Kazakh alphabets#Arabic script

{{see also|Russification#Under the Soviet Union}}

During the Soviet era, majority use of Arabic script was first replaced by a new Latin-based script, before being abruptly switched to Cyrillic-based script just decades later.{{Cite journal|last=Aslan|first=Betül|date=2010-03-01|title=SOVYET RUSYA HAKİMİYETİNDE YAŞAYAN TÜRKLERİN ORTAK "BİRLEŞTİRİLMİŞ TÜRK ALFABESİ"NDEN "RUS KİRİL" ALFABESİNE GEÇİRİLMESİ|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ataunitaed/issue/2879/39703|journal=Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi|volume=16|issue=40|pages=357–374|issn=1300-9052}} This was likely in part due to weakening Turkish–Soviet relations after the Turkish Straits crisis.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}

In effort to consolidate its national identity, Kazakhstan started a phased transition from the Cyrillic alphabet to the Latin alphabet in 2017. The Kazakh government drafted a seven-year process until the full implementation of the new alphabet, sub-divided into various phases.{{cite web |title=Switching to Latin alphabet further opens Kazakhstan to the world |url=https://astanatimes.com/2018/03/switching-to-latin-alphabet-further-opens-kazakhstan-to-the-world/ |website=astanatimes.com|date=13 March 2018 }}

The Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet is used in Kazakhstan, the Altai Republic in Russia, and the Bayan-Ölgiy Province in Mongolia. It is also used by Kazakh populations in Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, as well as diasporas in other countries of the former USSR. It was introduced during the Russian Empire period in the 1800s, and then adapted by the Soviet Union in 1940.{{cite news|url = https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-president-orders-shift-from-cyrillic/28425590.html|title = Kazakh President Orders Shift Away From Cyrillic Alphabet|work = Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=April 12, 2017|access-date=October 30, 2017|url-status = live|archive-date = July 6, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170706223651/https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-president-orders-shift-from-cyrillic/28425590.html}}

In the 19th century, Kazakh educator Ibrahim Altynsarin first introduced a Cyrillic alphabet for transcribing Kazakh. Russian missionary activity, as well as Russian-sponsored schools, further encouraged the use of Cyrillic between the 19th and early 20th centuries. The alphabet was reworked by Sarsen Amanzholov and was accepted in its current form in 1940. It contains 42 letters: 33 from the Russian alphabet with 9 additional letters for sounds not found in Russian: ⟨ә, ғ, қ, ң, ө, ұ,{{efn|Until 1951 ⟨ӯ⟩ was used instead of ⟨ұ⟩.{{cn|date=November 2024}}}} ү, һ, і⟩. Initially, Kazakh letters came after Cyrillic letters shared by the Russian alphabet, but now they are placed after Cyrillic letters based on similar sound or shape.

The letters ⟨в, ё,{{efn|Since 1957.}} ф, ц, ч, ъ, ь, э⟩ are not used in native Kazakh words; of these, ⟨ё, ц, ч, ъ, ь, э⟩ are used solely in Russian loanwords. Due to Russian influence on Kazakh phonology, ⟨е⟩ palatalizes the preceding consonant and is pronounced as {{IPA|/je/}}. The letter ⟨һ⟩ is usually found in Perso-Arabic loanwords and is often pronounced /{{IPAlink|h}}/, a non-native phoneme. In rapid conversation, ⟨қ⟩ can be pronounced like ⟨х⟩ intervocalically or when preceding stop consonants. The letter ⟨щ⟩ represents a long ⟨ш⟩ in three native words: {{lang|kk|ащы}} {{IPA|[ɑʃːə́]}} 'bitter', {{lang|kk|тұщы}} {{IPA|[tʰʊ̆ʃːʊ́]}} 'saltless', and {{lang|kk|кеще}} {{IPA|[cʰĕɕːé]}} 'stupid'), as well as in Russian loanwords.

