Bardsey Island#Bardsey Island apple

File:Llyn Peninsula and Bardsey Island Geological map 1850.jpg

Like the western and northern parts of nearby Llŷn, the island is formed from rocks of the late Precambrian Gwna Group, itself a part of the Monian Supergroup. The rocks are a mélange, often referred to as the Gwna Mélange, which contain an extraordinary mix of clasts of all sizes up to {{convert|100|m|abbr=off}} across and of very varied types, including both sedimentary and igneous origin. Blocks of sheared granite within this mélange are visible in the northwestern coastal cliffs of the island. Elsewhere clasts of quartzite, limestone, sandstone, mudstone, jasper and basalt can be found. The deposit is interpreted as an olistostrome, a giant underwater landslide possibly triggered by an earthquake some time after 614 million years ago.

A dolerite dyke of Ordovician age intrudes the melange at Trwyn y Gorlech in the north whilst an olivine dolerite dyke of Tertiary age is seen at Cafn Enlli in the southeast. Further dykes occur in the cliffs at Ogof y Gaseg and at Ogof Hir.

A thin spread of glacial till stretches across the centre of the island, a relict of the late Devensian Irish Sea Icesheet. There is a small patch of blown sand at Porth Solfach on the west coast and a landslip at Briw Cerrig at the foot of the cliffs on the east coast.British Geological Survey 1:50,000 scale geological map sheet 133 (England and Wales) Aberdaron and Bardsey Island (BGS, Keyworth, Notts) (with 1:10,00 inset map of Bardsey)Howells, M.F. 2007 British Regional Geology: Wales (BGS, Keyworth, Notts) pp15-20

{{OSM Location map

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{{see also|St Mary's Abbey ruins, Bardsey Island}}

The island was inhabited in Neolithic times, and traces of hut circles remain. During the 5th century, the island became a refuge for persecuted Christians,{{cite web| url=https://orthochristian.com/98598.html| website=orthochristian| title=Venerable Cadfan of Bardsey in Wales| author=Dmitry Lapa |access-date=14 November 2016}} and a small monastery existed.[http://www.mysteriousbritain.co.uk/wales/gwynedd/folklore/bardsey-island.html Mysterious Britain and Ireland : Bardsey Island] Retrieved 16 August 2009 {{Self-published source|date=September 2016}} Around 516, Saint Einion, king of Llyn, invited the Breton Saint Cadfan to move to the island from his first residence in Tywyn.Baring-Gould, Sabine & al. [https://archive.org/stream/livesofbritishsa02bariuoft#page/422/mode/2up The Lives of the British Saints: The Saints of Wales and Cornwall and Such Irish Saints as Have Dedications in Britain, Vol. II, pp. 422 ff]. Chas. Clark (London), 1908. Hosted at Archive.org. Accessed 18 November 2014. Under Cadfan's guidance, St Mary's Abbey was built.[http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/sites/faith/pages/pilgrim_llyn_north.shtml?7 British Broadcasting Corporation : Pilgrims : The Northern Path] Retrieved 16 August 2009 {{dead link|date=June 2015}} For centuries, the island was important as "the holy place of burial for all the bravest and best in the land".

Bards called it "a direct path to heaven" and "the gates of Paradise", and in medieval times three pilgrimages to Bardsey were considered to be of equivalent benefit to the soul as one to Rome.[http://www.aberdaronlink.co.uk/places-to-visit.html Aberdaron and District Tourist Link : Places to Visit] Retrieved 16 August 2009

In 1188, the abbey was still a local institution but, by 1212, it belonged to the Canons Regular. Many people still walk the journey to Aberdaron and Uwchmynydd each year in the footsteps of the saints,[https://web.archive.org/web/20120104111636/http://www.aberdaronlink.co.uk/about/about.html Aberdaron and District Tourist Link : Aberdaron] Retrieved 16 August 2009 although today only ruins of the old abbey's 13th century bell tower remain.[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/cisp/database/site/bards.html University College London Institute of Archaeology : Bardsey Island] Retrieved 16 August 2009 A Celtic cross amidst the ruins commemorates the 20,000 saints reputed to be buried on the island.[https://web.archive.org/web/20140407144410/http://www.edgeofwaleswalk.co.uk/history.htm Edge of Wales Walk : History] Retrieved 16 August 2009 {{Self-published source|date=September 2016}}

