Barbershop quartet

{{Main|Barbershop music#Historical origins}}

While many sources claim that barbershop singing originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States of America, some maintain that the origins of barbershop singing are "obscure". The style is considered a blend of White and African American musical styles.{{cite journal |last=Abbott |first=Lynn |s2cid=191390367 |year=1992 |title='Play That Barber Shop Chord': A Case for the African-American Origin of Barbershop Harmony |journal=American Music |volume=10 |number=3 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |pages=289–325 |doi=10.2307/3051597 |jstor=3051597 }} Although the African American influence is sometimes overlooked, these quartets had a formative role in the development of the style.{{Cite book |author=Henry, James Earl |title=The Origins of Barbershop Harmony: A Study of Barbershop's Links to Other African American Musics as Evidenced through Recordings and Arrangements of Early Black and White Quartets |publisher=Washington University |year=2000}}

By the 1920s, the popularity of the style had begun to fade. It was revived in the late 1930s along with the founding of the Society for the Preservation and Encouragement of Barber Shop Quartet Singing in America (SPEBSQSA), now known as the Barbershop Harmony Society, or BHS.{{cite web |url=http://www.barber-schools.org/blog/history-of-the-barber-shop-quartet-a-time-honored-tradition |title=History of the Barbershop Quartet, a Time-Honored Tradition |date=May 8, 2012 |access-date=July 23, 2012}}{{cite journal |last=Döhl |first=Frédéric |year=2014 |title=From Harmonic Style to Genre: The Early History (1890s–1940s) of the Uniquely American Musical Term 'Barbershop' |journal=American Music |volume=32 |number=2 |pages=123–171 |doi=10.5406/americanmusic.32.2.0123 |s2cid=194072078 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/566731 |issn=1945-2349 }} The society's first meeting was held at the Tulsa Club in Tulsa, Oklahoma, on April 11, 1938, and it was open only to male singers. In 1945, a parallel organization for women was also founded in Tulsa, called Sweet Adelines International (SAI).{{Cite web |url=https://sweetadelines.com/about |title=About | Sweet Adelines |website=sweetadelines.com |access-date=February 4, 2020}} Harmony, Incorporated (HI), also serving women, was established in Rhode Island in 1959.{{cite book |last=Averill |first=Gage |year=2003 |title=Four Parts, No Waiting: A Social History of American Barbershop Harmony |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1951-1672-4 |page=132}}

In 1971, president of BHS Ralph Ribble launched the "Barberpole Cat Program" to encourage barbershop singing as widely as possible.{{Cite web |url=http://stellent.barbershop.org/web/groups/public/documents/pages/pub_id_047338.hcsp |title=The Barberpole Cat Program |date=March 21, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321072849/http://stellent.barbershop.org/web/groups/public/documents/pages/pub_id_047338.hcsp |access-date=February 4, 2020|archive-date=March 21, 2011 }} Well-known and popular barbershop songs were published and promoted in order to provide a core set of pieces for barbershop quartets. The current list of 12 songs, commonly known as "polecats",{{Cite web |url=https://play.google.com/store/music/album/Barbershop_Barberpole_Cat_Learning_Tracks_Lead?id=Bdcnxaxrh4cbkea6ointiw3ytai&hl=en_US |title=Barbershop Harmony Society: Barbershop Barberpole Cat Learning Tracks (Lead) – Music on Google Play |website=play.google.com |access-date=February 4, 2020}}{{Cite news |url=http://www2.readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=107342 |title=Classic barbershop songs |date=September 26, 2008 |newspaper=Reading Eagle |access-date=February 4, 2020}} was selected in 1987. These songs, plus the tag end of two others, are:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=25em|

• "My Wild Irish Rose" (1899){{cite web |url=https://library.indstate.edu/about/units/rbsc/kirk/PDFs/sm1899_my_wild.pdf |last=Olcott |first=Chauncey |title=My Wild Irish Rose |publisher=M. Witmark & Sons |access-date=February 2, 2020}}
• "Wait 'Till the Sun Shines, Nellie" (1905)
• "Sweet and Lovely" (That's What You Are to Me)" (1931)
• "Down Our Way" (1927)
• "Honey—Little 'Lize Medley" (1898)
• "Let Me Call You Sweetheart" (1910)
• "Sweet, Sweet Roses of Morn" (c. 1930s)
• "Shine on Me" (19th century)
• "The Story of the Rose (Heart of My Heart)" (1899)
• "You're the Flower of My Heart, Sweet Adeline" (1903)
• "Down by the Old Mill Stream" (1910)
• "You Tell Me Your Dream" (1899)
• "Give Me Your Hand" (tag)
• "Ring, Ring the Banjo" (tag)}}

