Bayan-Ölgii Province

The aimag is located in the extreme west of the country, and shares borders with both Russia and China. The border between the two neighbouring countries is very short here, though, and ends after about 40 km at the eastern end of Kazakhstan. Within Mongolia, the neighbouring aimags are Uvs in the north east and Khovd in the south east.

File:Mongolia Lago Buzau.JPG

Bayan-Ölgii is the highest Mongolian aimag. For the most part it is located in the Mongolian Altay, at the transition point to the Russian Altay. About 10% of the territory is covered by forests, consisting primarily of Siberian Larch.

The Nairamdal Peak (also Friendship Peak, Chinese: Youyi Feng) of the Altai Tavan Bogd (five saints mountain) massif mountain marks the corner between the three neighbouring countries. About 2.5 km further south on the Mongolian-Chinese border, the Khüiten Peak is the highest point of Mongolia at a height of 4,374 m. The massif includes several glaciers, such as the 19 km Potanin Glacier, and is only accessible to experienced climbers with local guidance.

The Khovd River (the longest in the western Mongolian Great Lakes Depression) has its origin in this aimag. It is fed by the three lakes Khoton, Khurgan, and Dayan, and in turn feeds the lake Khar-Us in the Khovd Aimag. The Tolbo Lake is a large saline lake about 50 km south of the aimag capital. It features clear and cold water on an elevation of 2,080 m.

The Altai Tavan Bogd National Park covers 6,362 km² and is located south of the highest mountain of Mongolia. It includes the lakes Khoton, Khurgan, and Dayan. The protected area offers a home for many species of alpine animal, such as the Argali sheep, Ibex, Red deer, Beech marten, Moose, Snow cock, and Golden eagle.

The Khökh Serkhiin Nuruu Protected Area (659 km²) and the Siilkhemiin Nuruu National Park (1,428 km²) are of similar character.

The Develiin Aral Natural Reserve (103 km²) is established around Develiin Island at the confluence of the rivers Lsan Khooloi and Khovd. Since 2000 it has provided protection for various birds and animals including pheasants, boars, and beavers.

The Tsambagarav Uul National Park includes 1,115 km² of land around the glaciers near the Khovd aimag and protects the snow leopards living there, among others.

File:Road in Mongolia aimak Bayan Ulgiy 02.jpg

Most inhabitants of Bayan-Ölgii are Kazakhs (93%).{{Cite web |url=http://www.bayan-olgii.gov.mn/pages/introduction |title=Танилцуулга | Баян-Өлгий аймаг |access-date=2016-01-20 |archive-date=2015-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216165435/http://www.bayan-olgii.gov.mn/pages/introduction |url-status=dead }} The rest of the population is composed of Uriankhai, Dörvöd,{{Cite web|url=https://zasag.mn/m/bayanulgii|title=Баян-Өлгий|website=zasag.mn|accessdate=9 April 2023}} Khalkha, Tsengel Tuvans, and Khoshuud. A significant portion of the population speaks Kazakh as their mother tongue and the Mongolian language only as a second language, if at all.

After democratization, many inhabitants moved to their historical homeland, Kazakhstan, assuming they would find a better future there. The result was a noticeable loss of population in 1991–1993, when approximately 80 thousand repatriated to Kazakhstan. A noticeable number of former immigrants have been returning, so that the population has risen again.{{cite news|last=Lkhaajav|first=Bolor|date=20 March 2025|url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/03/mongolias-central-asia-connection-kazakhstan/|title=Mongolia's Central Asia Connection: Kazakhstan|work=The Diplomat|access-date=6 April 2025}}

File:Landscape in Bayan-Ölgii Aimag.jpg in Bayan-Ölgii Province.]]

{{Further|Islam in Mongolia}}

The culture of the Kazakh majority is strongly influenced by Islamic traditions. The Ulgii Central Mosque also houses the Islamic Center of Mongolia. It is placed at an unusual angle within the fabric of the city, because the building was oriented exactly towards Mecca. There is also a madrasah (Islamic school) at the same place.

