expanse of Ashdown, scattered everywhere, far and wide".Williams, G (2017) pp. 38, 40; Lavelle (2014) ch. 7 ¶ 47; Abels (2013) p. 131; Halsall (2007) p. 179; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 39; Smyth (2002) p. 19 ch. 39; Conybeare (1914) p. 104 § 41 ch. 39; Cook (1906) pp. 21–22 ch. 39; Giles (1906) pp. 55–56; Stevenson, WH (1904) p. 30 ch. 39; Stevenson, J (1854) p. 454. Although the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and Chronicon Æthelweardi claim that the West Saxons fought the entire Great Army, it is unlikely that the Vikings left their encampment at Reading unprotected. Nevertheless, the various accounts suggest that there were many more Viking combatants at the Battle of Ashdown than at the Battle of Englefield, and probably more than at the Battle of Reading.Williams, G (2017) p. 37.

File:Healfdene coin.png's occupation of London.Grueber (1899) p. 17 § 94, pl. 3 § 94. The possibility that Healfdene minted coins in London would reveal that he was the principal leader of the Great Army following Bagsecg's demise.Costambeys (2008); Costambeys (2004a).{{#tag:ref|Nevertheless, it is uncertain if Healfdene minted coins. The so-called "Two Emperors" and "London Monogram" types that bear his name could actually refer to a later like-named Viking ruler.Naismith (2017) p. 289; Naismith (2013) p. 51; Grierson; Blackburn (2006) pp. 312, 319. If so, one possibility is that this man is identical to the Healfdene slain at the Battle of Tettenhall in 910.Naismith (2017) p. 289.|group=note}}]]

Despite the contradictory accounts of the conflict, the sources are united in portraying the battle as a resounding success for the West Saxons.Williams, G (2017) p. 40; Wormald (2006). Nevertheless, there is reason to suspect that the accounts have somewhat exaggerated the outcome, and that it could have been a more of a Pyrrhic victory.Williams, G (2017) p. 40. Certainly, Healfdene led the Vikings to a victory over the West Saxons at the Battle of Basing two weeks later,Williams, G (2017) pp. 34, 40; Abels (2013) p. 131; Downham (2013a) p. 17; Miller (2004); Yorke (1995) p. 109; Stenton (1963) p. 247. and again at the Battle of Meretun two months after that.Williams, G (2017) pp. 34, 40; Abels (2013) p. 134; Downham (2013a) p. 17; Miller (2004).{{#tag:ref|The specific dates of the battles are unrecorded, although the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle gives precise spans of time between most of them. For example: the Battle of Reading is stated to have taken place four days after the Battle of Englefield; the Battle of Ashdown four days after that; the Battle of Basing fourteen days after that; and the Battle of Meretun two months after that.Beaven (1918) p. 334; Plummer (1902) pp. 92–93. One of the West Saxons slain in the latter conflict was Heahmund, Bishop of Sherborne. The fact that Heahmund is assigned the date 22 March by English martyrologies could indicate that this was the day of his demise. If correct, the battles can be assigned the following dates: the Battle of Englefield on 31 December 870; the Battle of Reading on 4 January 871; the Battle of Ashdown on 8 January 871; the Battle of Basing on 22 January 871; and the Battle of Mereton on 22 March 871.Halsall (2007) p. 278 n. 143; Beaven (1918) p. 334; Plummer (1902) pp. 92–93; Ramsay (1898) p. 244; Stanton (1892) p. 745; A Memorial of Ancient British Piety (1761) p. 55; The English Martyrologe (1608) p. 76.|group=note}} Æthelred died not long after Easter,Williams, G (2017) p. 40; Abels (2013) p. 134; Miller (2004); Williams, A (1999) p. 69; Yorke (1995) p. 109. possibly from wounds suffered in one of the conflicts,Williams, G (2017) pp. 34, 40; Abels (2013) p. 134; Crawford (2012) p. 15; Halsall (2007) p. 213; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 72. after which Alfred succeeded to the kingship.Williams, G (2017) pp. 34, 40; Abels (2013) pp. 134–135; Crawford (2012) p. 15; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 72; Yorke (1995) pp. 109–110. About a month later, Alfred struck out at the Vikings, but was again defeated by Healfdene at the Battle of Wilton.Williams, G (2017) pp. 34, 40; Downham (2013a) p. 18; Yorke (1995) p. 110. According to Chronicon Æthelweardi, the West Saxons "made peace" with the VikingsWilliams, G (2017) p. 40; Abels (2013) p. 140 n. 41; Conybeare (1914) p. 158 bk. 4 ch. 3 § 1; Giles (1906) p. 29 bk. 4 ch. 3; Stevenson, J (1854) p. 430 bk. 4 ch. 3.—a statement echoed by the Anglo-Saxon ChronicleSomerville; McDonald (2014) p. 232 § 871; Abels (2013) p. 140 n. 41; Irvine (2004) p. 49 § 871; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. introduction ¶ 14; Kirby (2002) p. 174; O'Keeffe (2001) p. 59 § 872; Swanton (1998) pp. 72–73 § 871; Whitelock (1996) p. 198 § 871; Taylor (1983) p. 35 § 872; Brooks (1979) p. 4; Conybeare (1914) p. 142 § 871; Giles (1914) p. 52 § 871; Gomme (1909) p. 61 § 871; Giles (1903) p. 354 § 871; Plummer; Earle (1892) pp. 72–73 § 871; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 142–143 § 871/872; Thorpe (1861b) p. 62 § 871; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 45 § 871. and Vita AlfrediWilliams, G (2017) p. 71; Abels (2013) p. 140; Kirby (2002) p. 174; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 43; Smyth (2002) p. 21 ch. 43; Abels (1992) p. 23; Conybeare (1914) p. 105 § 45 ch. 43; Cook (1906) p. 24 ch. 43; Giles (1906) p. 57; Stevenson, WH (1904) p. 34 ch. 43; Stevenson, J (1854) p. 455.—indicating that the West Saxons purchased a cessation of violence.Williams, G (2017) p. 40; Abels (2013) p. 140; Gigov (2011) p. 73; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) chs. introduction ¶ 14, asser's life of king alfred § 43 n. 79; Kirby (2002) p. 174; Williams, A (1999) pp. 69–70; Yorke (1995) p. 110; Brooks (1979) p. 4. The Vikings thereafter left Wessex and based themselves in London,Williams, G (2017) p. 40; Abels (2013) p. 140; Downham (2013a) p. 18; Gigov (2011) p. 73; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 189, 189 n. 54; Kirby (2002) p. 174; Beaven (1918) p. 338. where the Mercians also bought their peace.Abels (2013) p. 140; Downham (2013a) p. 18; Gigov (2011) p. 73; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 189, 189 n. 54, 200 n. 106; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) chs. introduction ¶ 14, asser's life of king alfred § 44 n. 80; Kirby (2002) p. 174; Williams, A (1999) p. 69.

File:Wayland's Smithy - panoramio - cisko66.jpg was erroneously regarded as Bagsecg's memorial as early as the eighteenth- and nineteenth centuries.]]