The letter ⟨и⟩ represents the diphthongs {{IPA|/əj/}} ⟨ый⟩ in back-vowel words and {{IPA|/ɘj/}} ⟨ій⟩ in front-vowel words. Similarly, ⟨у⟩ represents the glide {{IPA|/w/}} next to vowels to form diphthongs, and the tense vowel {{IPA|/u/}} between consonants. However, unlike ⟨и⟩, ⟨у⟩ as the infinitive marker in Kazakh verbs can be pronounced {{IPA|/ʊw/}} ⟨ұу⟩, {{IPA|/ʉw/}} ⟨үу⟩, {{IPA|/əw/}} ⟨ыу⟩, and {{IPA|/ɘw/}} ⟨іу⟩, depending on the preceding vowels in the verb stem. Additionally, the pronunciation of ⟨и⟩ and ⟨у⟩ are retained in Russian loanwords, representing {{IPA|/ˈi/}} and {{IPA|/ˈu/}} in stressed positions and {{IPA|/ɪ/}} and {{IPA|/ʊ/}} in unstressed positions, respectively.

The standard Windows keyboard layout used for Cyrillic Kazakh in Kazakhstan is a modification of the standard Russian keyboard, with characters found in Kazakh but not in Russian located on the number keys.

File:KB Kazakh.svg

Prior to official Latin-alphabet developments in Kazakhstan, the Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet was romanized for accessibility to readers familiar with the Latin alphabet using the following systems:

• ALA-LC romanization (American Library Association and Library of Congress), 1940 system, commonly used in English-language bibliographic cataloguing and in academic publishing{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Non-Slavic Languages (in Cyrillic Script) |url=https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/nonslav.pdf |website=Library of Congress}}
• BGN/PCGN romanization (US Board on Geographic Names and Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use), 1979 system, commonly used in place names and mapping{{Cite web |date=February 2022 |title=Romanization of Kazakh: BGN/PCGN 1979 System |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1057658/ROMANIZATION_KAZAKH_Feb_22_19_.pdf}}
• ISO 9:1995 (International Organization for Standardization), 1995, an international system based on central European orthography that uses a single unique character for each letter.{{Cite web |date=March 2016 |title=Romanization of Kazakh for Geographical Names |url=https://www.eki.ee/wgrs/rom2_kk.htm |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=www.eki.ee}}{{Cite web |last=Pedersen |first=Thomas T. |date=2004-03-30 |title=Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts |url=http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Kazakh.pdf}}

Since the introduction of the official Kazakh Latin alphabet, romanized place names have been gradually shifting to being rendered in the official Latin alphabet from being rendered in international romanization schemes. This practice can be seen in services like Google Maps.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

File:Sotsijaldy qazaqstan.jpg) in Latin script (1937)]]File:Selected-Works-of-Mao-Zedong-in-Kazakh-Title-page-3477.jpg («Мау Зыдоң Таңдамалы Шығармалары», Mau Zydoñ Tañdamaly Şyğarmalary) in Latin-script Kazakh, published in Beijing in 1977]]

A number of Latin alphabets are in use to write the Kazakh language. A variant based on the Turkish alphabet is unofficially used by the Kazakh diaspora in Turkey and in Western countries, as well as in Kazakhstan. As with other Central Asian Turkic languages, a Latin alphabet, the Yañalif, was introduced by the Soviets and used from 1929 to 1940 when it was replaced with Cyrillic.{{cite news|newspaper = Egemen Qazaqstan|title = Болашаққа бағдар: рухани жаңғыру|date = April 26, 2017|access-date = October 30, 2017|trans-title = Orientation for the future: spiritual revival|first = Нұрсұлтан|last = Назарбаев|author-link = Nursultan Nazarbayev|url = https://egemen.kz/article/nursultan-nazarbaev-bolashaqqa-baghdar-rukhani-zhanhghyru|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170628091133/https://egemen.kz/article/nursultan-nazarbaev-bolashaqqa-baghdar-rukhani-zhanhghyru|archive-date = June 28, 2017|language = kk}} Moreover, a Latin alphabet based on Pinyin was used for Kazakhs in China from 1964 to 1984. Later, the use of the Kazakh Arabic alphabet was restored in China.{{cite book|author=Minglang Zhou|url={{Google books|joE5ZASNCGYC|Multilingualism in China|page = 149|keywords = kirgiz Arabic script shares major|plainurl = yes}}|title=Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949-2002|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|year=2003|isbn=3-11-017896-6|page=149|via=Google Books}}

