Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg

{{Infobox scientist

| name = Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg

| image = Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried, by Eduard Radke.jpg

| caption = Painting by Eduard Radke

| birth_date = {{Birth-date|19 April 1795}}

| birth_place = Delitzsch, Saxony, Germany

| death_date = {{death-date and age|27 June 1876|19 April 1795}}

| death_place = Berlin, Germany

| field = naturalist

| work_institutions = University of Berlin

| education = University of Leipzig, University of Berlin

| doctoral_advisor =

| doctoral_students =

| parents = Johann Gottfried Ehrenberg and Christiane Dorothea Becker

| spouses = Julie Rose, Karoline Friederike Friccius

| children = Four surviving daughters by first wife: Helene (married Johannes von Hanstein), Mathilde (married Karl Friedrich August Rammelsberg), Laura and Clara Ehrenberg. One son by second wife: Hermann Alexander

| notable_students = Ferdinand Julius CohnChung, King-Thom. [http://www.pnf.org/compendium/Ferdinand_Julius_Cohn.pdf Ferdinand Julius Cohn (1828–1898): Pioneer of Bacteriology] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727180844/http://www.pnf.org/compendium/Ferdinand_Julius_Cohn.pdf}}. Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Sciences, The University of Memphis.

| known_for = Symbolae physicae

| author_abbrev_bot = Ehrenb.

| author_abbrev_zoo =

| awards = Wollaston Medal (1839)
Leeuwenhoek Medal (1877), Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, foreign member of the Royal Society of London

}}

Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (19 April 1795 – 27 June 1876) was a German naturalist, zoologist, botanist, comparative anatomist, geologist, and microscopist. He is considered to be one of the most famous and productive scientists of his time.

Early collections

The son of a judge, Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg was born in Delitzsch, near Leipzig. He first studied theology at the University of Leipzig, then medicine and natural sciences in Berlin and became a friend of the famous explorer Alexander von Humboldt. In 1818, he completed his doctoral dissertation on fungi, Sylvae mycologicae Berolinenses.

In 1820–1825, on a scientific expedition to the Middle East with his friend Wilhelm Hemprich, he collected thousands of specimens of plants and animals. He investigated parts of Egypt, the Libyan Desert, the Nile valley and the northern coasts of the Red Sea,Bauer, A. M. (2000). [http://www.t-ad.net/ishbh/ISHBH_2(1).pdf The Symbolae Physicae and the herpetology of Hemprich and Ehrenberg's expedition to Egypt and the Middle East] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410005746/http://www.t-ad.net/ishbh/ISHBH_2(1).pdf |date=10 April 2018 }}. International Society for the History and Bibliography of Herpetology Newsletter and Bulletin 2(1): pp. 8–16 where he made a special study of the corals. Subsequently, parts of Syria, Arabia and Abyssinia were examined. Some results of these travels and of the important collections that had been made were reported on by Humboldt in 1826. While in Sudan he designed the mansion of the local governor of Dongola, Abidin Bey.

After his return, Ehrenberg published several papers on insects and corals and two volumes Symbolae physicae (1828–1834), in which many particulars of the mammals, birds, insects, etc., were made public. Other observations were communicated to scientific societies.

Focus on microscopic organisms

Ehrenberg was appointed professor of medicine at Berlin University in 1827. In 1829 he accompanied Humboldt through eastern Russia to the Chinese frontier. After his return he began to concentrate his studies on microscopic organisms, which until then had not been systematically studied.

For nearly 30 years Ehrenberg examined samples of water, soil, sediment, blowing dust and rock and described thousands of new species, among them well-known flagellates such as Euglena, ciliates such as Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum, and many fossils, in nearly 400 scientific publications. He was particularly interested in a unicellular group of protists called diatoms, but he also studied, and named, many species of radiolaria, foraminifera and dinoflagellates.

This research had an important bearing on some of the infusorial earths used for polishing and other economic purposes; they added, moreover, largely to our knowledge of the microorganisms of certain geological formations, especially of the chalk, and of the marine and freshwater accumulations. Until Ehrenberg took up the study it was not known that considerable masses of rock were composed of minute forms of animals or plants. He also demonstrated that the phosphorescence of the sea was due to organisms.

He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 1836 and a foreign member of the Royal Society of London from 1837. In 1839, he won the Wollaston Medal, the highest award granted by the Geological Society of London. Ehrenberg was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1849.{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter E|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterE.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=15 September 2016}} He continued until late in life to investigate the microscopic organisms of the deep sea and of various geological formations. He died in Berlin on 27 June 1876.

Legacy

After his death in 1876, his collections of microscopic organisms were deposited in the Berlin's Natural History Museum (this museum was a part of the University of Berlin until it left the university in 2009). The "Ehrenberg Collection" includes 40,000 microscope preparations, 5,000 raw samples, 3,000 pencil and ink drawings, and nearly 1,000 letters of correspondence. His collection of scorpions, and other arachnids from the Middle East, is also held in the Berlin Museum. Many herbaria around the world also hold botanical collections made by Ehrenberg, including the National Herbarium of Victoria at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne,{{cite web |title= Australasian Virtual Herbarium|url= https://avh.ala.org.au/occurrences/search?taxa=ehrenberg|access-date=13 April 2021}} the National Museum of Natural History, France and the herbarium at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.{{cite web |title= Harvard University Herbaria and Libraries: Index of Botanists, Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried|url= https://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?mode=details&id=2031 |access-date=21 April 2021}}

He was also the first winner of the Leeuwenhoek Medal in 1877.

