Battle of the Falkland Islands

The British battlecruisers each mounted eight {{convert|12|in|mm|abbr=on|0}} guns, whereas Spee's best ships (Scharnhorst and Gneisenau) were equipped with eight {{convert|210|mm|in|abbr=on|1}} pieces. The battlecruisers could make {{convert|25.5|knots|lk=on|1}} against Spee's {{convert|22.5|knots|1|}}, so the British battlecruisers not only significantly outgunned their opponents, but could outrun them too. The obsolete pre-dreadnought battleship {{HMS|Canopus|1897|6}} had been grounded at Stanley to act as a makeshift defence battery for the area.

File:Scharnhorst2.jpg

At the outbreak of hostilities, the German East Asia Squadron commanded by Spee was outclassed and outgunned by the Royal Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy. Spee and the High Command did not believe Germany's Asian possessions could be defended and doubted the squadron could even survive in that theatre. Spee wanted to get his ships home and began by heading southeast across the Pacific, although he was pessimistic about their chances.

Spee's fleet won the Battle of Coronel off the coast of Coronel, Chile, on 1 November 1914, where his ships sank the cruisers {{HMS|Good Hope|1901|6}} (Admiral Cradock's flagship) and {{HMS|Monmouth|1901|2}}. After the battle, on 3 November, Scharnhorst, Gneisenau and Nürnberg entered Valparaíso harbour and were welcomed as heroes by the German population. Von Spee declined to join in the celebrations; when presented with a bouquet of flowers, he refused them, commenting that "these will do nicely for my grave".Massie, 2004, p. 237, citing Pitt pp. 66–67. As required under international law for belligerent ships in neutral countries, the ships left within 24 hours, moving to Mas Afuera, {{convert|400|mi|nmi km|lk=on|abbr=on}} off the Chilean coast. There they received news of the loss of the cruiser {{SMS|Emden|1906|6}}, which had previously detached from the squadron and had been raiding in the Indian Ocean. They also learnt of the fall of the German colony at Qingdao in China, which had been their home port. On 15 November, the squadron moved to Bahia San Quintin on the Chilean coast, where a ceremony was held to award 300 Iron Crosses, second class, to crew members, and an Iron Cross first class to Admiral Spee, after news of the battle reached Kaiser Wilhelm II in Berlin.Massie, 2004, pp. 251–52

Spee's officers counselled a return to Germany.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} The squadron had used half its ammunition at Coronel; the supply could not be replenished, and it was difficult even to obtain coal. Intelligence reports suggested that the British ships {{HMS|Defence|1907|6}}, Cornwall and Carnarvon were stationed in the River Plate, and that there had been no British warships at Stanley when recently visited by a steamer. Spee had been concerned about reports of a British battleship, Canopus, but its location was unknown. On 26 November, the squadron set sail for Cape Horn, which they reached on 1 December, then anchored at Picton Island, where they stayed for three days distributing coal from a captured British collier, the Drummuir, and hunting. On 6 December, the British vessel was scuttled and its crew transferred to the auxiliary Seydlitz. The same day Spee proposed to raid the Falkland Islands in order to destroy the British wireless transmitter located there before setting course for Germany. The raid was unnecessary because the squadron now had as much coal as it could carry. Most of Spee's captains opposed the raid, but he nevertheless decided to proceed.Massie, 2004, pp. 253–56

On 30 October, retired Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher was reappointed First Sea Lord to replace Admiral Prince Louis of Battenberg, who had been forced to resign because of public outcry against a German prince running the British navy, though Louis had been British and in the Royal Navy since the age of 14. On 3 November, Fisher was advised that Spee had been sighted off Valparaíso and acted to reinforce Cradock by ordering Defence, already sent to patrol the eastern coast of South America, to reinforce his squadron. On 4 November, news of the defeat at Coronel arrived. The blow to British naval prestige was palpable, and the British public was rather shocked. As a result, the battlecruisers Invincible and Inflexible were ordered to leave the Grand Fleet and sail to Plymouth for overhaul and preparation for service abroad. Fisher took the opportunity to appoint the Chief of Staff at the Admiralty, Vice-Admiral Doveton Sturdee, as Commander-in-Chief, South Atlantic and Pacific, in command the new squadron from Invincible.Massie, 2004, p. 248