As part of a modernization program, the presidential decree No. 569 signed by President Nursultan Nazarbayev ordered the replacement of the Cyrillic script with a Latin script by 2025.{{cite news|url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/26/kazakhstan-switch-official-alphabet-cyrillic-latin|title = Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters|newspaper = The Guardian|date = 26 October 2017|access-date = 30 October 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171028001847/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/26/kazakhstan-switch-official-alphabet-cyrillic-latin|archive-date = October 28, 2017|url-status = live|via = Reuters}} In 2007, Nazarbayev said that the transformation of the Kazakh alphabet from Cyrillic to Latin should not be rushed, as he noted: "For 70 years, the Kazakhstanis read and wrote in Cyrillic. More than 100 nationalities live in our state. Thus we need stability and peace. We should be in no hurry in the issue of alphabet transformation".{{cite news|title = Kazakhstan should be in no hurry in Kazakh alphabet transformation to Latin: Nazarbayev|work = Kazinform|date = December 13, 2007|postscript = ,}} cited in {{cite web|title = Kazakhstan backtracks on move from Cyrillic to Roman alphabet?|date = December 14, 2007|access-date = October 30, 2017|url = http://pinyin.info/news/2007/kazakhstan-backtracks-on-move-from-cyrillic-to-roman-alphabet/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140929210213/http://pinyin.info/news/2007/kazakhstan-backtracks-on-move-from-cyrillic-to-roman-alphabet/|archive-date = September 29, 2014|url-status = live|website = Pinyin News}}

In 2015, the Minister of Culture and Sports Arystanbek Muhamediuly announced that a transition plan was underway, with specialists working on the orthography to accommodate the phonological aspects of the language.{{cite news|title = Kazakh language to be converted to Latin alphabet – MCS RK|url-status = live|url = http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2741711|access-date = September 17, 2015|work = Kazinform|date = January 30, 2015|archive-date = February 19, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170219113151/http://www.inform.kz/en/kazakh-language-to-be-converted-to-latin-alphabet-mcs-rk_a2741711}} On 12 April 2017, Nazarbayev published an article in state newspaper Egemen Qazaqstan announcing a switchover to the Latin alphabet by 2025, a decision implemented by decree.

Nazarbayev later lamented that the "Kazakh language and culture have been devastated" during the period of Soviet rule, and that ending the use of Cyrillic is useful in re-asserting national identity. The new Latin alphabet is also a step to weaken the traditional Russian influence on the country, as the Russian language is the country's second official language.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-41800186 |title=Kazakhstan to Qazaqstan: Why would a country switch its alphabet?|work=BBC News|date=31 October 2017}} The initially proposed Latin alphabet tried to avoid digraphs such as ⟨sh⟩ and diacritics such as ⟨ş⟩. In fact, Nazarbayev had expressly stated that the new alphabet should contain "no hooks or superfluous dots".{{cite news|title = Назарбаев обсудил с журналистами девальвацию, "saebiz", ЭКСПО и Головкина|trans-title=Nazarbayev discussed devaluation, "saebiz", Expo and Golovkin with journalists|last = Smailova|first = Damira|publisher = KTK|date = September 14, 2017|access-date = October 25, 2017|url = http://www.ktk.kz/ru/news/video/2017/09/14/81047|language = RU|archive-date = October 27, 2017|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171027231901/http://www.ktk.kz/ru/news/video/2017/09/14/81047}} Instead, this new alphabet would have used apostrophes to denote such letters where there was no direct Latin equivalent. It would have been similar to the Karakalpak and Uzbek alphabets.

A revised version of the 2017 Latin alphabet was announced in February 2018. Presidential Decree 637 of 19 February 2018 amends the 2017 decree and the use of apostrophes was discontinued and replaced with diacritics and digraphs.{{cite web|url=https://astanatimes.com/2018/02/kazakhstan-adopts-new-version-of-latin-based-kazakh-alphabet/ |title=Kazakhstan adopts new version of Latin-based Kazakh alphabet|website=The Astana Times|date=26 February 2018}}{{Cite web |title=О внесении изменения в Указ Президента Республики Казахстан от 26 октября 2017 года № 569 «О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику» — Официальный сайт Президента Республики Казахстан |url=https://www.akorda.kz/ru/legal_acts/decrees/o-vnesenii-izmeneniya-v-ukaz-prezidenta-respubliki-kazahstan-ot-26-oktyabrya-2017-goda-569-o-perevode-alfavita-kazahskogo-yazyka-s-kirillicy |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=Akorda.kz |language=ru}} This new alphabet was noted for the use of acute accents. A few web applications and sites were launched to facilitate the switch to the Latin-based alphabet. One of them is a new web-based portal, Qazlatyn.kz, that uses the new Latin alphabet to report news and other information about Kazakhstan.{{Cite web |title=Kazakhstan Launches Easy-To-Use Apps For New Latin Alphabet |url=https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/kazakhstan-launches-easy-to-use-apps-for-new-latin-alphabet-2019-2-11-0/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=caspiannews.com |language=en}}