As a result of Bagsecg's demise, it would appear that Healfdene temporarily reigned as the sole king of the Great Army.Downham (2007) p. 68.{{#tag:ref|Coins bearing Healfdene's name, minted in London at about the time of the Great Army's removal from Wessex, reveal that he was the most prominent leader of the Vikings in London.|group=note}} The evidence of the Vikings' constant campaigning against the West Saxons, combined with the fact that a considerable number of men must have been left behind in East Anglia, suggests that the Great Army was considerably weaker in the Spring of 871 than it had been before then. Nevertheless, news of their success in Wessex appears to have enticed the arrival of another Viking army at Reading.Abels (2013) p. 134. This overseas force, variously called {{lang|ang|micel sumorlida}} by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, thereupon united with Healfdene's men.Richards; Hadley (2016) p. 41; Hadley; Richards; Brown et al. (2016) p. 55; Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 232 § 871; Abels (2013) p. 134; Downham (2013a) p. 18; Gigov (2011) p. 75; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 97–98, 176; Ridyard (2008) p. 211; Downham (2007) p. 68; Halsall (2007) pp. 107, 213; McLeod, S (2006) p. 154 n. 77; Irvine (2004) p. 49 § 871; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 40, asser's life of king alfred § 40 n. 73; Miller (2004); Smyth (2002) pp. 20 ch. 40, 222 n. 110; O'Keeffe (2001) p. 59 § 872; Williams, A (1999) pp. 70, 183 n. 37; Swanton (1998) pp. 72–73 § 871; Whitelock (1996) p. 198 § 871; Abels (1992) p. 23; Taylor (1983) p. 35 § 872; Brooks (1979) pp. 4, 9; Conybeare (1914) pp. 105 § 42 ch. 40, 141 § 871; Giles (1914) p. 52 § 871; Gomme (1909) p. 61 § 871; Cook (1906) p. 22 ch. 40; Giles (1906) p. 56; Giles (1903) p. 354 § 871; Stevenson, WH (1904) p. 31 ch. 40; Plummer; Earle (1892) pp. 72–73 § 871; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 140–141 § 871/872; Thorpe (1861b) p. 62 § 871; Stevenson, J (1854) p. 454; Stevenson, J (1853) p. 45 § 871.{{#tag:ref|The Old English {{lang|ang|micel sumorlida}}, {{lang|ang|micel sumer lida}}, and {{lang|ang|mycel sumorlida}}, can translate as "big summer-army",Downham (2013a) p. 18. "great summer army",Richards; Hadley (2016) p. 41; Hadley; Richards; Brown et al. (2016) p. 55; Ridyard (2008) p. 211; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 40 n. 73; Miller (2004); Williams, A (1999) pp. 70, 183 n. 37; Whitelock (1996) p. 198 § 871; Abels (1992) p. 23. "great summer-army",Gomme (1909) p. 61 § 871. "great summer-fleet",Williams, G (2017) p. 41; McLeod, SH (2011) pp. 9 n. 11, 10; Swanton (1998) pp. 72–73 § 871. "great summer fleet",Abels (2013) p. 134; Hooper; Bennett (1996) p. 22. "great summer-force",Thorpe (1861b) p. 62 § 871. "great summer hosting",Halsall (2007) pp. 107, 213. "great summer-lead",Conybeare (1914) p. 141 § 871. "large Danish summer-fleet",Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 232 § 871. and "large summer force".Brooks (1979) p. 9.|group=note}} The commanders of this arriving army could well be identical to Guthrum, Oscytel, and Anwend, three Viking kings noted by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 875.Somerville; McDonald (2014) p. 233 § 875; Abels (2013) pp. 134, 151; Downham (2013a) pp. 18 n. 46, 21; McLeod, SH (2011) p. 176; Costambeys (2008); Wormald (2006); Costambeys (2004a); Irvine (2004) p. 50 § 875; Keynes; Lapidge (2004) ch. asser's life of king alfred § 40 n. 73, asser's life of king alfred § 47 n. 84; Smyth (2002) p. 222 n. 110; Keynes (2001) p. 55; O'Keeffe (2001) p. 61 § 876; Swanton (1998) pp. 74–75 § 875; Yorke (1995) p. 109; Whitelock (1996) p. 199 § 875; Abels (1992) p. 23; Taylor (1983) p. 36 § 876; Brooks (1979) p. 9 n. 33; Conybeare (1914) p. 142 § 875; Giles (1914) p. 53 § 875; Gomme (1909) p. 62 § 875; Giles (1903) p. 355 § 875; Plummer; Earle (1892) pp. 74–75 § 875; Thorpe (1861a) pp. 144–145 § 875/876; Thorpe (1861b) p. 63 § 875; Stevenson, J (1853) pp. 45–46 § 875. One or more of these men may have been elevated to the status of king because of Bagsecg's death in 871.Downham (2013a) p. 21; Downham (2007) p. 70 n. 40.

As early as the eighteenth- and nineteenth centuries, Bagsecg has been associated with Wayland's Smithy,Mackley, J (2012); Mackley, JS (2011); Yorke (2009) pp. 140–141; Grinsell (1935) p. 180; Huntingford (1927) p. 19; Scott (1913) pp. 332–333; Thurnam (1862) p. 325 n. 1; Hughes (1859) pp. 46–47 n.; 98, 317–321; Wise (1738) pp. 34–39. a Neolithic long barrow,Mackley, J (2012); Whittle; Bayliss; Wysocki (2007); Darvill (2002) p. 64; Schwyzer (1999) p. 42; Whittle; Brothwell; Cullen et al. (1991); Atkinson (1965); Grinsell (1936) pp. 27–28; Hind (1920). erroneously assumed to have been erected as a memorial to him.{{#tag:ref|The barrow has also been associated with the Germanic mythological figure Wayland the Smith. An Anglo-Saxon charter appears to reveal that the site was associated with Wayland as early as the ninth century.Mackley, J (2012); Mackley, JS (2011); Cecire (2010) p. 203; Grinsell (1991); Whittle; Brothwell; Cullen et al. (1991) p. 62; Grinsell (1938) pp. 108, 115; Huntingford (1927) pp. 19, 21; Grundy (1925) pp. 87, 89; Thurnam (1862) p. 328; Kemble (1847) pp. 331–332 § 1172; Wright (1847) pp. 319–320; S 564 (n.d.). The site was certainly connected with the legend of a supernatural smith by the eighteenth- and nineteenth centuries.Mackley, J (2012); Mackley, JS (2011); Cecire (2010) pp. 203 n. 11, 206–208; Grinsell (1991); Woolner (1967) pp. 102–103, 106; Davidson (1958) pp. 146–149; Grinsell (1935) pp. 181–183; d'Almaine (1929); Hind (1920) p. 63; Scott (1913) pp. 332–333; Shrubsole; Clinch (1906) pp. 179–180; Thurnam (1862) pp. 328–330, 329 n. 1, 330 nn. 1–2; Wright (1860); Akerman (1847); Wright (1847); D–g (1822) p. 527; Depping; Michel; Singer (1847) p. xxxv. In fact, Alfred himself refers to Wayland in his Old English translation of the sixth-century De consolatione philosophiae.Mackley, JS (2011); Cecire (2010) pp. 202, 204; Davidson (1958) pp. 145, 159; Sedgefield (1899) p. 46 ch. 19; Wright (1860) pp. 55–56; D–g (1822) p. 527. One possibility is that, if the barrow was located near where the Battle of Ashdown was fought, Alfred was aware of the site and knew of its association with the legend of Wayland.Mackley, JS (2011); Davidson (1958) p. 159. In the nineteenth-century, it was conjectured that a particular tree in Harwell—called "Bag's Tree"—marked the spot of Bagsecg's demise.Morrison (1895) pp. 94–95.|group=note}} Other prehistoric sites,Grinsell (1936) pp. 32–36; Grinsell (1935); Smith (1921). specifically the Seven Barrows in the region of Lambourn, have been mistakenly interpreted as memorials to the earls slain at the Battle of Ashdown.Yorke (2009) pp. 140–141; Grinsell (1935) p. 180; Wise (1738) p. 39. As early as the eighteenth- and nineteenth centuries,Lavelle (2014) ch. 7 n. 209; Mackley, J (2012); Yorke (2009) pp. 140–141; Schwyzer (1999) pp. 47–48, 50–51, 53; Woolner (1967) pp. 103, 110; Plummer; Earle (1965) p. 87; Huntingford (1957) pp. 108–109; Huntingford (1927) p. 22; Hind (1920) p. 63; Shrubsole; Clinch (1906) pp. 190–191; Excursion to Lamborne and White Horse Hill (1871) p. 154; Hughes (1859) p. 317; Lysons; Lysons (1806) p. 215. the Uffington White Horse, dating to the Late Bronze Age,Mackley, JS (2011); Schwyzer (1999) pp. 42, 56. has been incorrectly considered as an Anglo-Saxon memorial to Alfred and the victory at the Battle of Ashdown.