On 11 November, Invincible and Inflexible left HMNB Devonport, although repairs to Invincible were incomplete and she sailed with workmen still aboard. Despite the urgency of the situation and their maximum speed of around {{convert|25|knots}}, the ships were forced to cruise at {{convert|10|knots|0}} to conserve coal in order to complete the long journey south across the Atlantic. The two ships were also heavily loaded with supplies. Although secrecy of the mission was considered important so as to surprise Spee, Lieutenant Hirst from Glasgow heard locals discussing the forthcoming arrival of the ships while ashore at Cape Verde on 17 November; however the news did not reach Spee. Sturdee arrived at the Abrolhos Rocks on 26 November, where Rear-Admiral Archibald Peile Stoddart awaited him with the remainder of the squadron.Massie, 2004, p. 249

Sturdee announced his intention to depart for the Falkland Islands on 29 November. From there, the fast light cruisers Glasgow and Bristol would patrol seeking Spee, summoning reinforcements if they found him. Captain John Luce of Glasgow, who had been at the Battle of Coronel, objected that there was no need to wait so long and persuaded Sturdee to depart a day early. The squadron was delayed during the journey for 12 hours when a cable towing targets for practice-firing became wrapped around one of Invincible{{'}}s propellers, but the ships arrived on the morning of 7 December. The two light cruisers moored in the inner part of Stanley Harbour, while the larger ships remained in the deeper outer harbour of Port William. Divers set about removing the offending cable from Invincible; Cornwall's boiler fires were extinguished to make repairs, and Bristol had one of her engines dismantled. The famous ship {{SS|Great Britain||6}}—reduced to a coal bunker—supplied coal to Invincible and Inflexible. The armed merchant cruiser Macedonia was ordered to patrol the harbour, while Kent maintained steam in her boilers, ready to replace Macedonia the next day, 8 December; Spee's fleet arrived in the morning of the same day.Massie, 2004, pp. 249–51

An unlikely source of intelligence on the movement of the German ships was from Mrs Muriel Felton, wife of the manager of a sheep station at Fitzroy, and her maids Christina Goss and Marian Macleod. They were alone when Felton received a telephone call from Port Stanley advising that German ships were approaching the islands. The maids took turns riding to the top of a nearby hill to record the movements of the ships, which Felton relayed to Port Stanley by telephone. Her reports allowed Bristol and Macedonia to take up the best positions to intercept. The Admiralty later presented the women with silver plates and Felton received an OBE for her actions.{{cite journal|title=United Empire|volume=14|year=1923|page=687}}{{cite book|title=The Falkland Islands|page=100|author=Ian J. Strange|publisher=David & Charles|year=1983|isbn=0715385313}}{{cite book|title=A Naval History of World War I|page=99|author=Paul G. Halpern|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1995|isbn=1557503524}}{{London Gazette|issue=30576|supp=y|page=3287|date=15 March 1918|access-date=5 December 2019}}

{{more citations needed section|date=December 2014}}

File:Falklandschlacht.jpg

Spee's cruisers—Gneisenau and Nürnberg—approached Stanley first. At the time, most of British fleet was coaling, but under short notice to steam. Some believe that had Spee pressed the attack, Sturdee's ships would have been easy targets,"...the prospects should the Germans press home an attack without delay was far from pleasant." Corbett, J.S. British Official History – Naval Operations. (London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1921) vol. I, chapter XXIX, cited in Baldwin, Hanson W. World War I: An Outline History. (New York: Grove Press, 1962) p. 46 although this is a subject of conjecture as two ships were under steam acting as guardships and the battleship Canopus was also present. The Germans were surprised by gunfire from an unexpected source - the Canopus, which had been grounded as a guardship and was behind a hill. This was enough to check the Germans' advance. The sight of the distinctive tripod masts of the British battlecruisers confirmed that they were facing a better-equipped enemy. HMS Kent was already making her way out of the harbour and had been ordered to pursue Spee's ships.

Made aware of the German ships, Sturdee had ordered the crews to breakfast, knowing that Canopus had bought them time while steam was raised.

To Spee, with his crew battle-weary and his ships outgunned, the outcome seemed inevitable. Realizing his danger too late, and having lost any chance to attack the British ships while they were at anchor, Spee and his squadron dashed for the open sea. The British left port around 10:00. Spee was ahead by {{convert|15|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}}, with the German ships in line abreast heading southeast, but there was plenty of daylight left for the faster battlecruisers to catch up.