In 2020, the President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev called for another revision of the Latin alphabet with a focus on preserving the original sounds and pronunciation of the Kazakh language.{{cite web|url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2020/01/07/kazakh-president-tokaev-introduces-reforms/|title=Kazakh President Tokaev introduces reforms|date=7 January 2020|website=Modern Diplomacy Europe}}{{cite web|url=https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/kazakhstanis-awaiting-for-new-latin-based-alphabet-2020-1-13-31/|title=Kazakhstanis Awaiting For New Latin-Based Alphabet|date=14 January 2020|website=Caspian News}} This revision, presented to the public in November 2019 by academics from the Baitursynov Institute of Linguistics, and specialists belonging to the official working group on script transition, uses umlauts, breves and cedillas instead of digraphs and acute accents, and introduces spelling changes in order to reflect more accurately the phonology of Kazakh.{{Cite web|url=https://astanatimes.com/2019/11/fourth-version-of-kazakh-latin-script-will-preserve-language-purity-linguists-say/|title=Fourth version of Kazakh Latin script will preserve language purity, linguists say|last=Yergaliyeva|first=Aidana|date=2019-11-18|website=The Astana Times|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}} This revision deviated only slightly from the Common Turkic Alphabet (CTA), introducing the letter ⟨ŋ⟩ in lieu of ⟨ñ⟩. As this version was awaiting approval, linguists had been in discussion as to which Latin letters were to be used in place of their corresponding Cyrillic letters ⟨ə, ғ, и, й, ң, ɵ, у, ұ, ү, ы, ч, ш, i⟩; a suggested alternative to the introduction of accented characters was to make greater use of digraphs, with ⟨ч⟩ being written as ⟨tş⟩, for example.{{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/proposal-reprioritisation-principles-kazakh-alphabet-david-mchutchon|title=A Proposal for the Reprioritisation of the Principles for Kazakh Alphabet Latinisation

|website=Linkedin|language=en |access-date=2020-05-22}}{{better source needed|date=February 2021}}

In January 2021, a new revision of the Kazakh Latin alphabet was presented, introducing the letters ⟨ä, ö, ü, ğ, ū, ŋ, ş⟩ bringing it closer to the CTA.

A subsequent revision on 22 April further narrowed this gap by replacing ⟨ŋ⟩ with ⟨ñ⟩,{{Cite web|url= https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/novyiy-kazahskiy-alfavit-latinitse-predstavlen-proekt-ukaza-435370/|title=New kazakh latin alphabet was shown|access-date=2021-02-02}} which is also used in the Crimean Tatar Latin alphabet. Its presentation to the public was well received. This current Latin script has similarities especially with Turkish, Azerbaijani and Turkmen alphabets. The transition is expected to be completed by 2031.{{Cite web |last=Altynbayev |first=Kanat |date=2021-05-10 |title=Kazakhs express approval of new Latin-based alphabet |url=https://central.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2021/05/10/feature-01 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Caravanserai |language=en-GB}}

2017 Kazakh Latin Alphabet.png|Initial proposed Latin alphabet for the Kazakh language, implemented by Presidential Decree 569 (26 October 2017),{{cite web|title = О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику|trans-title = On the change of the alphabet of the Kazakh language from the Cyrillic to the Latin script|language = RU|publisher = President of the Republic of Kazakhstan|url = http://www.akorda.kz/ru/legal_acts/decrees/o-perevode-alfavita-kazahskogo-yazyka-s-kirillicy-na-latinskuyu-grafiku|date = October 26, 2017|access-date = October 26, 2017}} later revised by Presidential Decree 637 of 19 February 2018, replacing the apostrophe with diacritics and digraphs|alt=