{{reflist|group=note}}

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}

• {{cite journal |last=Akerman |first=JY |author-link=John Yonge Akerman |year=1847 |title=Observations on the Celebrated Monument at Ashbury, in the County of Berks, Called 'Wayland Smith's Cave:' by John Yonge Akerman, Esq. F.S.A. in a Letter to Capt. W.H. Smyth, R.N. Director |url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologiaormi32sociuoft |journal=Archaeologia |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=312–314 |issn=0261-3409 |eissn=2051-3186 |doi=10.1017/S0261340900000606 |ref=A3 }}
• {{cite book |year=1761 |title=A Memorial of Ancient British Piety |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_U3BbAAAAQAAJ |publisher=W. Needham |location=Holborn |ref=A6 }}
• {{cite book |year=1922 |editor1-last=Anderson |editor1-first=AO |editor1-link=Alan Orr Anderson |title=Early Sources of Scottish History, A.D. 500 to 1286 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028144313 |volume=1 |publisher=Oliver and Boyd |location=London |ol=14712679M |ref=A7 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Anscombe |first=A |year=1920 |title='Shrewsbury' and 'Epistrophius rex græcorum' |url=https://archive.org/details/s12notesqueries07londuoft |journal=Notes and Queries |volume=7 |issue=118 |pages=44–45 |issn=0029-3970 |eissn=1471-6941 |doi=10.1093/nq/s12-VII.118.44 |ref=A4 }}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Baker |editor-first=PS |year=2000 |title=The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition |volume=8 |publisher=D. S. Brewer |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-85991-490-9 |ref=B4 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Barker |first=EE |year=1967 |title=The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Used by Æthelweard |journal=Historical Research |volume=40 |issue=101 |eissn=1468-2281 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2281.1967.tb02137.x |pages=74–91 |ref=B7 }}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Blake |editor-first=EO |year=1962 |title=Liber Eliensis |publisher=Royal Historical Society |location=London |ref=B8 }}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=AS |editor-link=Albert Stanburrough Cook |year=1906 |title=Asser's Life of King Alfred |url=https://archive.org/details/asserslifeofking00asseiala |publisher=Ginn & Company |location=Boston, MA |ol=7115306M |ref=C4 }}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Conybeare |editor-first=E |year=1914 |title=Alfred in the Chroniclers |url=https://archive.org/details/alfredinchronicl00conyuoft |edition=2nd |publisher=W. Heffer and Sons |location=Cambridge |ol=7060253M |ref=C2 }}
• {{cite web |date=n.d. |url=http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Cotton_MS_Faustina_B_IX |title=Cotton MS Faustina B IX |website=British Library |access-date=19 January 2018 |ref=C10 }}
• {{cite journal |last=d'Almaine |first=HGW |year=1929 |title=Wayland, the Smith. Another Local Legend Run to Earth and Crystallised |url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-787-1/dissemination/pdf/BAJ033_PDFs/BAJ033_A12_dalmaine.pdf |journal=The Berks, Bucks & Oxon Archæological Journal |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=112–114 |doi=10.5284/1000017 |doi-access=free |ref=D5 }}
• {{cite book |last1=Depping |first1=GB |last2=Michel |first2=F |author2-link=Francisque Xavier Michel |last3=Singer |first3=SW |author3-link=Samuel Weller Singer |year=1847 |title=Wayland Smith: A Dissertation on a Tradition of the Middle Ages |url=https://archive.org/details/waylandsmithdiss00depp |publisher=William Pickering |location=London |hdl=2027/uiug.30112112089286 |hdl-access=free |ref=D6 }}
• {{cite journal |author=DG |year=1822 |title=The Smith Velant |hdl=2027/umn.319510007506959 |hdl-access=free |journal=The New Monthly Magazine and Literary Journal |volume=4 |pages=527–533 |ref=D7 }}
• {{cite journal |year=1871 |title=Excursion to Lamborne and White Horse Hill, Berks |journal=Transactions of the Newbury District Field Club |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MjQGAAAAQAAJ |volume=1 |pages=138–157 |ref=E1 }}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Fairweather |editor-first=J |year=2005 |title=Liber Eliensis: A History of the Isle of Ely |publisher=The Boydell Press |location=Woodbridge |isbn=1-84383-015-9 |ref=F3 }}
• {{cite book |year=1854 |editor-last=Forester |editor-first=T |title=The Chronicle of Florence of Worcester, with the Two Continuations: Comprising Annals of English History, From the Departure of the Romans to the Reign of Edward I |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofflore00flor |series=Bohn's Antiquarian Library |publisher=Henry G. Bohn |location=London |ol=24871176M |ref=F1 }}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Gale |editor-first=T |editor-link=Thomas Gale (classical scholar) |year=1691 |title=Historiae Britannicae, Saxonicae, Anglo-Danicae, Scriptores XV |url=https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/metaopac/search?oclcno=644062196&db=100 |publisher=Sheldonian Theatre |location=Oxford |oclc=644062196 |ref=G2 |access-date=24 January 2018 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705190929/https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/metaopac/search?oclcno=644062196&db=100 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Giles |editor-first=JA |editor-link=John Allen Giles |year=1903 |title=Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England and Also the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle |url=https://archive.org/details/bedesecclesiasti00bede |series=Bohn's Antiquarian Library |publisher=George Bell & Sons |location=London |ol=17987875M |ref=G10 }}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Giles |editor-first=JA |year=1906 |title=Old English Chronicles |url=https://archive.org/details/oldenglishchroni00gileuoft |series=Bohn's Antiquarian Library |publisher=George Bell & Sons |location=London |ol=7024844M |ref=G1 }}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Giles |editor-first=JA |year=1914 |title=The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle |url=https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonchroni00gile |edition=New |series=Bohn's Antiquarian Library |publisher=G. Bell and Sons |location=London |ol=23277226M |ref=G11 }}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Gomme |editor-first=EEC |year=1909 |title=The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle |url=https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonchron00gommgoog |publisher=George Bell and Sons |location=London |ol=20523184M |ref=G12 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Grundy |first=G |year=1925 |title=Berkshire Charters |url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-787-1/dissemination/pdf/BAJ029_PDFs/BAJ029_A11_grundy.pdf |journal=The Berks, Bucks & Oxon Archæological Journal |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=87–128 |doi=10.5284/1000017 |doi-access=free |ref=G6 }}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Hervey |editor-first=F |editor-link=Lord Francis Hervey |year=1907 |title=Corolla Sancti Eadmundi: The Garland of Saint Edmund King and Martyr |url=https://archive.org/details/corollasanctiead00hervuoft |publisher=John Murray |location=London |ol=7041407M |ref=H11 }}
• {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=T |author-link=Thomas Hughes |year=1859 |title=Scouring the White Horse; Or, the Long Vacation Ramble of a London Clerk |url=https://archive.org/details/scouringofwhiteh00hughiala |publisher=Ticknor and Fields |location=Boston, MA |ol=7069504M |ref=H1 }}
• {{cite book |year=2004 |editor-last=Irvine |editor-first=S |title=The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition |volume=7 |publisher=D.S. Brewer |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-85991-494-1 |ref=I1 }}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Kemble |editor-first=JM |editor-link=John Mitchell Kemble |year=1847 |title=Codex Diplomaticus Aevi Saxonici |url=https://archive.org/details/codexdiplomatic02kembgoog |volume=5 |publisher=English Historical Society |location=London |ref=K3 }}
• {{cite book |editor1-last=Keynes |editor1-first=S |editor1-link=Simon Keynes |editor2-last=Lapidge |editor2-first=M |editor2-link=Michael Lapidge |year=2004 |orig-year=1983 |title=Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-141-90942-4 |type=EPUB |ref=K1 }}
