Scharnhorst-class cruiser

File:SMS Yorck NH 45198.jpg

The Second Naval Law in Germany, passed in 1900, envisioned a force of fourteen armored cruisers for both service overseas in Germany's colonial empire and as scouts for the main battle fleet in German waters.{{efn|Armored cruisers were vessels that generally possessed side armor intended to serve on foreign stations, as a fast wing of a fleet of battleships, or to attack or protect merchant shipping. Side armor differentiated them from large protected cruisers that only incorporated an armor deck for defense against enemy fire.{{sfn|Dodson 2018|p=7}}}} The naval expansion program was primarily directed against the British Royal Navy, then the world's preeminent naval force. Germany's armored cruiser force followed a series of iterative developments based on the cruiser {{SMS|Prinz Heinrich||2}}, and the {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} class represented the culmination of that evolutionary development.{{sfn|Dodson 2016|pp=58–59, 67}}

During the design process for the class, the General Department issued a request that the new cruisers be capable of fighting in the line of battle in the event that German battleships were damaged and unable to continue fighting. Up to this point, this had not been a consideration in German armored cruiser construction, and so a significant increase in both firepower and armor protection would be required to accommodate it. This in turn required much larger ships, and the {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}}s were accordingly about {{convert|2000|MT|abbr=on|-1|lk=on}} heavier than the preceding {{sclass|Roon|cruiser|5}}s. The weight increase secured a doubling of the main battery, a 50% increase in belt armor, and an increase in top speed by more than a knot over the {{lang|de|Roon}} class. The speed increase was achieved by the addition of two boilers that provided {{convert|7000|ihp|PS|order=flip|lk=on}} more power for the propulsion system. As a result of these improvements, the {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} class was the first German armored cruiser design that compared favorably to its foreign counterparts.{{sfn|Dodson 2016|pp=67–68}}

Several other minor changes were introduced, including a strengthening of the tertiary battery of {{convert|8.8|cm|abbr=on}} guns to the level used in contemporary battleships like the {{sclass|Deutschland|battleship|4}}. The design staff considered adding a pair of these guns to the conning tower roof abreast of the bridge, but experience with the same arrangement on the {{sclass|Braunschweig|battleship|1}}s demonstrated the excessive blast effect interfered with control of the ships, and so those guns were suppressed in the {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} design.{{sfn|Dodson 2016|pp=65, 68}}

File:Scharnhorst class Brassey's.jpg

The ships of the class were {{convert|144.60|m|ftin|sp=us}} long overall, and {{convert|143.80|m|ftin|abbr=on}} long at the waterline. They had a beam of {{convert|21.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a draft of {{convert|8.37|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, and displaced {{cvt|11616|t}} standard, and {{cvt|12985|t}} at full load. The ships' hulls were constructed of transverse and longitudinal steel frames, over which the outer hull plating was riveted. The vessels had 15 watertight compartments and a double bottom that ran for 50% of the length of the hull.{{sfn|Gröner|p=52}}

The ships had a standard crew of 38 officers and 726 enlisted men. {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}}, as the squadron flagship, had a larger crew, including an additional 14 officers and 62 men. {{lang|de|Gneisenau}}, when serving as the squadron second command flagship, had an extra staff of 3 officers and 25 men. The ships carried a number of smaller vessels, including two picket boats, two launches, one pinnace, two cutters, three yawls, and one dinghy.{{sfn|Gröner|p=52}}

The {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}}-class ships used the same powerplant as in the preceding {{lang|de|Roon}} class: three 3-cylinder triple expansion engines.{{sfn|Gröner|p=50}} Each engine drove a single propeller; the one on the center shaft on {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} was {{convert|4.7|m|ftin|abbr=on}} in diameter while the outer two were {{convert|5|m|ftin|abbr=on}} wide. {{lang|de|Gneisenau}}{{'}}s screws were slightly smaller, at {{convert|4.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}} wide on the center shaft and {{convert|4.80|m|ftin|abbr=on}} on the outer pair. The triple expansion engines were supplied with steam by 18 coal-fired marine-type boilers with 36 fire boxes. The engines were designed to provide {{convert|26,000|PS|kW ihp}}, though on trials they achieved higher figures—28,782 ihp for {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} and 30,396 ihp for {{lang|de|Gneisenau}}. The ships were rated at a top speed of {{convert|22.5|kn}}, though on trials {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} steamed at a maximum of {{convert|23.5|kn}}, while {{lang|de|Gneisenau}} ran at {{convert|23.6|kn}}.{{sfn|Gröner|p=52}} The vessels carried {{cvt|800|t}} of coal normally, though they were capable of storing up to {{convert|2000|MT|abbr=on}} of coal. This provided a maximum range of {{convert|4800|nmi|lk=on}} at a cruising speed of {{convert|14|kn}}.{{sfn|Herwig|p=268}} The ships had a single rudder. The vessels' electrical plant consisted of four turbo-generators that delivered 260 kilowatts at 110 volts.{{sfn|Gröner|p=52}}