In his hometown, Delitzsch, the highest A-Level school, the "Ehrenberg-Gymnasium" is named after him. The best student of the school year receives the Ehrenberg Prize and a scholarship.

Ehrenberg Island in the Svalbard archipelago is named after Ehrenberg.[http://placenames.npolar.no/stadnamn/Ehrenberg%C3%B8ya?ident=3252 Stadnamn i norske polarområde: Ehrenbergøya (Svalbard).]

In 1998 the Linnean Society of London dedicated a special issue to "Christian Gottfried Ehrenburg (1795–1876): The man and his legacy".{{Cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=David M|last2=Huxley|first2=Robert|date=1998|title=Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795–1876): the man and his legacy.|url=https://ca1-tls.edcdn.com/Special-Issue-1-Christian-Gottfried-Ehrenberg-1795-1876-The-Man-and-His-Legacy-Small.pdf?mtime=20160715141137|journal=The Linnean|publisher=Academic Press|volume=Special Issue no 1|pages=1–88|access-date=12 August 2018|via=ca1-tls.edcdn.com}}

Family

Christian Ehrenberg was the son of Johann Gottfried Ehrenberg (1757–1826) and his wife Christiane Dorothea Becker (1769–1808). His brother Carl August Ehrenberg (1801–1849) became a botanist and plant collector.

After attending the same expedition (as part of Humboldt's team) with Gustav Rose, (who was the brother of Heinrich Rose), Ehrenberg married Gustav's cousin Julie Rose (1804–1848). After their first son died in infancy they had four daughters: Helene (* 1834), Mathilde (1835–1890), Laura (*1836) and Clara Ehrenberg (1838–1916). His youngest daughter Clara Ehrenberg was his assistant for over twelve years. She aided his scientific research, organised and indexed his collections and correspondence, and prepared a taxonomic reference book. Clara was also a published scientific illustrator.{{Cite journal|last1=Karl|first1=Koldewey|last2=Bremen.|first2=Geographische Gesellschaft in|last3=Bremen.|first3=Verein für die Deutsche Nordpolarfahrt in|date=1873|title=Die zweite Deutsche Nordpolarfahrt in den Jahren 1869 und 1870, unter Führung des Kapitän Karl Koldewey /|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13186607|language=en|volume=Bd 2..pt..1.|publisher=F.A. Brockhaus}}

Helene married the botanist Johannes von Hanstein and Mathilde married the mineralogist Karl Friedrich August Rammelsberg.{{Cite web|title="Clara Ehrenberg Werk und Bedeutung" von Barbara Mohr, Museum für Naturkunde zu Berlin mit Leibniz-Gemeinschaft |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305699004 |access-date=2 March 2021 |website=www.researchgate.net |language=German}}

In 1852 Ehrenberg married his second wife, Karoline Friederike Friccius (1812–95), who was related to the chemist Eilhard Mitscherlich. The couple had one son, Hermann Alexander Ehernberg.{{Cite web |title=Three German Women Associated with Geoscience by Barbara Mohr |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277344941 |access-date=2 March 2021 |website=www.researchgate.net}}

Standard author abbreviation

{{Botanist|Ehrenb.|Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried}} His zoological author abbreviation is Ehrenberg.{{Cite web |title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Acropora millepora (Ehrenberg, 1834) |url=https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=207023 |access-date=2022-12-17 |website=www.marinespecies.org |language=en}}