2018 Kazakh Latin alphabet table - RU.svg|2018 revision of the Kazakh Latin alphabet, used from 2018 to 2022{{cite web|url=https://egov.kz/cms/en/articles/Alfavit-kazahskogo-yazyka-na-latinice|title=Gradual transition of the Kazakh alphabet to the Latin alphabet|website=Electronic government of the Republic of Kazakhstan|access-date=2020-05-04}}

2019 Kazakh Latin alphabet 2.png|Proposed new version of the Kazakh Latin alphabet presented in 2019|alt=2019 new version of the Kazakh Latin alphabet

2021.4_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_table_-_RU.svg|2021 revision of the Kazakh Latin alphabet, officially used starting 2023

File:Kazakh ArabicScript AhmetB.png.]]

The Perso-Arabic script is the official alphabet for Kazakhs in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. It was first introduced to the territory of Kazakhstan in the eleventh century and was traditionally used to write Kazakh until the introduction of a Latin alphabet in 1929. In 1924, Kazakh intellectual Akhmet Baitursynov attempted to reform the Arabic script to better suit Kazakh. The letters {{Script/Arabic|ۆ}}, {{Script/Arabic|گ}}, {{Script/Arabic|ڭ}}, {{Script/Arabic|پ}} and {{Script/Arabic|چ}} are used to represent sounds not found in the Arabic language.

A modified Arabic script is also used in Iran and Afghanistan, based on the alphabet used for Kazakh before 1929.

The Kazakh Arabic alphabet contains 29 letters and one digit, the 'upper hamza' used at the beginnings of words to create front vowels throughout the word. The direction the alphabet is written in is right to left. Unlike the original Arabic script, which is an abjad, the Kazakh Arabic script functions more like a true alphabet, as each sound has its own letter and every sound in each word is spelt out in the written form of the language. The reform of the Arabic script from an abjad to an alphabet was carried out by the early 20th-century linguist Akhmet Baitursynov.

Kazakhs living in China, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran and other countries of the Middle East mainly use the Arabic script.

In the Kazakh Arabic alphabet, 9 vowels are defined.{{Citation| title=Kazakh-Chinese Consice Dictionary (哈汉辞典. قازاقشا - حانزۋشا سوزدىك) | author1=Nayman, S | year=1985 | publisher=Ūlttar Baspasy (ۇلتتار باسپاسى) | isbn=978-7-105-05352-0 | language=Chinese, Kazakh}}

The hamza or "Dayekshe" as it's known, has a unique role in Kazakh, a role not seen in other Arabic alphabets. The Kazakh Arabic alphabet makes use of {{unichar|0674|ARABIC LETTER HIGH HAMZA}}, and it can only ever come at the beginning of words. It never comes in the middle or end of words. The hamza does not represent any sound in Kazakh; instead, it indicates that the vowels in the word will be the following front vowels:

• {{lang|kk|Ә ә}} / {{lang|kk-Latn|Ä ä}}
• {{lang|kk|І і}} / {{lang|kk-Latn|I ı}}
• {{lang|kk|Ө ө}} / {{lang|kk-Latn|Ö ö}}
• {{lang|kk|Ү ү}} / {{lang|kk-Latn|Ü ü}}

Dagger alif played a similar but inverse role in Tatar Yaña imlâ alphabet, marking that vowels in a word will be back vowels.

There are exceptions in the Kazakh orthography, such as in front-vowel words without hamza. Words that contain the vowel {{IPA|/e/}} (indicated as {{lang|kk-Arab|ە}}), which itself is classified as a front vowel, automatically indicates that all other vowels are also front; ergo, the hamza is not written. For example, the word {{lang|kk|түйіс}} {{IPA|[tyjys]}} {{gloss|knot}} is written with the hamza, as {{lang|kk-Arab|ٴتۇيىس}}; however, in its plural form {{lang|kk|түйістер}} {{IPA|[tyjystœr]}} {{gloss|knots}}, it is written as {{lang|kk-Arab|تۇيىستەر}} without the hamza.