File:BarbershopQuartet Disneyworld.jpg

In competition, barbershop quartets generally wear coordinated outfits to mark them as members of the same group. The Society Contest and Judging Committee of the Barbershop Harmony Society notes in their rule book that aesthetics are important to competitive success: "The judge responds to both the vocal and visual aspects of the performance, but the judge principally evaluates the interaction of those aspects as they work together to create the image of the song."{{cite web |url=https://www.barbershop.org/files/documents/contestandjudging/CJBook-03%20Contest%20Rules.pdf |date=August 2018 |title=Contest Rules |publisher=Barbershop Harmony Society |access-date=February 5, 2020}}

Traditionally, barbershop quartet attire consisted of: vest, straw hat, and spats, often with bow tie and sleeve garters; this is known as the Gay Nineties style.{{sfn|Averill|2003|p=137}} In popular culture, this style exemplifies the stereotypical barbershop quartet. Several Walt Disney theme parks feature a dedicated barbershop quartet called The Dapper Dans (Disney World version pictured). The outfits worn by these performers vary depending on location but do feature vests and straw hats.

As a general rule, barbershop quartets use a TTBB (tenor—tenor—baritone—bass) arrangement, with the second tenor singing the lead. Since the 1940s, barbershop singers have tuned their seventh chords with just intonation to maximize the overtones, yielding a distinctive "ringing" sound.{{sfn|Averill|2003|p=164}} File:Maxqt.jpg, winners of the Barbershop Harmony Society's international barbershop convention in Denver, Colorado, 2007. From left to right: Greg Clancy (tenor), Tony DeRosa (lead), Jeff Oxley (bass) and Gary Lewis (baritone).]]

Tenor: The tenor generally harmonizes above the lead, making the part the highest in the quartet. So as not to overpower the lead singer, who carries the tune, the part is often sung in falsetto, which is of a softer quality than singing in the modal register,{{cite book |last1=Hoch |first1=Matthew |title=A dictionary for the modern singer dictionaries for the modern musician |date=2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |location=Lanham |isbn=978-0-8108-8656-8 |pages=20–21}} though some quartets do make use of tenors with a softer full voice quality.{{cite book |editor-last1=McNeil |editor-first1=W.K. |title=Encyclopedia of American gospel music |date=2005 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=Hoboken |isbn=1-135-37700-6}} Notable examples of barbershop quartets which made use of the full-voiced tenor include The Buffalo Bills and Boston Common.{{cite journal | author= | date= Winter 2014 | title= Society Hall of Fame, Class of 2014 |url= http://www.issuu.com/theharmonizer/docs/the_harmonizer_-_nov-dec_2014 | journal= The Harmonizer | location= Nashville |publisher= Barbershop Harmony Society |access-date= May 12, 2015 |page= 23}}

The range of a tenor in barbershop music does not necessarily closely correspond to that of a tenor's range in Classical repertoire, often being more in the range of the classical countertenor range.{{cite web |title=Barbershop quartet singing |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/52893/barbershop-quartet-singing |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=May 12, 2015}}

Lead: The lead, often a lower or second tenor usually sings the main melody.

Baritone: The baritone often completes the chord with a medium voice, usually slightly below the lead, but sometimes above it. While the baritone's part by itself does not sound as "melodious" as the other three, the baritone is a fundamental role in the quartet to filling in the missing notes and giving each chord a fuller sound.

Bass: The bass always sings and harmonizes the lowest notes, often setting the root of the chord for root position chords, or singing the lowest note of the chord for inverted chords.