• {{cite book |last1=Lysons |first1=D |author1-link=Daniel Lysons (antiquarian) |last2=Lysons |first2=S |author2-link=Samuel Lysons |year=1806 |title=Magna Britannia; Being a Concise Topographical Account of the Several Counties of Great Britain |url=https://archive.org/details/b22012369_0001 |volume=1 |publisher=T. Cadell and W. Davies |location=London |ref=L3 }}
• {{cite book |year=2001 |editor-last=O'Keeffe |editor-first=KO |title=The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition |volume=5 |publisher=D.S. Brewer |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-85991-491-7 |ref=O1 }}
• {{cite book |editor1-last=Plummer |editor1-first=C |editor1-link=Charles Plummer (historian) |editor2-last=Earle |editor2-first=J |editor2-link=John Earle (professor) |year=1892 |title=Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel |url=https://archive.org/details/twoofsaxonchron01earl |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |ref=P1 }}
• {{cite book |editor1-last=Plummer |editor1-first=C |editor2-last=Earle |editor2-first=J |year=1965 |orig-year=1899 |title=Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel |url=https://archive.org/details/twoofsaxonchroni02earl |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |ol=23352130M |ref=P3 }}
• {{cite web |date=n.d. |title=S 564 |url=http://www.esawyer.org.uk/charter/564.html |website=The Electronic Sawyer: Online Catalogue of Anglo-Saxon Charters |access-date=11 January 2018 |ref=S21 }}
• {{cite book |last=Scott |first=W |author-link=Walter Scott |year=1913 |title=Kenilworth |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924064991445 |volume=1 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |location=Boston, MA |ref=S1 }}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Sedgefield |editor-first=WJ |year=1899 |title=King Alfred's Old English Version of Boethius |url=https://archive.org/details/kingalfreds00boetuoft |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |ol=14016832M |ref=S12 }}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Smyth |editor-first=AP |editor-link=Alfred P. Smyth |year=2002 |title=The Medieval Life of King Alfred the Great: A Translation and Commentary on the Text Attributed to Asser |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=London |isbn=978-0-230-28722-8 |doi=10.1057/9780230287228 |ref=S3 }}
• {{cite book |editor1-last=Somerville |editor1-first=AA |editor2-last=McDonald |editor2-first=RA |year=2014 |title=The Viking Age: A Reader |series=Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures |edition=2nd |publisher=University of Toronto Press |location=Toronto |isbn=978-1-4426-0869-6 |ref=S8 }}
• {{cite book |last=Stanton |first=R |year=1892 |title=A Menology of England and Wales |url=https://archive.org/details/menologyofenglan00stanrich |publisher=Burns & Oates |location=New York |ref=S16 }}
• {{cite book |year=1835 |editor-last=Stevenson |editor-first=J |editor-link=Joseph Stevenson |title=Chronica de Mailros |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicdemailros00melruoft |publisher=The Bannatyne Club |location=Edinburgh |ol=13999983M |ref=S14 }}
• {{cite book |year=1853 |editor-last=Stevenson |editor-first=J |title=The Church Historians of England |url=https://archive.org/details/churchhistorians21stev |volume=2, pt. 1 |publisher=Seeleys |location=London |ref=S5 }}
• {{cite book |year=1854 |editor-last=Stevenson |editor-first=J |title=The Church Historians of England |url=https://archive.org/details/churchhistorians22stev |volume=2, pt. 2 |publisher=Seeleys |location=London |ref=S4 }}
• {{cite book |year=1856 |editor-last=Stevenson |editor-first=J |title=The Church Historians of England |url=https://archive.org/details/churchhistorians41stev |volume=4, pt. 1 |publisher=Seeleys |location=London |ref=S15 }}
• {{cite book |year=1904 |editor-last=Stevenson |editor-first=WH |editor-link=W. H. Stevenson |title=Asser's Life of King Alfred, Together with the Annals of Saint Neots Erroneously Ascribed to Asser |url=https://archive.org/details/gri_33125000734208 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |ol=21776685M |ref=S6 }}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Swanton |editor-first=M |year=1998 |orig-year=1996 |title=The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=0-415-92129-5 |ref=S7 }}
• {{cite book |editor-last=Taylor |editor-first=S |year=1983 |title=The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Collaborative Edition |volume=4 |publisher=D. S. Brewer |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-85991-104-7 |ref=T3 }}
• {{cite web |url=https://celt.ucc.ie//published/G100001A/index.html |title=The Annals of Ulster |year=2008 |website=Corpus of Electronic Texts |edition=29 August 2008 |publisher=University College Cork |access-date=20 January 2018 |ref=T8 }}
• {{cite web |url=https://celt.ucc.ie//published/T100001A/index.html |title=The Annals of Ulster |year=2017 |website=Corpus of Electronic Texts |edition=6 January 2017 |publisher=University College Cork |access-date=20 January 2018 |ref=T9 }}
• {{cite book |author=Catholicke Priest |year=1608 |title=The English Martyrologe Conteyning a Svmmary of the Lives of the Glorious and Renowned Saintes of the Three Kingdoms, England, Scotland, and Ireland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nulCAQAAMAAJ |ref=T10 }}
• {{cite web |url=http://www.themorgan.org/collection/Life-and-Miracles-of-St-Edmund |title=The Life and Miracles of St. Edmund |date=n.d. |website=The Morgan Library & Museum |access-date=19 January 2018 |ref=T7 }}
• {{cite book |year=1858 |title=The Whole Works of King Alfred the Great |url=https://archive.org/details/wholeworkskinga00alfrgoog |volume=1 |publisher=Bosworth & Harrison |location=London |ref=T6 }}
• {{cite book |year=1848 |editor-last=Thorpe |editor-first=B |editor-link=Benjamin Thorpe |title=Florentii Wigorniensis Monachi Chronicon ex Chronicis |volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/florentiiwigorni01flor |publisher=English Historical Society |location=London |ol=24871544M |ref=T2 }}
• {{cite book |year=1861a |editor-last=Thorpe |editor-first=B |title=The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle |url=https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonchroni01thor |series=Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores |volume=1 |publisher=Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts |location=London |ref=T4 }}
• {{cite book |year=1861b |editor-last=Thorpe |editor-first=B |title=The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle |url=https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonchron02thor |series=Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores |volume=2 |publisher=Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts |location=London |ol=25477209M |ref=T11 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Thurnam |first=J |author-link=John Thurnam |year=1862 |title=On Wayland's Smithy, and on the Traditions Connected With it |journal=The Wiltshire Archæological and Natural History Magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/wiltshirearchaeo07wilt |volume=7 |ol=25502809M |pages=321–333 |ref=T5 }}
• {{cite book |year=1996 |orig-year=1955 |editor-last=Whitelock |editor-first=D |editor-link=Dorothy Whitelock |title=English Historical Documents, c. 500–1042 |edition=2nd |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0-203-43950-3 |ref=W2 }}
• {{cite book |last=Wise |first=F |author-link=Francis Wise |year=1738 |title=A Letter to Dr Mead Concerning Some Antiquities in Berkshire |url=https://archive.org/details/alettertodrmead00wisegoog |publisher=Thomas Wood |location=Oxford |ol=23422202M |ref=W5 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Wright |first=T |author-link=Thomas Wright (antiquarian) |year=1847 |title=On the Legend of Weland the Smith |url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologiaormi32sociuoft |journal=Archaeologia |volume=32 |pages=315–324 |issn=0261-3409 |eissn=2051-3186 |doi=10.1017/S026134090000059X |ref=W21 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Wright |first=T |year=1860 |title=On the Legendary History of Wayland Smith |journal=Journal of the British Archaeological Association |volume=16 |pages=50–58 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofbritish16brit |doi=10.1080/00681288.1860.11887321 |issn=0068-1288 |eissn=1747-6704 |ref=W20 }}