Another exception is when words that contain the uvular consonants {{IPA|/q/}} ({{lang|kk-Arab|ق}}) and {{IPA|/ʁ/}} ({{lang|kk-Arab|ع}}), the vowels are pronounced as back and are thus not written with the hamza. In contrast, their velar counterparts {{IPA|/g/}} ({{lang|kk-Arab|گ}}) and {{IPA|/k/}} ({{lang|kk-Arab|ک}}) can only be accompanied by front vowels, and they act as indicators that vowels are front; thus eliminating a need for the hamza. For example, the word {{lang|kk|түйір}} {{IPA|[tyjyr]}} {{gloss|granule}} is written as {{lang|kk-Arab|ٴتۇيىر}}, whereas a derivative such as {{lang|kk|түйіршік}} {{IPA|[tyjyrʃyk]}} {{gloss|granular}} is written as {{lang|kk-Arab|تۇيىرشىك}}.

Pursuant to these rules, suffixes are formed in pairs as well. For example, words with back vowels take suffixes {{lang|kk|-лық}} ({{lang|kk-Arab|‑لىق}}) / {{lang|kk|-дық}} ({{lang|kk-Arab|‑دىق}}) / {{lang|kk|-тық}} ({{lang|kk-Arab|‑تىق}}), and words with front vowels, take suffixes {{lang|kk|-лік}} ({{lang|kk-Arab|‫‑لىك‬}}) / {{lang|kk|-дік}} ({{lang|kk-Arab|‫‑دىك‬}}) / {{lang|kk|-тік}} ({{lang|kk-Arab|‫‑تىك‬}}).

Here is the correspondence chart of the official writing scripts:

|А а

| colspan="3" |A a|| {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ا}} || Alif ||{{braille cell|a}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|æ|}}

|Ә ә ||Ä ä|| Á á || A' a' || {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ٵ}} ||Hamza + Alif||{{braille cell|345}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|b|}}

|Б б || colspan="3" |B b|| {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ب}} || Ba ||{{braille cell|b}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|v|}}

|В в || colspan="3" |V v|| {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ۆ}} || Waw with Haček ||{{braille cell|w}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|g|}}

|Г г || colspan="3" |G g|| {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|گ}} || Gaf ||{{braille cell|g}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|ʁ|}}

|Ғ ғ ||Ğ ğ||| Ǵ ǵ || G' g' || {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|غ}} || Ghain ||{{braille cell|12456}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|d|}}

|Д д || colspan="3" |D d|| {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|د}} || Dal ||{{braille cell|d}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|e|}}

|Е е

| colspan="3" |E e|| {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ە}} || Ha ||{{braille cell|e}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|jo|}}

|Ё ё ||İo io|| Io ıo || {{n/a}} || ({{Script/Arabic|size=130%|يو}})||Ya + Waw||{{braille cell|16}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|ʒ~d͡ʒ|}}

|Ж ж || colspan="3" |J j|| {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ج}} || Jeem ||{{braille cell|j}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|z|}}

|З з || colspan="3" |Z z|| {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ز}} || Za ||{{braille cell|z}}

|-

|{{IPA|kk|ɯj, ɪj|}}

|И и || rowspan="2" |İ i|| rowspan="2" | I ı || rowspan="2" | I' i' || rowspan="2" | {{Script/Arabic|size=130%| ي}} || rowspan="2" | Ya ||{{braille cell|i}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|j|}}

|Й й ||{{braille cell|y}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|k|}}

|К к || colspan="3" |K k || {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ك}} || Kaf ||{{braille cell|k}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|q~χ|}}

|Қ қ || colspan="3" |Q q|| {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ق}} || Qaf ||{{braille cell|1456}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|l|}}

|Л л || colspan="3" |L l|| {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ل}} || Lam ||{{braille cell|l}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|m|}}

|М м || colspan="3" |M m|| {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|م}} || Meem ||{{braille cell|m}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|n|}}

|Н н || colspan="3" |N n|| {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ن}} || Noon ||{{braille cell|n}}

|-

|{{IPA|kk|ŋ|}}

|Ң ң ||Ñ ñ||Ń ń || N' n' || {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ڭ}} || Kaf with three dots ||{{braille cell|146}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|o|}}

|О о

| colspan="3" |O o|| {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|و}} || Waw ||{{braille cell|o}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|œ|}}

|Ө ө ||Ö ö|| Ó ó || O' o' || {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ٶ}} ||Hamza + Waw ||{{braille cell|126}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|p|}}