Saint Einion is sometimes claimed to have joined the community on the island,Bardsey Island Trust. "[http://www.bardsey.org/english/the_island/pilgrims.htm The Early Saints] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717141320/http://www.bardsey.org/english/the_island/pilgrims.htm |date=17 July 2014 }}". Bardsey Office (Pwllheli), 2014. Accessed 18 November 2014. although his relics are claimed by Llanengan on the mainland. Saint Deiniol, the Bishop of Bangor, was buried on the island in 584.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080725051315/http://www.st-deiniols.com/the-library/about-st-deiniol.htm St Deiniol's Library : St Deiniol : Abbot, Bishop and Confessor] Retrieved 16 August 2009 Saint Dyfrig was also buried on Bardsey Island, although in 1120 his remains were transferred to Llandaff centuries later.{{cite DWB| id=s-DYFR-SAN-0475 | title=DYFRIG (DUBRICIUS), saint (fl. 475?)| date=1959}}

File:Bardsey Island - St Mary's Abbey - 1040708 699ae9d1.jpg

The Suppression of Religious Houses Act 1535, on the orders of Henry VIII, resulted in St Mary's Abbey being dissolved and its buildings demolished in 1537.[http://www.bardsey.org/history Bardsey Island Trust : The Island : History] Retrieved 16 August 2009 The choir stalls, two screens and the bells were transferred to Llanengan, where the parish church was then being built.{{cite web| url=https://www.bardsey.org/history| website=bardsey.org| title=Bardsey island history}}

In the 16th century, Bardsey was owned by Sir John Wynn (an ancestor of the Newborough barons), who was standard bearer to Edward VI at Kett's Rebellion in Norfolk in 1549.{{cite magazine |first=B. G. |last=Owens |title=Bodfel deeds and documents |volume=VI |date=1949–50 |url=https://journals.library.wales/view/1277425/1278818/115#?xywh=133%2C1238%2C2813%2C1855 |magazine=National Library of Wales Journal| page=106}}

File:Enlli chapel (CM), Bardsey NLW3363884.jpg

For many years Bardsey Island formed part of the Newborough Estate, and between 1870 and 1875 the island's farms were rebuilt; a small limestone quarry was opened, and a lime kiln constructed.{{cite web|title=Landmarks |url=http://www.enlli.org/english/the_island/landmarks.htm |website=Bardsey Island Trust |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624105536/http://www.enlli.org/english/the_island/landmarks.htm |archive-date=24 June 2016 |url-status = dead|df=dmy }} Carreg and Plas Bach are separate buildings, but the remaining eight were built as semi-detached houses, each pair with outbuildings set around a shared yard. The buildings are Grade II listed and, in 2008, Cadw approved a grant of £15,000 to cover the first phase of repairs.[https://web.archive.org/web/20110604193140/http://www.cadw.wales.gov.uk/default.asp?id=21&NewsId=196 Cadw : 15 January 2008 : Funding Announced in January to Restore Some of Wales's Historic Buildings] Retrieved 16 August 2009 Only one of the original croglofft cottages, Carreg Bach, survives.{{cite web |title=Carreg Bach: A Grade II Listed Building in Aberdaron, Gwynedd |url=https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300004392-carreg-bach-aberdaron#.YyJa8XbMK38 |website=British Listed Buildings |access-date=14 September 2022}} Given the choice of a harbour or a new church, in 1875 the islanders asked the estate to provide a place of worship; a Methodist chapel was built.

The island had a population of 90 by 1841.The National Cyclopeaedia of useful knowledge, Vol II, (1847) London, Charles Knight, p.859. It had increased to 132 in 1881; by 1961 it had fallen to seventeen.[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10414209&c_id=10001043&add=N A Vision of Britain Through Time : Total Population : Bardsey Island Civil Parish] Retrieved 16 August 2009 The island's small school, opened in a former chapel in 1919 and closed in 1953. In 2019 there was a long-term population of eleven, of whom four lived on the island during the winter.