{{refend}}

{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}

• {{cite book |last=Abels |first=R |author-link=Richard Abels |year=1992 |chapter=King Alfred's Peace-Making Strategies With the Vikings |pages=23–34 |editor-last=Patterson |editor-first=RB |title=The Haskins Society Journal |volume=3 |publisher=The Hambledon Press |location=London |isbn=1-85285-061-2 |ref=A8 }}
• {{cite book |last=Abels |first=R |year=2013 |orig-year=1998 |title=Alfred the Great: War, Kingship and Culture in Anglo-Saxon England |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-582-04047-2 |ref=A1 }}
• {{cite book |last=Abels |first=R |year=2015 |chapter=Reflections on Alfred the Great as a Military Leader |editor-last=Halfond |editor-first=GI |title=The Medieval Way of War: Studies in Medieval Military History in Honor of Bernard S. Bachrach |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |location=Farnham |isbn=9781472419590 |ref=A5 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Atkinson |first=RJC |author-link=Richard J. C. Atkinson |year=1965 |title=Wayland's Smithy |journal=Antiquity |volume=39 |issue=154 |pages=126–133 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00031653 |s2cid=162712533 |issn=0003-598X |eissn=1745-1744 |ref=A2 }}
• {{cite web |url=http://www.pase.ac.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=232 |title=Bagsecg 1 (Male) |website=Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England |date=n.d. |access-date=3 January 2018 |ref=B3 }}
• {{cite book |last=Bartlett |first=R |year=2016 |orig-year=2015 |chapter=The Viking Hiatus in the Cult of Saints as Seen in the Twelfth Century |editor1-last=Brett |editor1-first=M |editor2-last=Woodman |editor2-first=DA |title=The Long Twelfth-Century View of the Anglo-Saxon Past |series=Studies in Early Medieval Britain and Ireland |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-4724-2817-2 |pages=13–25 |ref=B9 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Beaven |first=MLR |year=1918 |title=The Beginning of the Year in the Alfredian Chronicle (866–87) |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2214056 |journal=English Historical Review |pages=328–342 |doi=10.1093/ehr/XXXIII.CXXXI.328 |volume=33 |number=131 |issn=0013-8266 |eissn=1477-4534 |jstor=551018 |ref=B5 }}
• {{cite book |last=Bradbury |first=J |author-link=Jim Bradbury |year=2005 |orig-year=2004 |title=The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0-203-64466-2 |ref=B2 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Brooks |first=NP |year=1979 |title=England in the Ninth Century: The Crucible of Defeat |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |volume=29 |pages=1–20 |jstor=3679110 |issn=0080-4401 |eissn=1474-0648 |doi=10.2307/3679110 |s2cid=159670976 |ref=B1 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Budd |first1=P |last2=Millard |first2=A |last3=Chenery |first3=C |last4=Lucy |first4=S |last5=Roberts |first5=C |year=2004 |title=Investigating Population Movement by Stable Isotope Analysis: A Report From Britain |url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/3671/ |journal=Antiquity |volume=78 |issue=299 |pages=127–141 |issn=0003-598X |eissn=1745-1744 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X0009298X |s2cid=35663561 |ref=B6 }}
• {{cite book |last=Cecire |first=MS |year=2010 |chapter=Ban Welondes: Wayland Smith in Popular Culture |editor1-last=Clark |editor1-first=D |editor2-last=Perkins |editor2-first=N |title=Anglo-Saxon Culture and the Modern Imagination |series=Medievalism |issn=2043-8230 |publisher=D.S. Brewer |isbn=978-1-84384-251-4 |pages=201–217 |ref=C1 }}
• {{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49260 |title=Hálfdan (d. 877) |last=Costambeys |first=M |year=2004a |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/49260 |accessdate=29 Feb 2012 |url-access=subscription |ref=C3 }}
• {{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49261 |title=Ívarr (d. 873) |last=Costambeys |first=M |year=2004b |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/49261 |accessdate=5 July 2011 |url-access=subscription |ref=C5 }}
• {{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25541 |title=Sihtric inn Gamli (d. 871) |last=Costambeys |first=M |year=2004c |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/25541 |accessdate=1 March 2012 |url-access=subscription |ref=C7 }}
• {{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/11793 |title=Guthrum (d. 890) |last=Costambeys |first=M |year=2008 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/11793 |edition=May 2008 |accessdate=4 May 2014 |url-access=subscription |ref=C6 }}
• {{cite thesis |last=Cowen |first=A |year=2004 |title=Writing Fire and the Sword: The Perception and Representation of Violence in Viking Age England |degree=PhD |url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14058/ |publisher=University of York |ref=C9 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Crawford |first=J |year=2012 |title='Great': The Quest to Find the Man and the Myth of King Alfred |url=https://scholarworks.harding.edu/tenor/vol1/iss1/7/ |journal=Tenor of Our Times |volume=1 |pages=14–26 |ref=C8 }}
• {{cite book |last=Darvill |first=T |author-link=Timothy Darvill |year=2002 |orig-year=1987 |title=Prehistoric Britain |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0-203-75032-2 |ref=D8 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Davidson |first=HRE |author-link=Hilda Ellis Davidson |year=1958 |title=Weland the Smith |journal=Folklore |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=145–159 |jstor=1258855 |issn=0015-587X |eissn=1469-8315 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1958.9717140 |ref=D2 }}
• {{cite book |last=Downham |first=C |year=2007 |title=Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014 |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-1-903765-89-0 |ref=D1 }}
• {{cite book |last=Downham |first=C |year=2011 |chapter=Viking Identities in Ireland: It's not all Black and White |editor-last=Duffy |editor-first=S |title=Medieval Dublin |volume=11 |pages=185–201 |publisher=Four Courts Press |location=Dublin |ref=D9 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Downham |first=C |year=2012 |title=Viking Ethnicities: A Historiographic Overview |journal=History Compass |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00820.x |eissn=1478-0542 |pages=19–12 |ref=D10 }}
• {{cite book |last=Downham |first=C |year=2013b |chapter=Annals, Armies, and Artistry: 'The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle', 865–96 |title=No Horns on Their Helmets? Essays on the Insular Viking-Age |series=Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, and Scandinavian Studies |publisher=Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies and The Centre for Celtic Studies, University of Aberdeen |location=Aberdeen |pages=9–37 |issn=2051-6509 |isbn=978-0-9557720-1-6 |ref=D3 }}
• {{cite book |last=Downham |first=C |year=2013b |chapter='Hiberno-Norwegians' and 'Anglo-Danes': Anachronistic Ethnicities and Viking-Age England |title=No Horns on Their Helmets? Essays on the Insular Viking-Age |series=Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, and Scandinavian Studies |publisher=Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies and The Centre for Celtic Studies, University of Aberdeen |location=Aberdeen |pages=41–71 |issn=2051-6509 |isbn=978-0-9557720-1-6 |ref=D4 }}