File:'Invincible and Inflexible steaming out of Port Stanley in Chase'- the start of the Battle of the Falkland Islands, 8 December 1914 RMG PW1879.jpg]]

It was 13:00 when the British battlecruisers opened fire, but it took them half an hour to get the range of SMS Leipzig. Realising that he could not outrun the British ships, Spee decided to engage them with his armoured cruisers alone, to give the light cruisers a chance to escape. He turned to fight just after 13:20. The German armoured cruisers had the advantage of a freshening north-west breeze, which caused the funnel smoke of the British ships to obscure their target practically throughout the action. Gneisenau's second-in-command Hans Pochhammer indicated that there was a long respite for the Germans during the early stages of the battle, as the British attempted unsuccessfully to force Admiral Spee away from his advantageous position.

Despite initial success by Scharnhorst and Gneisenau in striking Invincible, the British capital ships suffered little damage. Spee then turned to escape, but the battlecruisers came within extreme firing range 40 minutes later.

HMS Invincible and HMS Inflexible engaged Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, while Sturdee detached his cruisers to chase SMS Leipzig and SMS Nürnberg.

HMS Invincible and HMS Inflexible turned to fire broadsides at the armoured cruisers and Spee responded by trying to close the range. His flagship SMS Scharnhorst took extensive damage with funnels flattened, fires and a list. The list became worse at 16:04, and she sank by 16:17, taking von Spee and the entire crew with her. Von Spee’s last signal was to SMS Gneisenau to try and save herself.https://www.britishbattles.com/first-world-war/battle-of-the-falkland-islands/ SMS Gneisenau continued to fire and evade until 17:15, by which time her ammunition had been exhausted, and she sank at 18:02.Regan, Geoffrey. Military Anecdotes (1992) p. 13 Guinness Publishing {{ISBN|0-85112-519-0}} During her death throes, Admiral Sturdee continued to engage SMS Gneisenau with his two battlecruisers and the cruiser HMS Carnarvon, rather than detaching one of the battlecruisers to hunt down the escaping Dresden. One hundred and ninety of SMS Gneisenau's crew were rescued from the water. Both of the British battlecruisers had received about 40 hits between them from the German ships, with one crewman killed and four injured.

Meanwhile, SMS Nürnberg and SMS Leipzig had run from the British cruisers. SMS Nürnberg was running at full speed but in need of maintenance, while the crew of the pursuing HMS Kent were pushing her boilers and engines to the limit. SMS Nürnberg finally turned for battle at 17:30. HMS Kent had the advantage in shell weight and armour. SMS Nürnberg suffered two boiler explosions around 18:30, giving the advantage in speed and manoeuvrability to HMS Kent. The German ship then rolled over and sank at 19:27 after a long chase. The cruisers HMS Glasgow and HMS Cornwall had chased down SMS Leipzig; HMS Glasgow closed to finish SMS Leipzig, which had run out of ammunition but was still flying her battle ensign. SMS Leipzig fired two flares, so HMS Glasgow ceased fire. At 21:23, more than {{convert|80|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} southeast of the Falklands, she also rolled over and sank, leaving only 18 survivors.

During the course of the main battles, Sturdee had despatched Captain Fanshawe on HMS Bristol, together with HMS Macedonia, to destroy the colliers. Baden and Santa Isabel were chased, stopped, and (after removing the crews) sunk by HMS Bristol and HMS Macedonia at 19:00. Seydlitz had taken a separate course and escaped.

File:HMS Infexible Falklandy.jpg

Casualties and damage were extremely disproportionate; the British suffered only very lightly. Among the Germans dead included Admiral Spee and his two sons, Otto von Spee of SMS Nürnberg and Heinrich von Spee of SMS Gneisenau; a medal was issued in Germany commemorating the deaths of the Spees.https://www.britishbattles.com/first-world-war/battle-of-the-falkland-islands/ Scharnhorst was lost with all hands. Two hundred and fifteen Germans became prisoners on the British ships. Most survivors were from the Gneisenau, with nine from Nürnberg and 18 from Leipzig. One of Gneisenau{{'}}s officers who lived had been the sole survivor on three different guns on the battered cruiser. He was pulled from the water saying he was a first cousin of the British commander (Stoddart).Regan p. 14

Of the known German force of eight ships, two escaped: the auxiliary Seydlitz and the light cruiser Dresden, which remained at large for a further three months before she was cornered by a British squadron (Kent, Glasgow and Orama) off the Juan Fernández Islands on 14 March 1915. After a short battle, Dresden's captain evacuated his ship and scuttled her by detonating the main ammunition magazine.

