Belgrade Formation

{{Infobox rockunit

| name = Belgrade Formation

| image =

| caption =

| type = Geological formation

| age = {{fossil range|Chattian|Aquitanian|Late Oligocene (Chattian) to Early Miocene (Aquitanian)}}

| prilithology = Limestone sand

| otherlithology = Clay

| namedfor = Belgrade, North Carolina

| namedby =

| region = North Carolina

| country = United States

| coordinates =

| unitof =

| subunits = Pollocksville Member, Haywood Landing Member

| underlies =

| overlies = River Bend Formation{{Cite journal |last1=Ward |first1=L. W. |last2=Lawrence |first2=D. R. |last3=Blackwelder |first3=B. W. |date=1978 |title=Stratigraphic revision of the middle Eocene, Oligocene, and lower Miocene; Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina |url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/b1457F |journal=Bulletin |doi=10.3133/b1457F|doi-access=free }}

| thickness =

| extent =

| area =

| map =

| map_caption =

|period=Oligocene}}

The Belgrade Formation is a limestone geologic formation in North Carolina characterized by limestone coquina mixed with sand, and thinly laminated clays.{{cite journal |last1=Ward |first1=Lauck W. |last2=Lawrence |first2=David R. |last3=Blackwelder |first3=Blake W. |title=Stratigraphic revision of the middle Eocene, Oligocene, and lower Miocene; Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina |journal=U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin |date=1979 |volume=1457-F|pages=3–10 |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1457f/report.pdf |access-date=26 June 2018}} It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period.

Description

The Belgrade Formation is composed of two subunits: the Pollocksville member and the Haywood Landing member. The Pollocksville member is composed of unconsolidated oyster shells and sand. It was deposited in the Oligocene and early Miocene. The Haywood Landing member is composed of shelly sands and thinly laminated clays. The Belgrade Formation was originally considered part of an Eocene formation called the Trent Marl before it was identified as being deposited in the Miocene and split off.

Fossil content

=Mammals=

class="wikitable" align="center"
colspan="6" align="center" \| Carnivorans
Genus	Species	Presence !Material	Notes	Images
?Amphictis \| \| Jones County.{{Cite journal \|last1=Baskin \|first1=Jon \|last2=Dickinson \|first2=Edward \|last3=Hartstone-Rose \|first3=Adam \|date=2020-07-08 \|title=?Amphictis (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Belgrade Formation of North Carolina, USA \|journal=PeerJ \|volume=8 \|pages=e9284 \|doi=10.7287/peerj.9284v0.1/reviews/2\|pmid=32714653 \|pmc=7353912 \|doi-access=free }} \|A right mandible (NCSM 33670). \| An ailurid. \|

class="wikitable" align="center"

colspan="6" align="center" | Carnivorans

Genus

Species

Presence

!Material

Notes

Images

?Amphictis

| Jones County.{{Cite journal |last1=Baskin |first1=Jon |last2=Dickinson |first2=Edward |last3=Hartstone-Rose |first3=Adam |date=2020-07-08 |title=?Amphictis (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the Belgrade Formation of North Carolina, USA |journal=PeerJ |volume=8 |pages=e9284 |doi=10.7287/peerj.9284v0.1/reviews/2|pmid=32714653 |pmc=7353912 |doi-access=free }}

|A right mandible (NCSM 33670).

| An ailurid.