• {{cite book |last=Downham |first=C |year=2018 |title=Medieval Ireland |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-107-03131-9 |doi=10.1017/9781139381598 |lccn=2017034607 |ref=D11 }}
• {{cite book |last1=Forte |first1=A |last2=Oram |first2=RD |author2-link=Richard Oram |last3=Pedersen |first3=F |year=2005 |title=Viking Empires |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-82992-2 |ref=F2 }}
• {{cite thesis |last=Gigov |first=J |year=2011 |title=Contextualizing the Vikings in Anglo-Saxon History and Literature |url=https://is.cuni.cz/webapps/zzp/detail/109066/?lang=en |publisher=Charles University |degree=MA |ref=G13 }}
• {{cite book |last=Gore |first=D |year=2016 |chapter=A Review of Viking Attacks in Western England to the Early Tenth Century: Their Motives and Responses |editor1-last=Lavelle |editor1-first=R |editor2-last=Roffey |editor2-first=S |title=Danes in Wessex: The Scandinavian Impact on Southern England, c. 800–c. 1000 |publisher=Oxbow Books |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-78297-931-9 |pages=56–69 |ref=G15 }}
• {{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8500 |title=Edmund [St Edmund] (d. 869) |last=Gransden |first=A |author-link=Antonia Gransden |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/8500 |accessdate=7 April 2014 |url-access=subscription |ref=G3 }}
• {{cite book |last1=Grierson |first1=P |author1-link=Philip Grierson |last2=Blackburn |first2=M |author2-link=Mark Blackburn (numismatist) |year=2006 |orig-year=1986 |title=Medieval European Coinage |volume=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-26009-1 |ref=G14 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Grinsell |first=LV |author-link=Leslie Grinsell |year=1935 |title=An Analysis and List of Berkshire Barrows |url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-787-1/dissemination/pdf/BAJ039_PDFs/BAJ039_A14_grinsell.pdf |journal=The Berkshire Archæological Journal |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=171–191 |doi=10.5284/1000017 |doi-access=free |ref=G4 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Grinsell |first=LV |year=1936 |title=An Analysis and List of Berkshire Barrows |url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-787-1/dissemination/pdf/BAJ040_PDFs/BAJ040_A03_grinsell.pdf |journal=The Berkshire Archæological Journal |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=20–58 |doi=10.5284/1000017 |doi-access=free |ref=G5 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Grinsell |first=LV |year=1938 |title=Berkshire Barrows |url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-787-1/dissemination/pdf/BAJ042_PDFs/BAJ042_A09_grinsell.pdf |journal=The Berkshire Archæological Journal |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=102–116 |doi=10.5284/1000017 |doi-access=free |ref=G7 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Grinsell |first=LV |year=1991 |title=Wayland the Smith and his Relatives: A Legend and its Topography |journal=Folklore |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=235–236 |jstor=1260960 |issn=0015-587X |eissn=1469-8315 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1991.9715822 |ref=G8 }}
• {{cite book |last=Grueber |first=HA |year=1899 |title=Handbook of the Coins of Great Britain and Ireland in the British Museum |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofcoinso00brituoft |publisher=British Museum |location=London |ol=7165678M |ref=G9 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Hadley |first1=DM |last2=Richards |first2=JD |author2-link=Julian D. Richards |last3=Brown |first3=H |last4=Craig-Atkins |first4=E |last5=Mahoney-Swales |first5=D |last6=Perry |first6=G |last7=Stein |first7=S |last8=Woods |first8=A |year=2016 |title=The Winter Camp of the Viking Great Army, AD 872–3, Torksey, Lincolnshire |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/107011/ |journal=The Antiquaries Journal |volume=96 |pages=23–67 |doi=10.1017/S0003581516000718 |doi-access=free |issn=0003-5815 |eissn=1758-5309 |ref=H6 }}
• {{cite book |last=Halsall |first=G |author-link=Guy Halsall |year=2007 |orig-year=2003 |title=Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West, 450–900 |series=Warfare and History |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-203-93007-6 |ref=H7 }}
• {{cite book |last=Heather |first=P |author-link=Peter Heather |year=2010 |orig-year=2009 |title=Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-973560-0 |type=EPUB |ref=H3 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Hind |first=W |year=1920 |title=The Approximate Dates of Weyland Smith's Cave and the White Horse of Berkshire |url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-787-1/dissemination/pdf/BAJ025_PDFs/BAJ025_A07_hind.pdf |journal=The Berks, Bucks & Oxon Archæological Journal |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=63–70 |doi=10.5284/1000017 |doi-access=free |ref=H5 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Holm |first=P |year=2015 |title=Review of S McLeod, The Beginning of Scandinavian Settlement in England: The Viking 'Great Army' and Early Settlers, c. 865–900 |url=https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/tmr/article/view/19947 |journal=The Medieval Review |access-date=16 January 2018 |issn=1096-746X |ref=H10 }}
• {{cite book |last1=Hooper |first1=N |last2=Bennett |first2=M |author2-link=Matthew Bennett (historian) |year=1996 |title=Cambridge Illustrated Atlas: Warfare, the Middle Ages, 768–1487 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-44049-1 |ref=H8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00nich }}
• {{cite book |last=Hull |first=E |author-link=Eleanor Hull |year=1913 |title=The Northmen in Britain |url=https://archive.org/details/HullEleanorTheNorthmenInBritain1913296P.Scan |publisher=Thomas Y. Crowell Company |location=New York |ref=H9 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Huntingford |first=GWB |author-link=George Wynn Brereton Huntingford |year=1927 |title=Wayland's Smithy and the White Horse |url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-787-1/dissemination/pdf/BAJ031_PDFs/BAJ031_A06_huntingford.pdf |journal=The Berks, Bucks & Oxon Archæological Journal |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=19–24 |doi=10.5284/1000017 |doi-access=free |ref=H4 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Huntingford |first=GWB |year=1957 |title=The Scouring of the White Horse |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=105–114 |jstor=2843973 |issn=0307-3114 |eissn=2397-2556 |doi=10.2307/2843973 |ref=H2 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Jaski |first=B |year=1995 |title=The Vikings and the Kingship of Tara |journal=Peritia |volume=9 |pages=310–353 |eissn=2034-6506 |issn=0332-1592 |doi=10.1484/J.Peri.3.254 |ref=J2 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Johnston |first=GB |year=1975 |title=Poems by William Camden: With Notes and Translations from the Latin |journal=Studies in Philology |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=iv–x, 1–145 |issn=0039-3738 |eissn=1543-0383 |jstor=4173890 |ref=J1 }}
