Beehive stone

One of the location sites near Szomolya was declared as a national protected area in 1961, named Nature Conservation Area of Beehive Stones at Szomolya (Szomolyai Kaptárkövek Természetvédelmi Terület).Baráz Csaba – Ilonczai Zoltán – Schmotzer András 2007

According to the definition in decree 17/2014 of the Minister of Agriculture[http://www.kozlonyok.hu/nkonline/MKPDF/hiteles/MK14145.pdf Magyar Közlöny 2014. évi 145. szám 17/2014. (X. 27.) FM rendelete] (on establishing places of nature remembrance and on nature conservation management plans to protect beehive stones), which came into effect on the 4th of November 2014, a "kaptárkő" (beehive stone) is a natural or artificially altered stone formation that has, on its surface, one or more visible carved niches – and similar artefacts, in some cases – with significance in the history of culture, therefore representing value in the conservation of both landscape/nature and cultural heritage. The purpose of declaring the protected status is to preserve the beehive stones, as well as their immediate natural surroundings, for their natural and cultural significance, and facilitating their research and exhibition for purposes of nature conservation.Árgay Zoltán – Baráz Csaba – Kiss Gábor 2015

Some key restrictions relevant to visitors are the following: You must not carve/alter the stones. You must not even climb on them. You are not allowed to put objects onto them. In such areas, technical sports and extreme sports activities are forbidden. If you want to do research activities at beehive stone sites, consult the relevant national park directorate.{{Cite web |title=17/2014. (X. 27.) FM rendelet - Nemzeti Jogszabálytár |url=https://njt.hu/jogszabaly/2014-17-20-11 |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=njt.hu}}

Beehive stones and the stone culture of the Bükkalja region were declared as a Hungarian-specific value (so-called "Hungarikum"), due to its unique natural nature – at the meeting of a committee dealing with Hungarian-specific values (Hungarikum Bizottság), on the 17th of June 2016.{{cite web |title=Tovább bővült a Hungarikumok Gyűjteménye és a Magyar Értéktár |url=https://www.kormany.hu/hu/foldmuvelesugyi-miniszterium/hirek/tovabb-bovult-a-hungarikumok-gyujtemenye-es-a-magyar-ertektar |access-date=2020-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922035658/https://www.kormany.hu/hu/foldmuvelesugyi-miniszterium/hirek/tovabb-bovult-a-hungarikumok-gyujtemenye-es-a-magyar-ertektar |archive-date=2020-09-22}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.hungarikum.hu/hu/content/kapt%C3%A1rk%C3%B6vek-%C3%A9s-b%C3%BCkkaljai-k%C5%91kult%C3%BAra |title=Hungarikumok Gyűjteménye |access-date=2022-03-18 |archive-date=2020-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510165826/http://www.hungarikum.hu/hu/content/kapt%C3%A1rk%C3%B6vek-%C3%A9s-b%C3%BCkkaljai-k%C5%91kult%C3%BAra |url-status=dead }}

The Bükkalja is predominantly made up of volcanic tuffs, created by intense volcanic activities (series of explosive eruptions) in the Miocene. The special, conical rocks and rock groups of the Bükkalja had been prepared from the ground surface composed of mostly ash-flow tuffs and ignimbrites with rhyolitic ingredients, by the key factors of landscape formation in the ice-age, namely: downcutting and lateral erosion, attrition, weathering, rinsing effects of wind and precipitation, and frost erosion. These rocks were shaped further artificially. Thus, beehive rocks are valuable in both natural and cultural history aspects.

Image:A cserépváraljai Furgál-völgy.jpg|Furgál-völgy [Holed valley] near Cserépváralja

Image:Cserépváralja, Nagy-Bábaszék, 7-6-5. fülkék.jpg|Niches 7, 6, 5 on the Nagy-Bábaszék [Great Midwife-seat], Cserépváralja

Image:Cserépváralja, Furgál-völgy, 1. kúp.jpg|Cone 1, Furgál-völgy [Holed valley], Cserépváralja

Image:Cserépváralja, Csordás-völgy, 2. kúp.jpg|Cone 2, Csordás-völgy [Cowherd valley], Cserépváralja