Publications

Ehrenberg, C.G. (1828). Naturgeschichtliche Reisen durch Nord-Afrika und West-Asien in den jahren 1820 bis 1825 von Dr. W.F. Hemprich und Dr. C.G. Ehrenberg. Historischer Theil. Ernst Siegfried Mittler: Berlin, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3YooAAAAYAAJ&hl].
Ehrenberg, C.G. (1828–1900). Symbolae physicae, Species:Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg#Symbolae physicae.
Ehrenberg, C.G. (1830–1836). Vorträge in der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin im Jahre 1830–1836, [http://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/titleinfo/4367597].
Band 1 : Organisation, Systematik und geographisches Verhältniss der Infusionsthierchen. Berlin: gedruckt in Druckerei der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1830, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/2077#/summary].
Die geographische Verbreitung der Infusionsthierchen in Nord-Afrika und West-Asien, beobachtet auf Hemprich und Ehrenbergs Reisen, S. 1–20, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93804#page/27/mode/1up].
Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Organisation der Infusorien und ihrer geographischen Verbreitung, besonders in Sibirien, S. 21–108, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93803#page/39/mode/1up].
Band 2 : Zur Erkenntniss der Organisation in der Richtung des kleinsten Raumes. Berlin: gedruckt in Druckerei der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1832–1836, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RBtJAAAAcAAJ] (note: incorrect name at Google Books).
Über die Entwickelung und Lebensdauer der Infusionsthiere, nebst ferneren Beiträgen zu einer Vergleichung ihrer organischen Systeme, 1831, S. 1–154, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93756#page/27/mode/1up].
Dritter Beitrag zur Erkenntniss grosser Organisation in der Richtung des kleinsten Raumes, S. 145–336, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93805#page/181/mode/1up].
Zusätze zur Erkenntniss grosser organischer Ausbildung in den kleinsten thierischen Organismen, 1835, S. 151–180, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94127#page/235/mode/1up].
Ehrenberg, C.G. (1835). Die Akalephen des rothen Meeres und der Organismus der Medusen der Ostsee. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. p. 181–260, with foldout between p. 260–261, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94127#page/310/mode/1up].
Ehrenberg, C.G. (1838). Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Organismen. 2 vols., Leipzig, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/97605#/summary].
Ehrenberg, C.G. (1839). Recherches sur l'organisation des animaux infusoires. J.B. Baillière: Paris, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/14259#/summary].
Ehrenberg, C.G. (1840). Das grössere Infusorienwerke. Königliche Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin Bericht, 198–219.
Ehrenberg, C.G. (1843). Verbreitung und Einfluss des mikroskopischen Lebens in Süd-und Nord Amerika. Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin Physikalische Abhandlungen, 1841:291–446.
Gravenhorst, J.L.C. (1844). Naturgeschichte der Infusionsthierchen nach Ehrenbergs groβem Werke über diese Thiere. Verlag und Druck von Gratz, Barth und Comp.: Breslau, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/10151#/summary].
Ehrenberg, C.G. (1848). Uber eigenthumliche auf den Bamen des Urwaldes in SU-Amerika zahlreich lebend mikroskopische oft kieselschalige Organismen. Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin Nonatsber. 213–220.
Ehrenberg, C.G. (1854). Mikrogeologie. 2 vols., Leipzig, [http://www.e-rara.ch/zut/content/titleinfo/3914229].
Ehrenberg, C.G. (1875). Fortsetzung der mikrogeologischen Studien. Abhandlungen der königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaft: Berlin.
The Ehrenberg Collection (including plates from Mikrogeologie, 1854). Available at Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität [https://web.archive.org/web/20061010214110/http://www.algaterra.org/AT2.htm]
See also: [http://bibliothek.bbaw.de/kataloge/literaturnachweise/ehrenber/literatur.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114758/http://bibliothek.bbaw.de/kataloge/literaturnachweise/ehrenber/literatur.pdf |date=26 August 2014 }}.

References

{{Citation

|pmid = 15633283

|last1=Kästner

|first1=Ingrid

|last2=Wilde

|first2=Manfred

|publication-date=2004

|year=2004

|title=Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795–1876) and the Ehrenberg collection in the museum of Schloss Delitzsch

|volume=23

|periodical=Würzburger medizinhistorische Mitteilungen / Im Auftrage der Würzburger medizinhistorischen Gesellschaft und in Verbindung mit dem Institut für Geschichte der Medizin der Universität Würzburg

|pages=412–7

}}

{{Citation

|pmid = 11615954

|last=Siesser

|first=W G

|publication-date=1981

|year=1981

|title=Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg: Founder of micropaleontology.

|volume=25

|issue=3

|periodical=Centaurus; International Magazine of the History of Science and Medicine

|pages=166–88

|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0498.1981.tb00643.x

|bibcode=1981Cent...25..166S

}}

Baker, I. D. B. (1997) "C. G. Ehrenberg and W. F. Hemprich's Travels, 1820–1825, and the Insecta of the Symbolae Physicae". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 44, (2):165–202.
Kern, Ralf, Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit, 4 vols., Cologne: Koenig, 2010.

External links

[https://w.wiki/683Q Wikidata query] listing taxa authored by him.
{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried}}
[http://sdei.senckenberg.de/index/index.php?befehl=about Gaedike, R.; Groll, E. K. & Taeger, A. 2012: Bibliography of the entomological literature from the beginning until 1863 : online database – version 1.0 – Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut.]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20120405042340/http://www.naturkundemuseum-berlin.de/en/sammlungen/palaeontologie/mikropalaeontologie-ehrenberg-sammlung/ Ehrenberg-collection]
{{cite journal|last=Dolan|first=J. R.|year=2020|title=The lesser-known scientific art of Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg|journal=Art and Science|volume=6|issue=3|pages=879|doi=10.21494/ISTE.OP.2022.0879|s2cid=252722828 |doi-access=free}}

Category:German taxonomists

Category:1795 births

Category:People from Delitzsch

Category:1876 deaths

Category:German phycologists

Category:German anatomists

Category:19th-century German botanists

Category:German entomologists

Category:German mycologists

Category:Microscopists

Category:Leeuwenhoek Medal winners

Category:Wollaston Medal winners