The aimag is famous for the traditional practice of hunting with trained eagles.Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘Contemporary Falconry in Altai-Kazakh in Western Mongolia’The International Journal of Intangible Heritage (vol.7), pp. 103–111. [http://www.ijih.org/volumeMgr.ijih?cmd=volumeView&volNo=7&manuType=02]Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘The Art of Horse-Riding Falconry by Altai-Kazakh Falconers’. In HERITAGE 2012 (vol.2): Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Heritage and Sustainable Development, edited by R. Amoêda, S. Lira, & C. Pinheiro, pp. 1499–1506. Porto: Green Line Institute for Sustainable Development, {{ISBN|978-989-95671-8-4}}.Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘Horse-Riding Falconry in Altai-Kazakh Nomadic Society: Anthropological Researches in Summertime Activities of Falconers and Golden Eagle’. Japanese Journal of Human and Animal Relation 32: pp. 38–47.Soma, Takuya. 2013. ‘Hunting Arts of Eagle Falconers in the Altai-Kazakhs: Contemporary Operations of Horse-Riding Falconry in Sagsai County, Western Mongolia’. Japanese Journal of Human and Animal Relation 35:　pp. 58–66.Soma, Takuya. 2013. ‘Ethnographic Study of Altaic Kazakh Falconers’, Falco: The Newsletter of the Middle East Falcon Research Group 41, pp. 10–14. 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151017084620/http://www.mefrg.org/images/falco/falco41.pdf] The captive eagles work in a similar way as hunting falcons do. While eagles are used for hunting in other parts of the world, particularly Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, the practice is most common in Bayan-Ölgii, where an estimated 80 percent of the world's eagle hunters live.{{cite web|url=https://discover-bayanolgii.com/eagle-hunters/|title=Eagle Hunters|date=Dec 28, 2012|accessdate=May 18, 2021}} The annual Golden Eagle Festival is held in Ölgii every October to display the skill of eagle hunters, with about 70 hunters participating per year.{{cite web|url=http://www.touristinfocenter.mn/en/cate3_more.aspx?ItemID=14|title=Home Page|website=www.touristinfocenter.mn|accessdate=May 18, 2021}}Soma, Takuya & Battulga, Sukhee. 2014. 'Altai Kazakh Falconry as Heritage Tourism: “The Golden Eagle Festival” of Western Mongolia', "The International Journal of Intangible Heritage vol. 9", edited by Alissandra Cummins, pp. 135–148. Seoul: The National Folk Museum of Korea. [http://www.ijih.org/volumeMgr.ijih?cmd=volumeView&volNo=9&manuType=02]

Image:Mongolia Olgii sum map.png

^* – Tsagaannuur including

The main economy activity of the province is animal husbandry. In 2022, there were 2.3 million head of livestock in the province.{{cite news|last=E.|first=Ayanzaya|date=22 March 2022|url=https://www.montsame.mn/en/read/292932|title=Bayan-Ulgii aimag to have construction works for tourism and industrial development|work=Mongolian National News Agency|access-date=5 January 2025}} In 2010, the GDP of the province is divided into agriculture (45%), services (40.2%) and industry (14.8%). In 2018, the province contributed to 1.15% of the total national GDP of Mongolia.{{cite web|date=October 2022|url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/51106/51106-001-tacr-en_4.pdf|title=Mongolia: Human Settlements Development Program (Development Oriented Aimag Plans – Volume 1)|website=Asian Development Bank|access-date=27 February 2025}}

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First secretaries

1. Şymşyrūly Noğai ({{langx|kk|Шымшырұлы Ноғай}}; 1940–1942)
2. Düzelbaiūly Jeñıshan ({{langx|kk|Дүзелбайұлы Жеңісхан}}; 1942)
3. Ş. Vançinhű Arslan ({{langx|mn|Ш. Ванчинхүү арслан}}; 1943)
4. Mälıkūly Qaşqynbai ({{langx|kk|Мәлікұлы Қашқынбай}}; 1943–1952)
5. Mūhamädiūly Qūrmanhan ({{langx|kk|Мұхамәдиұлы Құрманхан}}; 1952–1953)
6. Juanğanūly Rym ({{langx|kk|Жуанғанұлы Рым}}; 1953–1954)
7. Mälıkūly Qaşqynbai ({{langx|kk|Мәлікұлы Қашқынбай}}; 1954–1957)
8. Qamatjanūly Mūsahan ({{langx|kk|Қаматжанұлы Мұсахан}}; 1958–1962)
9. B. Dulamragçá ({{langx|mn|Б. Дуламрагчаа}}; 1962–1966)
10. B. Dejid ({{langx|mn|Б.Дэжид}}; 1966–1970)
11. Ya Jigjid ({{langx|mn|Я. Жигжид}}; 1970–1976)
12. L. Hürlé ({{langx|mn|Л. Хүрлээ}}; 1976–1980)
13. Baitazaūly Qūrmetbek ({{langx|kk|Байтазаұлы Құрметбек}}; 1980–1999)

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Chairmen of executive committee

