Halfdan Ragnarsson

Halfdan was one of the leaders of the Great Heathen Army which invaded the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of East Anglia in 865.Venning p. 132Holman 2012 p. 102 According to the Norse sagas this invasion was organised by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok (Halfdan being one of them), to wreak revenge against Ælla of Northumbria. Ælla had supposedly had Ragnar executed in 865 by throwing him in a snake pit, but the historicity of this explanation is unknown.Munch pp. 245–251Jones pp. 218–219 The invaders are usually identified as Danes, although the tenth-century churchman Asser stated that the invaders came "de Danubia", which translates as "from the Danube"; the fact that the Danube is located in what was known in Latin as Dacia suggests that Asser actually intended Dania, a Latin term for Denmark.Downham 2013 p. 13

In the autumn of 865 the Great Heathen Army landed in East Anglia, where they remained over the winter and secured horses.Kirby p. 173 The following year the army moved northwards and invaded Northumbria, which was at that time in the middle of a civil war between Ælla and Osberht, opposing claimants for the Northumbrian throne.Forte pp. 69–70 Late in 866 the army conquered the rich Northumbrian settlement of York.Downham 2007 p. 65 The following year Ælla and Osberht made an alliance to retake the town. The attack was defeated, and both of them fell in the battle. With no obvious leader, Northumbrian resistance was crushed and the Danes installed a puppet-king, Ecgberht, to rule in their name and collect taxes for them.Keynes p. 526

Later in the year the Army moved south and invaded the Kingdom of Mercia, capturing the town of Nottingham, where they spent the winter. The Mercian king, Burghred, responded by allying with the West Saxon King Æthelred, and with a combined force they laid siege to the town. The Anglo-Saxons were unable to recapture the city, but a truce was agreed whereby the Danes would withdraw to York.Forte p. 72 where they remained for over a year, gathering strength for further assaults.

The Danes returned to East Anglia in 869, this time intent on conquest. They seized Thetford with the intention of remaining there over the winter, but they were met by an East Anglian army.Downham 2007 p. 64 The East Anglian army was defeated and its commander, King Edmund, was slain.Gransden p. 64 Medieval tradition identifies Edmund as a martyr who refused the Danes' demand to renounce Christ, and was killed for his steadfast Christianity.Mostert pp. 165–166 Ivar and Ubba are identified as the commanders of the Danes, and the killers of Edmund, and it is unknown what part, if any, Halfdan took.Swanton pp. 70–71 n. 2

Following the conquest of East Anglia Ivar apparently left the Great Heathen Army – his name disappears from English records after 870. However, he is generally considered to be identical to Ímar, a Norse King of Dublin who died in 873.Woolf p. 95 With Ivar in Ireland, Halfdan became the main commander of the Army, and in 870 he led it in an invasion of Wessex. Sometime after Ivar left the Army a great number of Viking warriors arrived from Scandinavia, as part of the Great Summer Army, led by Bagsecg, bolstering the ranks of Halfdan's army.Hooper p. 22 According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the Danes battled the West Saxons nine times, including at the Battle of Ashdown on 8 January 871.Costambeys However, the West Saxons could not be defeated, and Halfdan accepted a truce from Alfred, newly crowned king of Wessex.Forte pp. 72–73

The Army retreated to the captured town of London and stayed there over the winter of 871/872.Downham 2007 p. 68 Coins minted in London during this period bear the name Halfdan, identifying him as its leader. In autumn of 872 the Army returned to Northumbria to quell a revolt against its puppet-regent Ecgberht. However, this explanation for the army's move north has been challenged, and it has been suggested the relocation was a result of a war with Mercia.Downham 2007 p. 69 The Army overwintered at Torksey, and was then reported as being in the Repton district a year later. It conquered Mercia in 874, the Mercian King Burghred being deposed and replaced by a Danish-puppet regent, Ceolwulf.Forte pp. 73–74