The rocks with niches were first called beehive stones (singular: "kaptárkő", plural: "kaptárkövek") by residents of Szomolya, maybe after the meadow adjacent to a group of rocks, where beehives could be stored (Kaptár-rét = Beehive meadow). Near the city of Eger, such rocks were called stones with dummy windows (vakablakos kövek). Some other names known from elsewhere: stones with churns (köpüskövek), idol stones (bálványkövek), mitre (püspöksüveg). Names of some specific rocks are also informative: Ördögtorony [Devil-tower], Ördög-kő [Devil stone], Bábaszék [Midwife-seat], Nyerges [Saddled], Királyszéke [King's seat], Kősárkány [Stone Dragon]. The most consistently applied wording by the first known thorough researcher and connoisseur of rocks with niches (Gyula Bartalos, 1839–1923) was memorial rock or memorial stone (emlékszikla or emlékkő), but he used other names as well: rock pyramid (sziklalobor), carved group of rocks (faragott sziklacsoport), memorial rock with dummy windows (vakablakos emlékszikla), megalith stones (megalit kövek) and stone with churns (köpüskő). Later, largely due to the research and studies by Andor Saád, beehive stone (kaptárkő) had become the most widespread and common term. This naming was applied in later studies by researchers working on resolving the mystery of such rocks: Ferenc Kubinyi, Gyula Bartalos, Gáspár Klein, Andor Saád, Péter Mihály and [http://lithosphera.hu Csaba Baráz].

The most debated aspects were the origin and intended use of the niches carved into the sides of the rock formations.

Image:A cserépváraljai Nagy-Bábaszék ÉK-i oldala.jpg|NE side of the Nagy-Bábaszék [Great Midwife-seat] near Cserépváralja

Image:Cserépváralja, Mangó-tető, Nagykúp szemből.jpg|Nagykúp [Large-cone] on the Mangó-tető hill, Cserépváralja

Image:Cserépváralja Mangó-tető Nagykúp.jpg|Nagykúp [Large-cone] on the Mangó-tető hill, Cserépváralja

Image:Cserépfalu, Mész-hegy, Ördögtorony.jpg|Ördögtorony [Devil-tower] on the Mész-hegy hill, Cserépfalu

Image:Cserépfalu Ördögtorony.jpg|Ördögtorony [Devil-tower], Cserépfalu

On average, niches are 60-cm high, 30-cm wide and 25 to 30-cm deep. In well-preserved niches, the recessed rims along the edges (some with holes on the sides) are still observable. These may be signs of niche covers mounted with pegs or wedges hammered into the holes. Niches with still visible rim marks were arranged quite unevenly on the rock sides. The exceptional diversity of niche shapes required custom cover sizes and shapes for each niche. Based on certain considerations, the rims could even have decorative or informative purpose.

Image:Fülkés sziklafal.JPG|Rock side with niches

Image:B 4 a Cserépváralja Setét-völgy 1 fülke IMG 6299.jpg|Niche 1, Setét-völgy [Dark valley], Cserépváralja

Image:B 4 c Cserépváralja Köves-lápa 1 szikla IMG 4084.jpg|Rock 1, Köves-lápa [Stony valley], Cserépváralja

Image:B 4 g Cserépváralja Furgál-völgy 4 kúp IMG 4016.jpg|Cone 4, Furgál-völgy [Holed valley], Cserépváralja

Image:B 4 h Cserépváralja Csordás-völgy 1 kúp 5-6-7 fülkék IMG 6845.jpg|Niches 5-6-7 on cone 1, Csordás-völgy [Cowherd valley], Cserépváralja

Image:B 7 a Szomolya Kaptár-rét 4 szikla 39 38 fülke DSCF0070.jpg|Niches 39 and 38 on rock 4, Kaptár-rét [Beehive meadow], Szomolya

Image:H 2 a Eger Cakó-tető 1 szikla 5 fülke IMG 7866.jpg|Niche 5 on rock 1, Cakó-tető hill, Eger

Image:H 2 e Eger Nyerges Ny 7-6-5-fülke IMG 9373.jpg|Niches 7–6–5, Nyerges [Saddled] west slope, Eger

Image:A magyarországi kaptárkövek előfordulásai.jpg

The most typical ones can be found in the area surrounding Eger (Nyerges-hegy, Mész-tető, Cakó-tető), near Szomolya (Vén-hegy, Kaptár-rét) and near Cserépváralja (Nagykúp on the Mangó-tető, Furgál-völgy, Csordás-völgy). You can find such rocks also in the areas surrounding Sirok, Egerbakta, Egerszalók, Ostoros, Noszvaj, Bogács, Cserépfalu, Tibolddaróc and Kács. In the Bükkalja area altogether, 479 niches on 82 beehive rocks at 41 sites are known. These are listed (with details) in the table, and described in the Beehive rock registry (for the Bükkalja area) section of the Hungarian article.