• The TV sitcom I Love Lucy used the cast in a barbershop quartet in the 1952 episode, "Lucy's Show-Biz Swan Song;" the same footage was used for a dream sequence in their 1956 Christmas show.
• In the 1957 Meredith Willson Broadway musical The Music Man, the Barbershop Harmony Society International Quartet Contest Champions The Buffalo Bills (Vern Reed, Al Shea, Wayne "Scotty" Ward, Bill Spangenberg) were such a hit that they were cast in the 1962 film adaptation starring Robert Preston as Harold Hill and Shirley Jones as Marian Paroo.
• In the 1969 novel "Slaughterhouse-Five", Kurt Vonnegut uses a barbershop quartet as a symbol to link between Billy's worlds.{{Cite web |title=LitCharts |url=https://www.litcharts.com/lit/slaughterhouse-five/symbols/barbershop-quartet |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=LitCharts |language=en}}
• Cheers featured a barbershop quartet in the season 4 episode "Dark Imaginings" (1986), and in the season 8 episode "The Stork Brings a Crane" (1989).
• A 1993 episode of The Simpsons, "Homer's Barbershop Quartet", parodied the journey of The Beatles as though they were each members of a barbershop quartet named "The Be Sharps". The episode starred The Dapper Dans, a quartet who sing on Main Street in Disneyland in California.Martin, Jeff (2004). The Simpsons season 5 DVD commentary for the episode "Homer's Barbershop Quartet" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
• In the 1997 Friends episode titled "The One with All the Jealousy", Dr. Ross Geller hires a barbershop quartet and sends it to Rachel's office to sing her a love song.
• Frasier featured a barbershop quartet in the episode, "Frasier's Curse" (1998).{{cite web |website=TV.com |url=http://www.tv.com/shows/frasier/frasiers-curse-9227/ |title=Frasier – Season 6, Episode 2: Frasier's Curse |publisher=TV.com |date=October 1, 1998 |access-date=July 21, 2017}}
• In the 1999 Family Guy episode titled "Brian: Portrait of a Dog", Brian Griffin does an impression of a barbershop quartet.
• In every episode of Nick Jr. Channel's television program Blue's Clues (1996–2006), a barbershop quartet can be heard saying "Mailtime", before which Steve (portrayed by Steve Burns) or Joe (portrayed by Donovan Patton) sings the mail time song before the mail arrives at their house.
• Psych{{'}}s fourth season's seventh episode, "High Top Fade-Out", prominently features the murder of a member of Gus' college barbershop quartet. Originally called "Blackapella", the quartet is renamed "Quarterblack" once Shawn (a white man) joins.
• The internet webcomic Homestuck (2009–2016) features a barbershop cover of the Eddie Morton song, "I'm a Member of the Midnight Crew". The cover was sung by a fan of the series and was put into the comic on the page, "DD: Ascend more casually."{{cite web |website=homestuck.com |url=https://www.homestuck.com/story/4944 |title=DD: Ascend more casually |publisher=Andrew Hussie}}
• The 2013 video game BioShock Infinite (set in 1912) includes a barbershop quartet anachronistically singing a rendition of The Beach Boys' 1966 song "God Only Knows".{{Cite news |last=Kohler |first=Chris |title=If You Leave Me, I'll Die: 9 Popular Songs That Unlock BioShock Infinite's Mysteries |language=en-US |work=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/12/bioshock-infinite-music/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |issn=1059-1028}}
• The 2017 video game Cuphead, known for its 1900s cartoon style, contains two songs sung by barbershop quartet "'Shoptimus Prime": "Don't Deal with the Devil" and "A Quick Break".
• An animatronic barbershop quartet is one of the scenery pieces in the theme park video game Planet Coaster. It is part of the Vintage Pack, a DLC pack that focuses on classic rides and theming.
• In a 2019 GEICO television commercial, a barbershop quartet sings while playing a four-on-four basketball game.{{cite web |url=https://www.ispot.tv/ad/Irk_/geico-a-barbershop-quartet-plays-basketball# |title=GEICO TV Commercial, 'A Barbershop Quartet Plays Basketball' |website=iSpot.tv |year=2019 |access-date=April 1, 2019 }} The quartet in the ad is #TheAccidentals.{{cite web |url=https://closeupculture.com/2019/01/13/close-up-an-interview-with-robert-rice/ |title=An Interview With Robert Rice |date=January 13, 2019 |website=Close-Up Culture |first=James |last=Prestridge |access-date=April 22, 2023 }}
• The Ben Show (2013) has a recurring sketch in which a barbershop quartet sings the titles of porn videos.{{cite news |url=https://www.vulture.com/2014/08/comedy-centrals-graveyard-of-one-season-sketch-shows.html |title=Comedy Central's Graveyard of One-Season Sketch Shows |date=August 11, 2014 |website=Vulture.com |access-date=December 15, 2021 }}
• Barbershop music is featured extensively in the 1975 post-apocalyptic film A Boy and His Dog.{{cite magazine |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/a-boy-and-his-dog/an-appreciation-for-harlan-ellison-and-a-boy-and-h/ |title=An Appreciation for Harlan Ellison and 'A Boy and His Dog' |date=August 13, 2018 |magazine=Paste |first=Oktay Ege |last=Kozak |access-date=June 4, 2020 }}
• Sesame Street has a barbershop quartet of Muppets who imitate the genre with the songs "When You Cooperate", "Long Time No See", "Small B", "Same Different Barbershop Quartet", and "Counting Floors", among others.
• Episodes of Jack's Big Music Show frequently feature the "Schwartzman Quartet" of four puppet brothers, with one appearance explaining barbershop music.
• The Forever Plaid musical tells the story of Frankie (lead/second tenor), Jinx (tenor), Sparky (baritone), and Smudge (bass), a barbershop quartet that gets the chance to come back to life after dying in a bus crash.
• The opening theme song and insert song of the 1967–68 Japanese science fiction TV series Ultraseven feature elements of a barbershop quartet.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}
• The 2010 video game, Toy Story 3, has a Pict-O-Matic cutscene where if you dress four citizens in a barber outfit, it will trigger a cutscene where they become a barbershop quartet.

• Barbershop chorus
• Gospel quartet
• List of Barbershop Harmony Society quartet champions
• Sweet Adelines International competition

{{Reflist}}

• {{Commons category-inline|Barbershop quartets}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Barbershop music

Category:A cappella

Category:Four-part harmony