|П п || colspan="3" |P p|| {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|پ}} || Pa ||{{braille cell|p}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|r|}}

|Р р || colspan="3" |R r|| {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ر}} || Ra ||{{braille cell|r}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|s|}}

|С с || colspan="3" |S s|| {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|س}} || Seen ||{{braille cell|s}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|t|}}

|Т т || colspan="3" |T t|| {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ت}} || Ta ||{{braille cell|t}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|w, uw, yw, ɯw, ɪw|}}

|У у ||U u||Ý ý || Y' y' || {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ۋ}} ||Waw with 3 dots||{{braille cell|u}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|u~ʊ|}}

|Ұ ұ ||Ū ū|| colspan="2" | U u || {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ۇ}} ||Waw with damma||{{braille cell|34}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|y~ʉ|}}

|Ү ү ||Ü ü||Ú ú || U' u' || {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ٷ}} ||Hamza + Waw with damma||{{braille cell|346}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|f|}}

|Ф ф || colspan="3" |F f|| {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ف}} ||Fa ||{{braille cell|f}}

|-

|{{IPA|kk|h|}}

|Һ һ || colspan="3" rowspan="2" |H h|| ھ ||Ha||{{braille cell|h}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|χ|}}

|Х х || خ ||Kha||{{braille cell|h}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|ts|}}

|Ц ц ||Ts ts|| S s || {{n/a}} || ({{Script/Arabic|size=130%|تس}}) || Ta + Seen ||{{braille cell|c}}

|-

|{{IPA|kk|tɕ|}}

|Ч ч ||Tş tş||Ch ch || C' c' || {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|چ}} || Cheem || {{braille cell|12345}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|ʃ|}}

|Ш ш ||Ş ş|| Sh sh || S' s' || {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ش}} || Sheen || {{braille cell|156}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|ɕː|}}

|Щ щ ||Ştş ştş||Shch shch || {{n/a}} || ({{Script/Arabic|size=130%|شش}}) || Sheen + Sheen || {{braille cell|x}}

|-

| {{n/a}}

|Ъ ъ || colspan="5" {{n/a}} ||{{braille cell|12356}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|ɯ|}}

|Ы ы || colspan="3" |Y y|| {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ى}} ||Alif maqṣūrah||{{braille cell|2346}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|ɪ|}}

|І і ||I ı|| colspan="2" |I i || {{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ئ}} ||Hamza + Ya||{{braille cell|i}}

|-

| {{n/a}}

|Ь ь || colspan="5" {{n/a}} ||{{braille cell|23456}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|ɛ|}}

|Э э || colspan="2" |E e|| rowspan="3" {{n/a}} || ({{Script/Arabic|size=130%|ە}}) || Ha ||{{braille cell|ow}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|jʊ|}}

|Ю ю ||İu iu|| Iý ıý || ({{Script/Arabic|size=130%| يۋ }}) || Ya + Waw with damma ||{{braille cell|ü}}

|-

| {{IPA|kk|jɑ|}}

|Я я ||İa ia||Ia ıa || ({{Script/Arabic|size=130%|يا}}) || Ya + Alif ||{{braille cell|1246}}

|}

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:{{cite book|title = Universal Declaration of Human Rights|edition = Kazakh|via = Wikisource|title-link = oldwikisource:Адам құқықтарының жалпыға бірдей декларациясы}}

|}

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217055645/http://www.primavista.ru/dictionary/abc/kazakh.htm Kazakh alphabet (in Russian)]
• [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kazakh.htm Kazakh language, alphabet and pronunciation]
• [http://www.transliteration.kpr.eu/kk/ Kazakh Cyrillic–Arabic–Latin converter]
• [http://www.audarma.com ALASH Cyrillic–Latin–Arabic–Runic online converter]
• [http://baltoslav.eu/lat/index.php?j=kz Cyrillic–Latin 2018 online converter]
• [http://kazakh.people.com.cn/ Official Kazakh version (in Arabic script) of the People's Daily Online]
• [https://type.today/en/journal/kazakh Kazakh: extended Latin and Cyrillic]

{{Latin script}}

{{Arabic alphabets}}

{{Kazakhstan topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kazakh Alphabet}}

Category:Arabic alphabets

Category:Cyrillic alphabets

Category:Latin alphabets

Alphabets

Category:Alphabets used by Turkic languages