• {{cite book |last=Keynes |first=S |year=2001 |orig-year=1997 |chapter=The Vikings in England, c.790–106 |editor-last=Sawyer |editor-first=P |editor-link=Peter Hayes Sawyer |title=The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |pages=48–82 |isbn=0-19-285434-8 |ref=K4 }}
• {{cite book |last=Kirby |first=DP |year=2002 |orig-year=1991 |title=The Earliest English Kings |edition=Revised |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0-203-13076-6 |ref=K2 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Kries |first=S |year=2003 |title='Westward I Came Across the Sea': Anglo-Scandinavian History Through Scandinavian Eyes |url=http://digital.library.leeds.ac.uk/id/eprint/14118 |journal=Leeds Studies in English |volume=34 |issn=0075-8566 |pages=47–76 |ref=K6 }}
• {{cite thesis |last=Kulovesi |first=E |year=2017 |title=Hiberno-Scandinavian Transculturation: Hybridization of Vikings and Gaelic Culture in Ireland Between 800 and 1000AD |hdl=10138/184167 |hdl-access=free |degree=MA |publisher=University of Helsinki |ref=K5 }}
• {{cite book |last=Lavelle |first=R |year=2014 |orig-year=2010 |title=Alfred's Wars: Sources and Interpretations of Anglo-Saxon Warfare in the Viking Age |journal=Warfare and History |series=Warfare in History |issn=1358-779X |publisher=The Boydell Press |location=Woodbridge |isbn=978-1-78204-495-6 |type=EPUB |ref=L2 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Lehiste |first=I |year=1958 |title=Names of Scandinavians in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle |journal=Publications of the Modern Language Association of America |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=6–22 |issn=0030-8129 |jstor=460271 |doi=10.2307/460271 |s2cid=163944599 |ref=L1 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Lewis |first=S |year=2016 |title=Rodulf and Ubba. In Search of a Frisian-Danish Viking |url=http://vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Saga-Book%20XL.pdf |journal=Saga-Book |volume=40 |pages=5–42 |issn=0305-9219 |ref=L4 }}
• {{cite conference |last=Mackley |first=J |year=2012 |title=Wayland: Smith of the Gods |url=http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/4679/ |conference=6th Nordic-Celtic-Baltic Folklore Symposium: 'Supernatural Places' |location=University of Tartu |ref=M1 }}
• {{cite conference |last=Mackley |first=JS |year=2011 |title=A Forgotten God Remembered: The Wayland Smith Legend in Kenilworth and Puck of Pook's Hill |url=http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/4624/ |conference=English and Welsh Diaspora: Regional Cultures, Disparate Voices, Remembered Lives |location=Loughborough University |ref=M2 }}
• {{cite journal |last=McLeod |first=S |year=2006 |title=Feeding the Micel Here in England c865–878 |journal=Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association |volume=2 |pages=141–156 |issn=1449-9320 |ref=M10 }}
• {{cite journal |last=McLeod |first=S |year=2013 |title=The Acculturation of Scandinavians in England: A Consideration of the Burial Record |journal=Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association |volume=9 |pages=61–87 |doi=10.35253/JAEMA.2013.1.3 |hdl=1893/19150 |issn=1449-9320 |ref=M4 |hdl-access=free }}
• {{cite thesis |last=McLeod |first=SH |year=2011 |title=Migration and Acculturation: The Impact of the Norse on Eastern England, c. 865–900 |url=http://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/migration-and-acculturation-the-impact-of-the-norse-on-eastern-england-c-865900(8c7090bf-6e81-41c3-a4c1-e4eaa7e9c32d).html |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Western Australia |ref=M5 }}
• {{cite book |last=McTurk |first=R |author-link=Rory McTurk |year=2006 |chapter=Kings and Kingship in Viking Northumbria |chapter-url=http://sagaconference.org/SC13/SC13_McTurk.pdf |editor1-last=McKinnell |editor1-first=J |editor2-last=Ashurst |editor2-first=D |editor3-last=Kick |editor3-first=D |title=The Fantastic in Old Norse/Icelandic Literature: Preprint Papers of the 13th International Saga Conference, Durham and York 6th–12th August 2006 |volume=1 |publisher=Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies |location=Durham |pages=681–688 |ref=M9 }}
• {{cite book |last=McTurk |first=R |year=2015 |orig-year=1991 |title=Studies in Ragnars Saga Loðbrókar and its Major Scandinavian Analogues |series=Medium Ævum Monographs |publisher=The Society for the Study of Mediæval Languages and Literature |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-907570-08-0 |ref=M8 }}
• {{cite book |last=McTurk |first=RW |year=1976 |chapter=Ragnarr Loðbrók in the Irish Annals? |editor1-last=Almqvist |editor1-first=B |editor2-last=Greene |editor2-first=D |title=Proceedings of the Seventh Viking Congress: Dublin 15–21 August 1973 |publisher=Viking Society for Northern Research |pages=93–123 |ref=M7 }}
• {{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8913 |title=Æthelred I (d. 871) |last=Miller |first=S |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/8913 |accessdate=19 April 2014 |url-access=subscription |ref=M3 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Morrison |first=W |year=1895 |title=On the Site of the Battle of Ashdown |journal=Transactions of the Newbury District Field Club |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23Q_AQAAMAAJ |volume=4 |pages=87–95 |ref=M6 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Naismith |first=R. |year=2013 |title=London and its Mint c. 880–1066: A Preliminary Survey |url=https://www.britnumsoc.org/publications/Digital%20BNJ/pdfs/2013_BNJ_83_4.pdf |journal=British Numismatic Journal |volume=83 |pages=44–74 |issn=0143-8956 |ref=N2 }}
• {{cite book |last=Naismith |first=R |editor1-first=Rory |editor1-last=Naismith |year=2017 |title=Medieval European Coinage |volume=8 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780521260169 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139031370 |ref=N1 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Ó Corráin |first=D |author-link=Donnchadh Ó Corráin |year=1979 |title=High-Kings, Vikings and Other Kings |journal=Irish Historical Studies |volume=21 |issue=83 |pages=283–323 |jstor=30008285 |issn=0021-1214 |eissn=2056-4139 |doi=10.1017/S002112140011315X |s2cid=182393802 |ref=O3 }}
• {{cite book |last=Ó Cróinín |first=D |author-link=Dáibhí Ó Cróinín |year=2013 |orig-year=1995 |title=Early Medieval Ireland, 400–1200 |series=Longman History of Ireland |type=EPUB |publisher=Routledge |location=Milton Park, Abingdon |ref=O2 }}
• {{cite book |last=Page |first=RI |author-link=R. I. Page |year=1987 |title='A Most Vile People': Early English Historians on the Vikings |publisher=Viking Society for Northern Research |location=London |ref=P4 }}
• {{cite book |last=Plummer |first=C |year=1902 |title=The Life and Times of Alfred the Great |url=https://archive.org/details/lifetimesofalfre00plumrich |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780403006892 |ol=6919570M |ref=P2 }}
• {{cite book |last=Ramsay |first=JH |year=1898 |title=The Foundations of England |volume=1 |url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofen01rams |publisher=Swan Sonnenschein & Co. |location=London |ref=R2 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Richards |first1=JD |last2=Hadley |first2=D |year=2016 |edition=September 2016 |title=The Great Viking Terror |journal=BBC History Magazine |issn=1469-8552 |pages=36–41 |ref=R1 }}
