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Balantidium

{{Short description|Genus of single-celled organisms}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Balantidium_trophB.JPG

| image_caption = Balantidium coli trophozoite

| taxon = Balantidium

| authority = Claparède & Lachmann, 1858Aescht, E. (2001) Denisia 01: Catalogue of the Generic Names of Ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora)

| type_species = Balantidium entozoon

| synonyms = {{Genus list

|Balantidiopsis |Bütschli, 1889

|Balantioides |Alexeieff, 1931

|Bolantidium |

|Parabursaria |Ghosh, 1921

|Paranyctotherus |Sandon, 1941

}}

}}

Balantidium is a genus of ciliates. It contains the parasitic species Balantidium coli, the only known cause of balantidiasis.{{cite web|url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2003/Balantidium/Balantidium_coli_ParaSite.htm|title=The Parasite: Balantidium coli|access-date=20 December 2015|archive-date=14 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414013807/http://www.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2003/Balantidium/Balantidium_coli_ParaSite.htm|url-status=dead}}

History

The first-described species of Balantidium, B. entozoon, was described in 1838 by Ehrenberg as a member of the genus Bursaria. Balantidium coli observed in patients with dysentery was originally described as Paramecium coli by Malmstein in 1857. In 1858, Edouard Claparède and Johannes Lachmann created the genus Balantidium and reclassified B. entozoon as its type species.{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ejop.2008.10.001|pmid=19251405|title=A re-description of the ciliate genus and type species, Balantidium entozoon|journal=European Journal of Protistology|volume=45|issue=3|pages=174–182|year=2009|last1=Grim|first1=J. Norman|last2=Buonanno|first2=Federico}} Stein in 1863, reclassified Paramecium coli into the genus Balantidium.

Transcriptomics

Transcriptome data for Balantidium ctenopharyngodoni, from single-cell transcriptome sequencing, were published in 2017 and were the first omics data within the subclass Trichostomatia.{{cite journal|last1=Sun|first1=Zongyi|last2=Jiang|first2=Chuanqi|last3=Feng|first3=Jinmei|last4=Yang|first4=Wentao|last5=Li|first5=Ming|last6=Miao|first6=Wei|title=Phylogenomic analysis of Balantidium ctenopharyngodoni (Ciliophora, Litostomatea) based on single-cell transcriptome sequencing|journal=Parasite|volume=24|year=2017|pages=43|url= |doi=10.1051/parasite/2017043|pmid=29134943 |pmc=5684829}}

Taxonomy

A separate genus – Neobalantidium – has been created for several of these species.{{cite journal|last1=Pomajbíková|first1=K.|last2=Oborník|first2=M.|last3=Horák|first3=A.|last4=Petrželková|first4=K. J.|last5=Grim|first5=J. N.|last6=Levecke|first6=B.|last7=Todd|first7=A.|last8=Mulama|first8=M.|last9=Kiyang|first9=J.|last10=Modrý|first10=D.|date=28 March 2013|title=Novel insights into the genetic diversity of Balantidium and Balantidium-like cyst-forming ciliates|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|volume=7|issue=3|page=e2140|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002140 |pmid=23556024 | pmc=3610628|doi-access=free}} Balantidium coli is one of the species that has been reclassified. It has also been proposed that it is a junior synonym of genus Balantioides–which has B. coli as the type species.{{cite journal|last1=Chistyakova|first1=L. V.|last2=Kostygov|first2=A. Y.|last3=Kornilova|first3=O. A.|last4=Yurchenko|first4=V.|date=4 September 2014|title=Reisolation and redescription of Balantidium duodeni Stein, 1867 (Litostomatea, Trichostomatia)|journal=Parasitology Research|volume=113|issue=11|pages=4207–4215|doi=10.1007/s00436-014-4096-1|pmid=25185665 |s2cid=253972618 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00436-014-4096-1|url-access=subscription}}

The closest known relative of this genus is Buxtonella sulcata, a parasite of cattle.

Species

There are 72 species in the genus.{{cite web|url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2015/browse/tree/id/9e827ac5bd1a4e2a581974dd4a8977a2|title=Catalogue of Life - 2015 Annual Checklist|editor=Y. Roskov|editor2=L. Abucay|editor3=T. Orrell|editor4=D. Nicolson|editor5=T. Kunze|editor6=A. Culham|editor7=N. Bailly|editor8=P. Kirk|editor9=T. Bourgoin|editor10=R. E. DeWalt|editor11=W. Decock|editor12=A. De Wever|access-date=20 December 2015}}

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References

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Category:Ciliate genera

Category:Litostomatea