The Bardsey Island Trust ({{langx|cy|Ymddiriedolaeth Ynys Enlli}}) bought the island in 1977, after an appeal set up by the Bardsey Bird and Field Observatory and supported by the Church in Wales and many Welsh academics and public figures. The trust is financed through membership subscriptions, grants and donations, and is dedicated to protecting the wildlife, buildings and archaeological sites of the island; promoting its artistic and cultural life; and encouraging people to visit as a place of natural beauty and pilgrimage.[http://www.bardsey.org/the-bardsey-island-trust Bardsey Island Trust : The Trust] Retrieved 16 August 2009

When, in 2000, the trust advertised for a tenant for the {{convert|440|acre|ha}} sheep farm on the island, they had 1,100 applications.Abigail Hole, Etain O'Carroll and John King, Lonely Planet : Wales, 2007, Lonely Planet Publications, Footscray, 356 pages, {{ISBN|978-1-74104-538-3}} The tenancy was held by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds;[http://www.rspb.org.uk/news/details.asp?id=tcm:9-189371 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds : 14 May 2008 : News : Wildlife Wins on Bardsey Island] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505223222/http://www.rspb.org.uk/news/details.asp?id=tcm:9-189371 |date=5 May 2010 }} Retrieved 16 August 2009 and the land is managed to maintain the natural habitat. Oats, turnips and swedes were grown; goats, ducks, geese and chickens kept; and there is a mixed flock of sheep and Welsh Black cattle.{{cite web|title=Agriculture |url=http://www.enlli.org/english/the_island/farming.htm |website=Bardsey Island Trust |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624114858/http://www.enlli.org/english/the_island/farming.htm |archive-date=24 June 2016 |url-status = dead|df=dmy }} The RSPB pulled out of the agreement when the tenancy ended.{{when|date=September 2022}}{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

A gnarled and twisted apple tree, discovered by Ian Sturrock growing by the side of Plas Bach, is believed to be the only survivor of an orchard that was tended by the monks who lived there a thousand years ago.{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Malcolm|title=The Sainted Apple|url=http://www.bardseyapple.co.uk/press/press7.html|access-date=16 February 2014|newspaper=The Times|date=22 March 2003|page=12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140306/http://www.bardseyapple.co.uk/press/press7.html|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|last=Tunstall|first=Jill|title=The man who rescues trees|url=http://www.bardseyapple.co.uk/press/press17.html|access-date=16 February 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|date=6 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622203356/http://www.bardseyapple.co.uk/press/press17.html|archive-date=22 June 2015|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=Afan Ynys Enlli - Bardsey Island Apple|url=http://www.bardseyapple.co.uk/|access-date=16 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516185122/http://bardseyapple.co.uk/|archive-date=16 May 2014|url-status=dead}}{{Self-published source|date=September 2016}} In 1998, experts on the varieties of British apples at the National Fruit Collection in Brogdale stated that they believed this tree was the only example of a previously unrecorded cultivar, the Bardsey Apple ({{langx|cy|Afal Enlli}}). The cultivar has since been propagated by grafting and is available commercially.{{cite web|title=Bardsey Island Apple|url=http://www.iansturrockandsons.co.uk/shop/bardseyapple.html|publisher=Ian Sturrock & Sons}}{{Self-published source|date=September 2016}} Since its discovery it has led to a resurgence in the discovery and propagation of other Welsh apple varieties.

File:Bardsey Lighthouse.jpg]]

{{main|Bardsey Lighthouse}}

Bardsey Lighthouse stands on the southerly tip of the island and guides vessels passing through St George's Channel and the Irish Sea.[http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/CAE/Aberdaron/Gaz1868.html Genuki : A Topographical Dictionary of Wales 1833 by Samuel Lewis] Retrieved 16 August 2009 It was built in 1821 by Joseph Nelson.Douglas Bland Hague, Lighthouses of Wales Their Architecture and Archaeology, 1994, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales, Aberystwyth, 102 pages, {{ISBN|1-871184-08-8}} Unusually for a British lighthouse, it is square in section and is painted in red and white bands. Y Storws, sometimes referred to as The Boathouse, was built a few years before the lighthouse, near to the landing place at Y Cafn.

The island was declared a National Nature Reserve in 1986,{{cite news|title=Bardsey Island|publisher=BBC|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/outdoors/placestogo/reserves/bardsey.shtml | access-date=16 August 2009 | archive-date=12 March 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312074125/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/outdoors/placestogo/reserves/bardsey.shtml}} and is part of Glannau Aberdaron ac Ynys Enlli Special Protection Area. It is now a favourite birdwatching location, on the migration routes of thousands of birds. Bardsey Bird and Field Observatory, founded in 1953, The West Midlands Bird club created a bird observatory, and also saw the opportunity to studying the ecology of a small island.{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/sites/bardsey/pages/bardseywildlife.shtml |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |title=Wildlife Haven |access-date=16 August 2009 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218061706/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/sites/bardsey/pages/bardseywildlife.shtml |archive-date=18 December 2007 }}{{cite web |website=Bardsey Bird Observatory |title= About BBFO |url=https://www.bbfo.org.uk/about |access-date=6 November 2021}}{{cite web |website=West Midland Bird Club |title=Bardsey Bird and Field Observatory |url=http://www.westmidlandbirdclub.com/bardsey/#history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430132745/http://www.westmidlandbirdclub.com/bardsey/#history |archive-date=30 April 2011}}

File:P puffinus griseus.jpg come ashore each year, under cover of darkness, to nest on Bardsey Island.]]