• {{cite book |last=Ridyard |first=SJ |year=2008 |orig-year=1988 |title=The Royal Saints of Anglo-Saxon England: A Study of West Saxon & East Anglian Cults |series=Cambridge Studies of Medieval Life and Thought |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-30772-7 |ref=R3 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Schwyzer |first=P |year=1999 |title=The Scouring of the White Horse: Archaeology, Identity, and 'Heritage' |journal=Representations |volume=65 |issue=65 |pages=42–62 |issn=0734-6018 |eissn=1533-855X |jstor=2902961 |doi=10.2307/2902961 |ref=S13 }}
• {{cite thesis |last=Sheldon |first=G |year=2011 |title=The Conversion of the Vikings in Ireland From a Comparative Perspective |hdl=1807/29866 |hdl-access=free |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Toronto |ref=S9 }}
• {{cite book |last1=Shrubsole |first1=OA |last2=Clinch |first2=G |year=1906 |chapter=Early Man |pages=[https://archive.org/details/victoriahistoryo01ditcuoft/page/173 173]–194 |editor1-last=Ditchfield |editor1-first=PH |editor1-link=Peter Ditchfield |editor2-last=Page |editor2-first=W |editor2-link=William Page (historian) |title=The Victoria History of the Counties of England: Berkshire |url=https://archive.org/details/victoriahistoryo01ditcuoft |volume=1 |publisher=Archibald Constable and Company |location=London |ol=7044852M |ref=S20 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Smith |first=R |author-link=Reginald Allender Smith |year=1921 |title=The Seven Barrows at Lambourn |url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-1132-1/dissemination/pdf/078/078_047_054.pdf |journal=The Archaeological Journal |volume=78 |pages=47–54 |eissn=2373-2288 |issn=0066-5983 |doi=10.5284/1018054 |doi-access=free |ref=S10 }}
• {{cite book |last=Stenton |first=F |author-link=Frank Stenton |year=1963 |title=Anglo-Saxon England |url=https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonenglan00sten |url-access=registration |edition=2nd |series=The Oxford History of England |publisher=The Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |ol=24592559M |ref=S11 }}
• {{cite book |last=Stodnick |first=J |year=2010 |chapter=Sentence to Story: Reading the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as Formulary |editor-last=Jorgensen |editor-first=A |title=Reading the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: Language, Literature, History |series=Studies in the Early Middle Ages |volume=23 |publisher=Brepols Publishers |location=Turnhout |isbn=978-2-503-52394-1 |doi=10.1484/M.SEM-EB.3.4451 |pages=91–111 |ref=S18 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Storms |first=G |year=1972 |title=Grendel the Terrible |journal=Neuphilologische Mitteilungen |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=427–436 |issn=0028-3754 |jstor=43345373 |ref=S2 }}
• {{cite book |last=Townend |first=M |year=2002 |title=Language and History in Viking Age England: Linguistic Relations Between Speakers of Old Norse and Old English |series=Studies in the Early Middle Ages |publisher=Brepols Publishers |location=Turnhout |isbn=2503512925 |ref=T1 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Whitelock |first=D |year=1969 |title=Fact and Fiction in the Legend of St. Edmund |url=http://suffolkinstitute.pdfsrv.co.uk/customers/Suffolk%20Institute/2014/01/10/Volume%20XXXI%20Part%203%20(1969)_Fact%20and%20fiction%20in%20the%20legend%20of%20St%20Edmund%20D%20Whitelock_217%20to%20233.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archæology |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=217–233 |ref=W10 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Whittle |first1=A |author1-link=Alasdair Whittle |last2=Bayliss |first2=A |author2-link=Alex Bayliss |last3=Wysocki |first3=M |year=2007 |title=Once in a Lifetime: The Date of the Wayland's Smithy Long Barrow |url=http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/323/ |journal=Cambridge Archaeological Journal |volume=17 |issue=S1 |pages=103–121 |doi=10.1017/S0959774307000194 |s2cid=59946137 |ref=W8 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Whittle |first1=A |last2=Brothwell |first2=D |author2-link=Don Brothwell |last3=Cullen |first3=R |last4=Gardner |first4=N |last5=Kerney |first5=MP |year=1991 |title=Wayland's Smithy, Oxfordshire: Excavations at the Neolithic Tomb in 1962–63 by R. J. C. Atkinson and S. Piggott |journal=Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=61–101 |doi=10.1017/S0079497X00004515 |s2cid=193174868 |ref=W9 }}
• {{cite book |last=Williams |first=A |year=1999 |author-link=Ann Williams (historian) |title=Kingship and Government in Pre-Conquest England, c.500–1066 |series=British History in Perspective |isbn=978-1-349-27454-3 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-27454-3 |publisher=Macmillan Press |location=Houndmills, Basingstoke |ref=W6 }}
• {{cite book |last=Williams |first=G |year=2017 |title=England, 865–1066: Viking Warrior Versus Anglo-Saxon Warrior |series=Combat |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-4728-1833-1 |ref=W1 }}
• {{cite book |last=Woolf |first=A |author-link=Alex Woolf |year=2007 |title=From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070 |series=The New Edinburgh History of Scotland |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-7486-1233-8 |ref=W3 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Woolner |first=D |year=1967 |title=New Light on the White Horse |journal=Folklore |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=90–111 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1967.9717080 |issn=0015-587X |eissn=1469-8315 |jstor=1258648 |ref=W7 }}
• {{cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/183 |title=Alfred (848/9–899) |last=Wormald |first=P |author-link=Patrick Wormald |year=2006 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/183 |edition=October 2006 |accessdate=4 May 2014 |url-access=subscription |ref=W4 }}
• {{cite book |last=Yorke |first=B |author-link=Barbara Yorke |year=1995 |title=Wessex in the Early Middle Ages |series=Studies in the Early History of Britain |publisher=Leicester University Press |location=London |isbn=0-7185-1314-2 |ref=Y1 }}
• {{cite book |last=Yorke |first=B |year=2009 |chapter=The 'Old North' from the Saxon South in Nineteenth-Century Britain |pages=131–149 |title=Anglo-Saxons and the North: Essays Reflecting the Theme of the 10th Meeting of the International Society of Anglo-Saxonists in Helsinki, August 2001 |editor1-last=Kilpiö |editor1-first=M |editor2-last=Kahlas-Tarkka |editor2-first=L |editor3-last=Roberts |editor3-first=J |editor4-last=Timofeeva |editor4-first=O |publisher=Tempe |ref=Y2 }}

{{refend}}

• {{PASE|232|Bagsecg 1}}

{{Viking Invasion of England}}

{{authority control}}

Category:871 deaths

Category:9th-century Danish people

Category:9th-century monarchs in Europe

Category:Anglo-Norse people

Category:Danish monarchs

Category:Monarchs killed in action

Category:Viking warriors

Category:Vikings killed in battle

Category:Year of birth unknown

Category:9th-century Vikings