File:SMS Scharnhorst rear gun turret.jpeg

The ships' main battery armament consisted of eight 21 cm SK L/40,{{efn| In Imperial German Navy gun nomenclature, "SK" (Schnelladekanone) denotes that the gun is quick loading, while the L/40 denotes the length of the gun. In this case, the L/40 gun is 40 calibers, meaning that the gun is 40 times as long as it is in bore diameter.{{sfn|Grießmer|p=177}}}} four in twin gun turrets, one fore and one aft of the main superstructure on the centerline, and the remaining four were mounted in single casemates located amidships. The turrets were the DrL C/01 type, which was hydraulically operated, and the mounts provided a range of elevation from -5 to +30 degrees. The casemates used electric motors to train the guns, but elevation was hand-operated. These guns fired a {{convert|108|kg|lb|adj=on}} armor-piercing shell at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|780|m/s|sp=us}}. The turrets had a maximum range of {{convert|16200|m|abbr=on}}, while the casemates could only engage targets out to {{convert|12300|m|yd|abbr=on}}. The guns were supplied with a total of 700 rounds.{{sfn|Gröner|p=52}}{{sfn|Campbell & Sieche|p=140}}{{sfn|Friedman|pp=141–142}}

The secondary armament included six 15 cm SK L/40 naval gun guns in individual casemates. These guns fired a {{convert|40|kg|lb|abbr=on}} shell at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|800|m/s|abbr=on}}. They could be elevated to 30 degrees, which provided a maximum range of {{convert|13900|m|yd|abbr=on}}. For close-range defense against torpedo boats, the ships carried a tertiary battery of eighteen 8.8 cm SK L/35 guns, which were mounted in individual casemates and pivot mounts in the superstructure. The 8.8 cm guns fired a {{convert|7|kg|lb|abbr=on}} shell at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|770|m/s|abbr=on}}. These guns had a maximum elevation of 25 degrees and a range of {{convert|9100|m|yd|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Campbell & Sieche|p=140}}{{sfn|Gröner|p=52}}

As was customary for warships of the period, the {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}}-class ships were equipped with four {{convert|45|cm|in|abbr=on}} submerged torpedo tubes. One was mounted in the bow, one on each broadside, and the fourth was placed in the stern. The ships were supplied with a total of 11 torpedoes.{{sfn|Gröner|p=52}} The C/03 torpedo carried a {{convert|147.5|kg|adj=on|sp=us}} warhead and had a range of {{convert|1500|m|abbr=on}} when set at a speed of {{convert|31|kn}} and {{convert|3000|m|abbr=on}} at {{convert|26|kn}}.{{sfn|Friedman|p=336}}

As was the standard for German warships, the ships of the {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} class were protected by Krupp armor. They had an armor belt that was {{convert|150|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick in the central portion of the ship, extending from abreast the forward conning tower to just aft of the rear tower, where the propulsion machinery areas were located. This was a significant increase in thickness over earlier German armored cruisers. Tests at the navy's firing range at Meppen had revealed that the {{convert|100|mm|abbr=on}} belt used in all preceding designs was too thin to stop the medium-caliber shells that the cruisers would likely face in combat.{{sfn|Dodson 2016|pp=68, 206}} The belt decreased to {{convert|80|mm|in|abbr=on}} on either end of the central citadel; this extended all the way to the bow and almost completely to the stern, the extreme end of which was not armored. The entire belt was backed with teak planking. The main armored deck ranged in thickness from {{convert|60|mm|in|abbr=on}} over critical areas and down to {{convert|35|mm|in|abbr=on}} elsewhere. The deck sloped down to connect to the belt at its lower edge; this portion was between {{convert|40|-|55|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick.{{sfn|Gröner|p=52}}{{sfn|Dodson 2016|p=206}}

The forward conning tower had {{convert|200|mm|in|abbr=on|adj=on}} thick sides and a {{convert|30|mm|in|abbr=on|adj=on}} thick roof. The rear conning tower was less well-armored, with sides that were only {{convert|50|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick and a roof that was {{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick. The main battery gun turrets had {{convert|170|mm|in|abbr=on|adj=on}} thick sides and {{convert|30|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick roofs, while the amidships guns were protected with {{convert|150|mm|in|abbr=on|adj=on}} thick gun shields and {{convert|40|mm|in|abbr=on|adj=on}} thick roofs. The barbettes that supported the turrets were {{convert|140|mm|abbr=on}} thick. The 15 cm battery was protected by a strake of armor that was {{convert|130|mm|abbr=on}} thick, while the guns themselves were protected with {{convert|80|mm|in|abbr=on|adj=on}} thick shields.{{sfn|Gröner|p=52}}{{sfn|Dodson 2016|p=206}}

File:SMS Gneisenau in floating drydock.png]]