The island was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest for its maritime communities;{{cite web |url= https://data.nbn.org.uk/Reports/Sites/GA00033600007/Groups |publisher= National Biodiversity Network |title= Ynys Enlli SSSI |access-date= 16 August 2009 |url-status = dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150705102315/https://data.nbn.org.uk/Reports/Sites/GA00033600007/Groups |archive-date= 5 July 2015 |df= dmy-all }} internationally rare lichens; bryophyte, vascular plant and bird species; and intertidal communities. Nationally important flowering plants include sharp rush, rock sea lavender, small adder's tongue and western clover,{{cite web|url=http://www.ccw.gov.uk/landscape--wildlife/protecting-our-landscape/special-sites-project/cadair-to-coed-y-sac-list/idoc.ashx?docid=d7a56e41-c18e-4480-9272-595de3485124&version=-1|publisher= Countryside Council for Wales|title=Core Management Plan Including Conservation Objectives for Clogwyni Pen Llŷn SAC|access-date=16 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219184702/http://www.ccw.gov.uk/landscape--wildlife/protecting-our-landscape/special-sites-project/cadair-to-coed-y-sac-list/idoc.ashx?docid=d7a56e41-c18e-4480-9272-595de3485124&version=-1 |archive-date=19 February 2012 }} and the rare purple loosestrife is found in places.[https://web.archive.org/web/20120226155624/http://www.celtlands.co.uk/bardsey/wildlife/fauna.html Celtlands : Ynys Enlli : Fauna] Retrieved 16 August 2009 {{Self-published source|date=September 2016}} Two nationally rare heathland lichens are found on the slopes of Mynydd Enlli: the ciliate strap lichen and golden hair lichen; and there are over 350 lichen species in total.[http://www.bardsey.org/wildlife Bardsey Island Trust : Natural History] Retrieved 16 August 2009 The leafcutter bee, named after its habit of cutting neat, rounded circles in rose leaves, used to seal the entrance to its nest, is native.[http://www.enlli.org/english/news/CAFN_winter07.pdf Y Cafn : Winter 2007 : Leafcutter Bees] Retrieved 16 August 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726032737/http://www.enlli.org/english/news/CAFN_winter07.pdf |date=26 July 2011 }}

Thousands of birds pass through each year on their way to their breeding or wintering grounds. Chiffchaffs, goldcrests and wheatears are usually the first to pass through, followed by sedge warblers and willow warblers, whitethroats and spotted flycatchers.

File:Foka szara.JPG to see grey seals. About 25–30 pups are born each autumn]]

About thirty species of bird regularly nest on the island, including ravens, little owls, oystercatchers and the rare chough. Hundreds of seabirds, including razorbills, guillemots, fulmars and kittiwakes, spend the summer nesting on the island's eastern cliffs, the numbers reflecting the fact that there are no land predators such as rats or foxes to worry about. On a dark moonless night an eerie cackling can be heard across the island as 30,000 pairs of Manx shearwaters, bbfo.org.uk come ashore to lay and incubate their eggs in abandoned rabbit warrens or newly dug burrows.[http://www.jncc.gov.uk/pdf/UKSPA/UKSPA-A6-7.pdf Joint Nature Conservation Committee : Manx Shearwater, Puffinus puffinus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311022607/http://www.jncc.gov.uk/pdf/UKSPA/UKSPA-A6-7.pdf |date=11 March 2011 }} Retrieved 16 August 2009

File:Porth Neigwl Bay (Hell's Mouth Bay) - geograph.org.uk - 27156.jpg swimming in sunset in Porth Neigwl (Hell's Mouth) Bay]]

The island is one of the best places in Gwynedd to see grey seals. In mid-summer over two hundred can be seen, sunbathing on the rocks or bobbing in the sea, and about 60 pups are born each autumn. Their sharp teeth and strong jaws are perfect for breaking the shells of lobsters and crabs which dwell in the waters. It is also possible to spot bottlenose and Risso's dolphins, and porpoises. The currents around the island are responsible for flushing in food-rich waters, and the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society has been carrying out surveys since 1999 to find out which areas are particularly important for feeding and nursing calves.

