Batak languages#Reconstruction

The Batak languages can be divided into two main branches, Northern Batak and Southern Batak. Simalungun was long considered an intermediary, but in current classifications it is recognized as part of the Southern branch.Comparative Austronesian dictionary Vol. 1. by Darrell T. Tryon, Shigeru Tsuchida et al. p421 et seqAdelaar, K. A. (1981). "Reconstruction of Proto-Batak Phonology". In Robert A. Blust (ed.), Historical Linguistics in Indonesia: Part I, 1–20. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. Within Northern Batak, a study noted 80% cognate words between Karo and Alas, 81% with Pakpak, 76% with Simalungun & Toba, and 30% with Malay (Indonesian).The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. K. Alexander Adelaar, Nikolaus Himmelmann, p. 535 Karo and Toba Batak are mutually unintelligible.

{{clade

|label1=Batak languages

|1={{clade

|label1=Northern

|1={{clade

|1=Pakpak (Dairi)

|2=Karo

|3=Alas-Kluet

}}

|label2=Southern

|2={{clade

|1=Simalungun

|2={{clade

|1=Toba

|2={{clade

|1=Angkola

|2=Mandailing

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

Mandailing, Toba and Angkola are related to each other and mutually intelligible. Karo languages

are mutually intelligible with other Northern Batak languages named Alas – Kluet language's in the southern part of Aceh, and are also partially mutually intelligible with Pakpak and Singkil. Some Pakpak (Dairi) dialect also partially mutually intelligible with Toba languages. Simalungun languages are sometimes partially mutually intelligible with both Northern and Southern Batak, but more comprehensible with other Southern Batak languages (Toba-Angkola-Mandailing). The geographical influences on the Batak languages can be seen in the map in the infobox; Lake Toba separates the Karo (Northern Batak) from direct contact with the Toba (Southern Batak).

== Reconstruction ==

{{Infobox proto-language

| name = Proto-Batak

| familycolor = Austronesian

| ancestor = Proto-Austronesian

| ancestor2 = Proto-Malayo-Polynesian

| target = Batak languages

}}

The Batak languages can be shown to descend from a hypothetical common ancestor, Proto-Batak (which in turn originates from Proto-Austronesian). The sound system of Proto-Batak was reconstructed by Adelaar (1981).

Final diphthongs: *-uy, *-ey, *-ow.

The Proto-Batak sounds underwent the following changes in the individual daughter languages:

• Proto-Batak *k became h in initial and medial position in the Southern Batak languages:

:: Proto-Batak {{Lang|poz|*kalak}} > Toba, Simalungun {{Lang|bbc|halak}}; Karo {{Lang|btx|kalak}} 'person'

:: Proto-Batak {{Lang|poz|*dukut}} > Toba, Simalungun {{Lang|bbc|duhut}}; Karo {{Lang|btx|dukut}} 'grass'

• Proto-Batak *h was lost in Toba, Angkola and Mandailing:

:: Proto-Batak {{Lang|poz|*pərəh}} > Toba {{Lang|bbc|poro}}, Simalungun {{Lang|bts|poroh}}, Karo {{Lang|btx|pereh}} /pərəh/ 'wring out'

• Proto-Batak final voiced stops *b, *d, and *g are retained only in Simalungun. In Toba, Angkola and Mandailing, they are unvoiced, while in the Northern Batak languages, they changed to homorganic nasals (/m/, /n/, /ŋ/):

:: Proto-Batak {{Lang|poz|*dələg}} > Simalungun {{Lang|bts|dolog}}, Toba {{Lang|bbc|dolok}}, Karo {{Lang|btx|deleng}} /dələŋ/ 'mountain'.

• The central vowel *ə is retained in the Northern languages, and shifted to /o/ in the Southern languages:

::Proto-Batak {{Lang|poz|*ənəm}} > Karo {{Lang|btx|enem}} (/ənəm/), Toba {{Lang|bbc|onom}} 'six'

• Proto-Batak diphthongs are only retained in Simalungun, but shifted to monophthongs in all other Batak languages:

::Proto-Batak {{Lang|poz|*apuy}} > Simalungun {{Lang|bts|apuy}}; all other languages {{Lang|btk|api}} 'fire'

::Proto-Batak {{Lang|poz|*matey}} > Simalungun {{Lang|bts|matei}}; all other languages {{Lang|btk|mate}} 'dead'

::Proto-Batak {{Lang|poz|*pulow}} > Simalungun {{Lang|bts|pulou}}; all other languages {{Lang|btk|pulo}} 'island'

{{Main|Batak script}}

Historically, the Batak languages were written using the Batak script, but the Latin script is now used for most writing.

• Horas

{{reflist}}

{{InterWiki|code=btm|lang=Mandailing Batak}}

{{InterWiki|code=bbc|lang=Toba Batak}}

• [https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bbc/ Batak Toba] at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019).

{{Western Malayo-Polynesian languages}}

{{Languages of Indonesia}}

{{Authority control}}

Batak languages

Category:Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages

Category:Languages of Indonesia