Following this victory the Army split in two – one half under Guthrum heading south to continue fighting against Wessex, the other half under Halfdan heading north to fight against the Picts and Britons of Strathclyde. According to the Annals of Ulster, Eystein Olafsson, King of Dublin was "deceitfully" killed in 875 by "Albann", a figure generally agreed to be Halfdan.Annals of Ulster, s.a. 875.South p. 87 His brother Ivar had ruled the city prior to his death in 873 and it appears Halfdan's campaigning was an attempt to regain his brother's lost kingdom. Halfdan did not remain in Ireland: in 876 he and his forces returned to Northumbria, and settled an area largely coextensive with the old Kingdom of Deira, with the northern part of Northumbria remaining under Anglian rule. Sources sometimes title Halfdan King of Jórvík, beginning in 876.Malam p. 104

Halfdan's rule of Dublin was not secure, and he was deposed while away in York. He returned to Ireland in 877 to try to recapture the city, but he was met with an army of "Fair Heathens" – a contentious term usually considered to mean the Viking population who had been in Ireland the longest, as opposed to the newly arrived "Dark Heathens", of whom Halfdan was one.Downham 2007 p. 14 The forces met at the Battle of Strangford Lough, where Halfdan was slain.Annals of Ulster, s.a. 877. Those of Halfdan's men who survived the battle returned to Northumbria via Scotland, fighting a battle along the way in which Constantine I, King of the Picts was killed.Ashley p. 464 The Vikings of Northumbria remained kingless until 883, when Guthred was made king there.Lapdige et al. p. 526

Halfdan and his supposed brothers are, individually, considered historical figures but it is debated whether they were all related.

Contemporarily, Halfdan and Ivar are named as brothers by Asser and the Anglo Saxon Chronicle when their other unnamed sibling - later identified as Ubba by Anglo Norman chronicler Geoffrey Gaimar - was killed at the Battle of Cynwit.{{Cite web |title=Asser's Life of King Alfred, by Albert S. Cook—A Project Gutenberg eBook |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/63384/63384-h/63384-h.htm |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=www.gutenberg.org}} {{Cite book |last=Geoffroy Gaimar |url=https://archive.org/details/lestoriedesengl00gaimgoog/page/n151/mode/2up |title=Lestorie Des Engles Solum la Translacion Maistre Geffrei Gaimar |date=1889 |publisher=Printed for H. M . Stationery off., by Eyre and Spottiswoode |others=Harvard University |language=English}}

Halfdan is also thought to the same as the Danish king mentioned in the Annals of Fulda in 873 ruling along with his brother Sigfred - most likely Sigurd Snake in the Eye.{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Stephen M. |url=https://hal.science/hal-01943605v1 |title=Hamlet with the Princes of Denmark: An exploration of the case of Hálfdan ‘king of the Danes' |date=2017}} Opinion regarding his supposed father is divided. According to Hilda Ellis Davidson, writing in 1979, "certain scholars in recent years have come to accept at least part of Ragnar's story as based on historical fact".Davidson p. 277 Katherine Holman, on the other hand, concludes that "although his sons are historical figures, there is no evidence that Ragnar himself ever lived, and he seems to be an amalgam of several different historical figures and pure literary invention."Holman 2003 p. 220

• In the 2020 video game, Assassin's Creed: Valhalla, Halfdan appears along with his brothers, Ivar and Ubba. In the game, he is seen warring against the Picts in Northumbria and reaches out to the game's protagonist, Eivor, who helps him rat out a traitor, and later sees him crowned king of Northumbria. He is portrayed by Norwegian actor, Jeppe Beck Laursen, who also portrays Thor in the game.{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=August 2024}}

Citations

{{Reflist|30em}}

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• {{PASE|5353|Halfdan 2}}
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{{Northumbrian Monarchs}}

{{Dublin Monarchs}}

{{Viking Invasion of England}}

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