The seas around the island are rich in marine life. There are forests of strap seaweed; in the rock pools are sea anemones, crabs and small fish; and in deeper waters, the rocks are covered by sponges and sea squirts. The yellow star anemone, found offshore, is more common to the Mediterranean.

File:Brenin Enlli (tua 1915).jpg

It was tradition for the island to elect the "King of Bardsey" ({{langx|cy|Brenin Enlli}}), and from 1826 onwards,[http://www.enlli.org/english/news/CAFN_winter07.pdf Y Cafn : Winter 2007 : Kings on Bardsey] Retrieved 16 August 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726032737/http://www.enlli.org/english/news/CAFN_winter07.pdf |date=26 July 2011 }} he would be crowned by Baron Newborough or his representative.[http://www.cimwch.com/brenin_enlli/brenin_enlli.htm Cimwch : Kings of Bardsey] Retrieved 16 August 2009 {{Self-published source|date=September 2016}}

In 1925, at the age of 80, Love Pritchard was concerned about the future of the crown, and wanted it to be kept at the National Museum Cardiff in Wales.Nottingham Evening Post - Monday 12 October 1925 [cover page] - https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000321/19251012/009/0001

However, against king Love's wishes, the Wynn family sold the crown to the Merseyside Maritime Museum in Liverpool, England in 1986Daily Post (Wales), Monday, June 26, 2000 where it was stored until 2000, when it was requested by Gwynedd Council to display in a 'special exhibition'; it has since been loaned to Storiel gallery in Bangor.[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/oct/05/wales.archaeology The Observer : 5 October 2008 : Islanders Call for Return of Welsh Crown] Retrieved 16 August 2009

The first known title holder was John Williams; his son, John Williams II, the third of the recorded kings, was deposed in 1900, and asked to leave the island as he had become an alcoholic. At the outbreak of the First World War, the last king, Love Pritchard, offered himself and the men of Bardsey Island for military service, but he was refused as he was considered too old at the age of 71. Pritchard took umbrage, and declared the island a neutral power. In 1925, Pritchard left the island for the mainland, to seek a less laborious way of life, but died the following year.

File:Mathrafal2003.jpg were inspired by their time on Bardsey Island.]]

Dilys Cadwaladr, a former schoolteacher on the island, in 1953 became the first woman to win the Crown at the National Eisteddfod, for her long poem {{lang|cy|Y Llen}}. Artist Brenda Chamberlain twice won the Gold Medal for Art at the Eisteddfod; in 1951 for Girl with Siamese Cat, and in 1953 with The Christin Children.[http://www.enlli.org/english/news/CAFN_spring07.pdf Y Cafn : Spring 2007 : Island Artist : Brenda Chamberlain (1912-71)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222022817/http://www.enlli.org/english/news/CAFN_spring07.pdf |date=22 February 2011 }} Retrieved 16 August 2009 Some of the murals she painted can still be seen on the walls of {{lang|cy|Carreg}}, her home from 1947 to 1962. Wildlife artist Kim Atkinson, whose work has been widely exhibited in Wales and England, spent her childhood on the island and returned to live there in the 1980s.{{cite web |title=Enlli and the Arts |url=http://www.enlli.org/english/the_island/arts.htm |website=Bardsey Island Trust |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624090612/http://www.enlli.org/english/the_island/arts.htm |archive-date=24 June 2016 |url-status = dead|df=dmy }}

Yorkshire-born poet Christine Evans lived half of each year on Bardsey Island. She moved to Pwllheli as a teacher, and married into a Bardsey Island farming family.[http://www.gomer.co.uk/authors/christineevans.html Gwasg Gomer : Author Biographies : Christine Evans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107093353/http://www.gomer.co.uk/authors/christineevans.html |date=7 January 2016 }} Retrieved 16 August 2009 Since 1998 ornithologist Steven Stansfield, has been the Warden and more recently Director of Operations of the Bardsey Bird and Field Observatory.