A smaller number of beehive rocks can be found in Pest county – on the Tétényi-fennsík plateau, on the Budai-hegység hills, in the Pilis mountains and in the Visegrádi-hegység mountains. In this area, 86 niches on 31 rock formations at 17 sites are known.

Apart from the two collective areas above, some separate location sites are known as well. The easternmost known beehive rock is the Ördög-szikla [Devil rock] (B.1; 5 niches) in the Hömpörgő-völgy valley at Abaújszántó. There is a location site also on the Medves-fennsík plateau, on the Pécs-kő hill (4 niches) near Salgótarján. 2 niches on the Haraszt-hegy hill at Csákvár became known in 2007. In the area of Balaton-felvidék (the northern vicinity of lake Balaton), two distinct location sites are known: one on the Óvár-hegy hill of Tihany (Barátlakások [Monk habitats], 1 niche) and one on the Part-fő of Balatonkenese (Tatárlik [Tatar hole], 1 niche).

In Hungary altogether, up till 2013, 564 niches on 104 rock formations at 56 sites had been surveyed topographically. [Only those rocks with niches are registered as beehive rocks for which the topographic survey of the niches has been carried out accordingly to the classification system and methodology developed by Péter Mihály. Therefore, from the separate location sites, only the Ördög-szikla [Devil rock] (B.1) of the Hömpörgő-völgy valley near Abaújszántó is included.]

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Regarding the intended use of the "beehive" niches, a number of theories has arisen. The first known thorough researcher of the subject area was Gyula Bartalos, a historian and archaeologist priest from Eger. His theory was that the beehive rocks had been shrines, with ashes of human remains put into the niches. He linked the carving of rock niches to "Hun" Hungarians first, and to Celts and Scythians later. Gáspár Klein, a chief archivist of Borsod county, suggested that the dummy windows could have served as idol niches, and dated them to the age of the so-called Hungarian conquest (9th–10th centuries). Bartalos had already mentioned the currently most accepted opinion (that the niches had been used for beekeeping), with expressing his doubts: "Ordinary people who tend to guess right away call these rocks «beehive rocks»; they think these could have been apiaries of ancient people, as if bees would live in rocks and on shadowy sides". – published in the Archaeologiai Értesítő [Archaeology Newsletter], 1891. The dominant agent of the beekeeping opinion was Andor Saád, a medical doctor from the city of Miskolc. In the early 1960s, he even conducted some archaeological excavations in front of beehive rocks, with archaeologist József Korek, at sites near Cserépváralja and Szomolya. However, their archaeological finds, dated to the 11th–14th centuries, could not justify any of the theories.Saád, Andor – Korek, József (1965): Denkmäler der Frühmittelalterlichen Imkerei am Fuss des Bükkgebirges. Die Fragen der Felsen mit Bienennischen. Acta Archaeologica Hungarica XVII. 369–394.

The number of archaeological excavations conducted to reveal the secret of beehive rocks is relatively low, and those few did not bring up many finds.

In the early 1960s, the dominant agent of the beekeeping purpose opinion (Andor Saád, a medical doctor from Miskolc) conducted some archaeological excavations in front of beehive rocks, with archaeologist József Korek, at sites near Cserépváralja and Szomolya. In front of the Nagykúp [Large-cone] near Cserépváralja, two pottery fragments with wavy lines (dated to the 11th–12th centuries) and a sword fragment were found. At a higher level, they found a piece of glass and a wrought-iron candle holder. As for the site near Szomolya, in the filling of a human-sized cavity along a natural rock fissure on group (of rocks) number V and in front of that, ceramic fragments dated to the 14th–15th centuries were found. The conclusion (dating the use of the niches) drawn from the poor finds was far-fetched: “... the niches were used in the 11th–15th centuries AD".Saád, Andor (1963): A kaptárkövekről. Az Egri Múzeum Évkönyve I. 81–88. These finds could relate to the use of the niches during the Árpád-kor period (between the 9th and the 14th centuries) of the Kingdom of Hungary indeed. It is important to note however that regarding the first uses of such niches, these finds may not serve as proof. In the rock surface in front of the tuff cone, channels, multiple small recesses and a larger (60×40-cm wide and 70-cm deep) recess were found. It would be hard to take Korek's opinion: "probably, these could be for water retaining and storage, and could be related to the beekeeping activity".

Image:H 6 b Sirok Törökasztal DSCF4058.jpg], Sirok