1. Bäjıūly Qabi ({{langx|kk|Бәжіұлы Қаби}}; 1940–1942)
2. A. Begzjav ({{langx|mn|А. Бэгзжав}}; 1942–1943)
3. Düzelbaiūly Jeñıshan ({{langx|kk|Дүзелбайұлы Жеңісхан}}; 1943–1950)
4. Mūhamädiūly Qūrmanham ({{langx|kk|Мұхамәдиұлы Құрманхан}}; 1950–1952)
5. Ç. Şagdar ({{langx|mn|Ч. Шагдар}}; 1952–1953)
6. Mūhamädiūly Qūrmanham ({{langx|kk|Мұхамәдиұлы Құрманхан}}; 1954–1955)
7. Şäbıūly Qabdyl ({{langx|kk|Шәбіұлы Қабдыл}}; 1955–1958)
8. Juanğanūly Rym ({{langx|kk|Жуанғанұлы Рым}}; 1959–1970)
9. Asqanbaiūly Sarai ({{langx|kk|Асқанбайұлы Сарай}}; 1970–1978)
10. Qūsbekūly Qyzyrhan ({{langx|kk|Құсбекұлы Қызырхан}}; 1978–1989)
11. T. Davájav ({{langx|mn|Т. Даваажав}}; 1989–1990)

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After 1991

1. Küntuğanūly Mizamhan ({{langx|kk|Күнтуғанұлы Мизамхан}}; 1990–1996)
2. Qadyrūly Meiram ({{langx|kk|Қадырұлы Мейрам}}; 1996–2000)
3. Qabdysılämūly Bädelhan ({{langx|kk|Қабдысіләмұлы Бәделхан}}; 2000–2004)
4. Omarūly Ğabsattar ({{langx|kk|Омарұлы Ғабсаттар}}; 2004–2007)
5. Säkeiūly Qabyl ({{langx|kk|Сәкейұлы Қабыл}}; 2007–2012)
6. Qūzkeiūly Därmen ({{langx|kk|Құзкейұлы Дәрмен}}; 2012–2016)
7. Aiypūly Ğylymhan ({{langx|kk|Айыпұлы Ғылымхан}}; 2016–2020)
8. Dalelūly Bauyrjan ({{langx|kk|Далелұлы Бауыржан}}; 2020-2023)
9. Ahmediaūly Kameliat ({{langx|kk|Ахмедияұлы Камелият}}; 2023-present)

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The Ölgii Airport (ULG/ZMUL) has one runway, unpaved until 2011. It offers regular flights to Ulaanbaatar and irregular flights to Ulaangom and Mörön in Mongolia and Almaty in Kazakhstan.

A road connecting to Russia starts in Tsagaannuur.

The border with China is open only for a short time in the summer.

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{{Reflist}}

• Soma, Takuya & Battulga, Sukhee. 2014. 'Altai Kazakh Falconry as Heritage Tourism: “The Golden Eagle Festival” of Western Mongolia', "The International Journal of Intangible Heritage vol. 9", edited by Alissandra Cummins, pp. 135–148. Seoul: The National Folk Museum of Korea. [http://www.ijih.org/volumeMgr.ijih?cmd=volumeView&volNo=9&manuType=02]　
• Soma, Takuya. 2014. 'Current Situation and Issues of Transhumant Animal Herding in Sagsai County, Bayan Ulgii Province, Western Mongolia', E-journal GEO 9(1): pp. 102–119. [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ejgeo/9/1/9_102/_pdf]
• Soma, Takuya. 2015. Human and Raptor Interactions in the Context of a Nomadic Society: Anthropological and Ethno-Ornithological Studies of Altaic Kazakh Falconry and its Cultural Sustainability in Western Mongolia. University of Kassel Press, Kassel (Germany) {{ISBN|978-3-86219-565-7}}.
• 相馬拓也 2014 「モンゴル西部バヤン・ウルギー県サグサイ村における移動牧畜の現状と課題」『E-Journal GEO vol. 9 (no. 1) 』: pp. 102–189. [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ejgeo/9/1/9_102/_pdf]

{{Wikivoyage|Ölgii}}

{{Geographic location

|Centre = {{flag|Bayan-Ölgii}} Province

|North = {{flag|Tuva}}, {{flag|Russia}}

|Northeast = {{flag|Uvs}} Province

|East =

|Southeast = {{flag|Khovd}} Province

|South =

|Southwest = Xinjiang, {{flag|China}}

|West =

|Northwest = {{flag|Altai Republic}}, {{flag|Russia}}

}}

{{Districts of Bayan-Ölgii}}

{{Provinces of Mongolia}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bayan-Olgii Province}}

Category:Provinces of Mongolia

Category:States and territories established in 1940

Category:1940 establishments in Mongolia