Since 1999, the Bardsey Island Trust has appointed an 'Artist in Residence' to spend several weeks on the island producing work which is later exhibited on the mainland. A Welsh literary residence was created in 2002; singer-songwriter Fflur Dafydd spent six weeks working on a collection of poetry and prose. Her play Hugo was inspired by her stay, and she has produced two novels, {{lang|cy|Atyniad}} ({{langx|en|Attraction|italic=yes}}), which won the prose medal at the 2006 Eisteddfod; and Twenty Thousand Saints, winner of the Oxfam Hay Prize, which tells how the women of the island, starved of men, turn to each other.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/8066051.stm British Broadcasting Corporation : 24 May 2009 : Singer-songwriter Wins Book Prize] Retrieved 16 August 2009

• Edgar Ewart Pritchard, an amateur filmmaker from Brownhills, produced The Island in the Current, a colour film of life on Bardsey Island, in 1953. A copy of the film is held by the National Screen and Sound Archive of Wales.[http://education.gtj.org.uk/film/filmitems.php?lang=en&id=30354 The National Library of Wales : Gathering the Jewels : Film : "The Island in the Current", 1953] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815121618/http://education.gtj.org.uk/film/filmitems.php?lang=en&id=30354 |date=15 August 2011 }} Retrieved 16 August 2009

James Rollins' sixth Sigma Force novel, The Doomsday Key (2009), refers to Bardsey and its mythology.{{cite book|author=Rollins, James|title=The Doomsday Key|date=2009|pages=Chapter 19 and Fact or Fiction}}

Crime writer Mark Billingham set his 2014 novel, The Bones Beneath, on Bardsey.{{cite web |last1=Billingham |first1=Mark |author1-link=Mark Billingham |title=The Story Behind The Bones Beneath by Mark Billingham |url=http://upcoming4.me/news/book-news/the-story-behind-the-bones-beneath-by-mark-billingham |website=UPCOMING4ME |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708062652/http://upcoming4.me/news/book-news/the-story-behind-the-bones-beneath-by-mark-billingham |archive-date=8 July 2014 |date=27 May 2014}} He includes notes on the island at the end of the book, which is one in his series of Tom Thorne novels.

• Opera singer Bryn Terfel, a patron of the Bardsey Island Trust, has performed in the island's chapel.[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/3560244/Bryn-Terfel-why-I-nearly-fled-the-Last-Night.html Daily Telegraph : 11 September 2008 : Bryn Terfel : Why I Nearly Fled the Last Night] Retrieved 16 August 2009
• Triple harpist Llio Rhydderch released {{lang|cy|Enlli}} (2002), an album inspired by the spiritual emotions evoked on the pilgrimages.{{cite book |url= http://www.lliorhydderch.com/index.html |author= Llio Rhydderch |title= The Enlli Suite |access-date= 16 August 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111008131555/http://www.lliorhydderch.com/index.html |archive-date= 8 October 2011 |url-status = dead|df= dmy-all }}{{Self-published source|date=September 2016}}

Passenger ferry services to Bardsey Island are operated from Porth Meudwy and Pwllheli by Bardsey Boat Trips and Enlli Charters.[http://www.bardseyboattrips.com/map_e.htm Bardsey Boat Trips : Your Ticket to Discovery] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008071909/http://www.bardseyboattrips.com/map_e.htm |date=8 October 2011 }} Retrieved 16 August 2009 {{Self-published source|date=September 2016}}[http://www.enllicharter.co.uk/ Enlli Charters : Day Trips to Bardsey Island] Retrieved 16 August 2009 {{Self-published source|date=September 2016}} At times, the wind and the fierce sea currents make sailing between the island and the mainland impossible. Sometimes boats are unable to reach or leave Bardsey Island for many days; seventeen visitors were stranded for two weeks in 2000 when gales prevented a boat from going to rescue them.{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/sites/history/pages/bardseykingarthur.shtml |publisher=BBC|title=Island of 20,000 Saints|access-date= 16 August 2009|archive-date=17 December 2007|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071217134413/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/sites/history/pages/bardseykingarthur.shtml}}

• Tide-race, by Brenda Chamberlain, 1962 ({{ISBN|9780907476658}})

{{reflist|30em}}

{{commons category|Bardsey Island}}

{{Wikisource1911Enc|Bardsey}}

• {{wikivoyage-inline|Bardsey Island}}
• [https://www.bardsey.org/ Bardsey Island Trust]
• [https://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=2798548 Geograph: Photographs of Bardsey Island]

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Category:Aberdaron

Category:Cardigan Bay

Category:Islands of Gwynedd

Category:Mountains and hills of Gwynedd

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Category:History of Christianity in Wales

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