Upon commissioning, both ships of the class were assigned to the East Asia Squadron, with {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} serving as Admiral Maximilian von Spee's flagship. {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} and {{lang|de|Gneisenau}} were regarded as well-trained vessels; both ships won awards for their excellence at gunnery.{{sfn|Halpern|p=66}} At the start of World War I, the two ships were in the Caroline Islands on a routine cruise; the rest of Spee's squadron was dispersed around the Pacific. The declaration of war by Japan on Germany convinced Spee to consolidate his force with the cruisers {{SMS|Leipzig|1905|2}} and {{SMS|Dresden|1907|2}} from the American station, and head for Chile to refuel. The flotilla would then attempt to return to Germany via the Atlantic Ocean. Spee also intended to attack the three British cruisers under the command of Admiral Christopher Cradock, and any British shipping encountered.{{sfn|Herwig|pp=155–156}} On 22 September, {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} and {{lang|de|Gneisenau}} approached the island of Papeete in French Polynesia with the intention of seizing the coal stockpiled in the harbor. The ships conducted a short bombardment that resulted in the sinking of the old gunboat {{ship|French gunboat|Zélée||2}}. However, Spee feared that the harbor had been mined, and decided to avoid the risk. The French had also set fire to the coal stocks to prevent the Germans from using the coal.{{sfn|Halpern|p=89}}

File:Ostasiengeschwader Graf Spee in Chile.jpg on 3 November after the battle, {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} and {{lang|de|Gneisenau}} in the lead and {{lang|de|Nürnberg}} following. In the middle distance are several vessels of the Chilean fleet.|alt=A group of large warships steaming slowly off a city.]]

{{main|Battle of Coronel}}

At approximately 17:00 on 1 November 1914, the East Asia Squadron encountered Cradock's ships off Coronel. Because the German ships had an advantage in speed, Spee was able to keep the distance to 18 kilometers, before closing to {{convert|12|km|nmi|abbr=on}} to engage the British flotilla at 19:00. {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} hit {{HMS|Good Hope|1901|2}} some 34 times; at least one of the shells penetrated Good Hope{{'}}s ammunition magazines, which resulted in a tremendous explosion that destroyed the ship. The light cruiser {{SMS|Nürnberg|1906|2}} closed to point-blank range to attack {{HMS|Monmouth|1901|2}}; after a severe pummeling, Monmouth sank as well. The British light cruiser {{HMS|Glasgow|1909|2}} and the auxiliary cruiser {{HMS|Otranto||2}} both escaped under the cover of darkness. First Sea Lord Jackie Fisher remarked that it was "the saddest naval action of the war."{{sfn|Herwig|p=157}} The defeat was the first to be inflicted on the Royal Navy since the 1814 Battle of Plattsburgh. After news of the battle reached Kaiser Wilhelm II in Berlin, he ordered 300 Iron Crosses to be awarded to the men of Spee's squadron. After refueling in Valparaiso, the East Asia Squadron departed for the Falkland Islands, in order to destroy the British wireless transmitter located there.{{sfn|Herwig|p=157}}

File:Battle of the Falkland Islands, 1914 (retouched).jpg

{{main|Battle of the Falkland Islands}}

Some six hours after news of the battle reached England, Fisher ordered Admiral John Jellicoe, the commander of the Grand Fleet, to detach the battlecruisers {{HMS|Invincible|1907|2}} and {{HMS|Inflexible|1907|2}} to hunt down the German ships. Vice Admiral Doveton Sturdee was placed in command of the flotilla, which also included the armored cruisers {{HMS|Carnarvon|1903|2}}, {{HMS|Cornwall|1902|2}}, {{HMS|Defence|1907|2}}, and {{HMS|Kent|1901|2}}, and the light cruisers {{HMS|Bristol|1910|2}} and Glasgow, which had survived Coronel.{{sfn|Herwig|p=157}} Sturdee's ships reached the Falklands by the morning of 8 December, shortly before Spee's squadron arrived. The British spotted the East Asia Squadron at 09:40; Spee was unaware that the British had sent the two battlecruisers, and when he observed them, he ordered his ships to withdraw. Despite the head start, the fast battlecruisers quickly caught up with the worn-out German ships, which had just completed a 16,000 mile voyage without repairs.{{sfn|Herwig|pp=157–158}}

At approximately 13:20, the battlecruisers opened fire at a range of {{convert|14|km|sp=us}}. After a two-hour-long battle, {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} was dead in the water and listing heavily. The ship was sunk shortly thereafter. {{lang|de|Gneisenau}} had been hit more than 50 times at close range; the crew gave three cheers for the Kaiser before the vessel sank. {{lang|de|Nürnberg}} and {{lang|de|Leipzig}} were also sunk, though {{lang|de|Dresden}} managed to escape temporarily, before she too was destroyed off Juan Fernández Island. Some 2,200 men were killed, among them Spee.{{sfn|Herwig|p=158}}

{{notelist| notes =}}

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{{Scharnhorst class armored cruiser}}

{{WWI German ships}}

{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scharnhorst}}

Category:Cruiser classes

Category:World War I cruisers of Germany