class="wikitable" align="center"
colspan="6" align="center" \| Cetaceans
Genus	Species	Presence !Material	Notes	Images
Albertocetus \|A. meffordorum \| \|Isolated right petrosal (USNM 559392).{{Cite journal \|last1=Boessenecker \|first1=Robert W. \|last2=Ahmed \|first2=Erum \|last3=Geisler \|first3=Jonathan H. \|date=2017-11-08 \|title=New records of the dolphin Albertocetus meffordorum (Odontoceti: Xenorophidae) from the lower Oligocene of South Carolina: Encephalization, sensory anatomy, postcranial morphology, and ontogeny of early odontocetes \|journal=PLOS ONE \|language=en \|volume=12 \|issue=11 \|pages=e0186476 \|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0186476 \|issn=1932-6203 \|pmc=5695589 \|pmid=29117197\|doi-access=free \|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1286476B }} \|A xenorophid. \|File:Albertocetus reconstruction outline.jpg
rowspan=2\|Ankylorhiza \|A. tiedemani \| \|CCNHM 6045 (a well preserved 10th lower postcanine). \|An odontocete. \|File:Ankylorhiza tiedemani life reconstruction by PaleoGeek.png
A. sp. \| \|CCNHM 5554 (an isolated postcanine) and CCNHM 5465 (a partial bulla).{{Cite journal \|last=Boessenecker \|first=Robert W. \|date=2022-09-03 \|title=Oligocene-Miocene marine mammals from Belgrade Quarry, North Carolina \|journal=Geobios \|volume=74 \|pages=1–19 \|language=en \|doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2022.08.002 \|bibcode=2022Geobi..74....1B \|s2cid=252077178 \|issn=0016-6995}} \|An odontocete. \|File:Ankylorhiza.jpg
Cotylocara \|cf. C. sp. \| \|CCNHM 4277 (a partial left bulla)". \|A xenorophid. \|File:Cotylocara.jpg
rowspan=2\| Echovenator \|E. sp. \| \|A fragmentary petrosal. \| A xenorophid. \|
cf. E. \| \|Partial tympanic bullae. \|A xenorophid, possibly the same taxon as Echovenator sp. \|
Eomysticetidae \|Eomysticetidae indet. \| \|CCNHM 1831 and CCNHM 1821, both are right tympanic bullae. \|An indeterminate species most similar to (but sti differing from) Eomysticetus whitmorei. \|
cf. Eoplatanista \|cf. E. sp. \| \|"CCNHM 4276 (a partial right tympanic bulla)". \| \|
Eurhinodelphinidae \|Eurhinodelphinidae indet. \| \|CCNHM 1828 (a partial right periotic) and CCNHM 4274 (a partial left tympanic bulla). \|"Compares favorably with Xiphiacetus cristatus and Eurhinodelphis cocheteuxi". \|
?Kentriodontidae \|?Kentriodontidae indet. \| \|"CCNHM 4275 (a partial bulla)". \| \|
Odontocete \|Indeterminate \|Belgrade Quarry. \|CCNHM 1903 (an isolated tooth). \|Indeterminate toothed whale remains, may represent a squalodelphinid or kentriodontid. \|
cf. Physeteroidea \|cf. Physeteroidea indet. \| \|"CCNHM 1904 (a partial tooth)". \|May represent a juvenile physeteroid tooth. \|
Squalodelphinidae \|Squalodelphinidae indet. \| \|3 right periotics and 3 right tympanic bullae. \| \|
cf. Squalodon \|cf. S. sp. \| \|A periotic and multiple teeth. \|A squalodontid. \|File:Squalodon BW.jpg
Waipatiidae \|Waipatiidae indet. \| \|"CCNHM 1354 (a posterior lower molar)". \| \|
Xenorophidae \|Xenorophidae indet. \| \|"CCNHM 1833 (a partial right squamosal)". \|"Falls within the size range of Albertocetus, Echovenator, and Inermorostrum." \|
Xenorophus \|X. sp. \| \|CCNHM 1826 (a partial postcanine) and CCNHM 1187 (a partial tympanic bulla). \|A xenorophid, may represent X. sloanii. \|

class="wikitable" align="center"

colspan="6" align="center" | Cetaceans

Genus

Species

Presence

!Material

Notes

Images

Albertocetus

|A. meffordorum

|Isolated right petrosal (USNM 559392).{{Cite journal |last1=Boessenecker |first1=Robert W. |last2=Ahmed |first2=Erum |last3=Geisler |first3=Jonathan H. |date=2017-11-08 |title=New records of the dolphin Albertocetus meffordorum (Odontoceti: Xenorophidae) from the lower Oligocene of South Carolina: Encephalization, sensory anatomy, postcranial morphology, and ontogeny of early odontocetes |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=e0186476 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0186476 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5695589 |pmid=29117197|doi-access=free |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1286476B }}

|A xenorophid.