As a consequence of the battle, the East Asia Squadron, Germany's only permanent overseas naval formation, effectively ceased to exist. Commerce raiding on the high seas by regular warships of the Kaiserliche Marine was brought to an end. However, Germany put several armed merchant vessels into service as commerce raiders until the end of the war (for example, see Felix von Luckner).

File:Church monuments in Canterbury Cathedral JC 03.JPG

After the battle, German naval experts were baffled at why Admiral Spee attacked the base and how the two squadrons could have met so coincidentally in so many thousand miles of open waters. Kaiser Wilhelm's handwritten note on the official report of the battle reads: "It remains a mystery what made Spee attack the Falkland Islands. See 'Mahan's Naval Strategy'."Franz von Rintelen (in English). The Dark Invader: Wartime Reminiscences of a German Naval Intelligence Officer (1998 ed.). Routledge. pp. 326. {{ISBN|0714647926}}.

It was generally believed Spee was misled by the German admiralty into attacking the Falklands, a Royal Naval fuelling base, after receiving intelligence from the German wireless station at Valparaiso which reported the port free of Royal Navy warships. Despite the objection of three of his ships' captains, Spee proceeded to attack.Halpern, p. 97Massie, 2004, p. 255

However, in 1925 a German naval officer and senior Kriegsmarine spy, Franz von Rintelen, interviewed Admiral William Reginald Hall, Director of the Admiralty's Naval Intelligence Division (NID), and was informed that Spee's squadron had been lured towards the British battlecruisers by means of a fake signal sent in a German naval code broken by British cryptographers and sent on a purloined German telegraph form. (Similarly, on 14 March 1915, {{SMS|Dresden|1907|6}} was intercepted by British ships while taking on coal at sea in a location identified by NID codebreakers.)Beesly, Patrick (1982). Room 40. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd. pp. 77–78. {{ISBN|0241108640}}.

The wreck of Scharnhorst was discovered on 4 December 2019, approximately {{convert|98|nmi}} southeast of Stanley at a depth of {{cvt|1610|m}}.{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-50670743 |title=German WWI wreck Scharnhorst discovered off Falklands |author= |date=5 December 2019 |website=BBC News |access-date=5 December 2019 |archive-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205122602/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-50670743 |url-status=live }}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |title=Coronel and the Falklands |last=Bennett |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Bennett (historian) |year=1962 |publisher=B. T. Batsford Ltd |location=London }}
• {{cite book |title=A Naval History of World War I |last=Halpern |first=Paul |location=United States |year=1994 |publisher=United States Naval Institute |isbn=1-85728-295-7 }}
• {{cite book |title=Coronel and the Falklands |last=Irving|first=John |year=1927 |location=London| publisher=A. M. Philpot, ltd.}}
• {{cite book |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century|last=Jaques|first=Tony|year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313335389}}
• McNally, Michael (2012). Coronel and Falklands 1914; Duel in the South Atlantic. Osprey Campaign Series #248. Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|9781849086745}}
• {{cite book |title=Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea |last=Massie |first=Robert K. |author-link=Robert K. Massie |year=2004 |location=London |publisher=Jonathan Cape |isbn=0-224-04092-8}}
• {{cite book |title=Many Were Held by the Sea: The Tragic Sinking of HMS Otranto|last=Scott|first=R Neil |year=2012 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442213425}}
• {{cite book|last1=von Ritelen|first1=Franz|title=The Dark Invader|date=1933|publisher=The Bodley Head/Penguin Books|location=London}}

• [http://www.gwpda.org/naval/j0600000.htm Description of the battle from the diary of Captain JD Allen RN (HMS Kent)]
• [http://www.worldwar1.co.uk/falkland.html Battle of the Falkland Islands]
• [http://www.gwpda.org/naval/corfalkp.htm Battles of Coronel and the Falklands – a Pictorial Look]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20131211094725/http://www.swmaritime.org.uk/article.php?articleid=529&atype=l Sailing vessel Fairport and her appearance during the battle]
• {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Falkland Islands, Battle of|short=x}}
• [https://en.mercopress.com/2019/12/05/discovery-of-ww1-german-battlecruiser-sms-scharnhorst-in-falklands-waters Discovery of WW1 German Battlecruiser SMS Scharnhorst in Falklands waters]

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