|File:Albertocetus reconstruction outline.jpg

rowspan=2|Ankylorhiza

|A. tiedemani

|CCNHM 6045 (a well preserved 10th lower postcanine).

|An odontocete.

|File:Ankylorhiza tiedemani life reconstruction by PaleoGeek.png

A. sp.

|CCNHM 5554 (an isolated postcanine) and CCNHM 5465 (a partial bulla).{{Cite journal |last=Boessenecker |first=Robert W. |date=2022-09-03 |title=Oligocene-Miocene marine mammals from Belgrade Quarry, North Carolina |journal=Geobios |volume=74 |pages=1–19 |language=en |doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2022.08.002 |bibcode=2022Geobi..74....1B |s2cid=252077178 |issn=0016-6995}}

|An odontocete.

|File:Ankylorhiza.jpg

Cotylocara

|cf. C. sp.

|CCNHM 4277 (a partial left bulla)".

|A xenorophid.

|File:Cotylocara.jpg

rowspan=2| Echovenator

|E. sp.

|A fragmentary petrosal.

| A xenorophid.

cf. E.

|Partial tympanic bullae.

|A xenorophid, possibly the same taxon as Echovenator sp.

Eomysticetidae

|Eomysticetidae indet.

|CCNHM 1831 and CCNHM 1821, both are right tympanic bullae.

|An indeterminate species most similar to (but sti differing from) Eomysticetus whitmorei.

cf. Eoplatanista

|cf. E. sp.

|"CCNHM 4276 (a partial right tympanic bulla)".

Eurhinodelphinidae

|Eurhinodelphinidae indet.

|CCNHM 1828 (a partial right periotic) and CCNHM 4274 (a partial left tympanic bulla).

|"Compares favorably with Xiphiacetus cristatus and Eurhinodelphis cocheteuxi".

?Kentriodontidae

|?Kentriodontidae indet.

|"CCNHM 4275 (a partial bulla)".

Odontocete

|Indeterminate

|Belgrade Quarry.

|CCNHM 1903 (an isolated tooth).

|Indeterminate toothed whale remains, may represent a squalodelphinid or kentriodontid.

cf. Physeteroidea

|cf. Physeteroidea indet.

|"CCNHM 1904 (a partial tooth)".

|May represent a juvenile physeteroid tooth.

Squalodelphinidae

|Squalodelphinidae indet.

|3 right periotics and 3 right tympanic bullae.

cf. Squalodon

|cf. S. sp.

|A periotic and multiple teeth.

|A squalodontid.

|File:Squalodon BW.jpg

Waipatiidae

|Waipatiidae indet.

|"CCNHM 1354 (a posterior lower molar)".

Xenorophidae

|Xenorophidae indet.

|"CCNHM 1833 (a partial right squamosal)".

|"Falls within the size range of Albertocetus, Echovenator, and Inermorostrum."

Xenorophus

|X. sp.

|CCNHM 1826 (a partial postcanine) and CCNHM 1187 (a partial tympanic bulla).

|A xenorophid, may represent X. sloanii.

colspan="6" align="center" \| Sirenians
class="wikitable" align="center"
Genus	Species	Presence !Material	Notes	Images
Crenatosiren \|C. olseni \|Onslow Beach. \|Skull caps. \|An early dugongid. \|
Sirenia \|Sirenia indet. \| \|"CCNHM 1906 (a partial rib fragment)". \| "Approximately twice the diameter of ribs of Crenatosiren olseni, potentially representing a larger dugongid like Dioplotherium, Stegosiren, or Priscosiren". \|

=Reptiles=

colspan="6" align="center" \| Reptiles
class="wikitable" align="center"
Genus	Species	Presence !Material	Notes	Images
Chelonioidea \| \|Belgrade Quarry. \| \|Indeterminate sea turtle remains. \|
Crocodilia \| \| Belgrade Quarry. \| \| Indeterminate crocodilian remains. \|

=Fish=

class="wikitable" align="center"
colspan="6" align="center" \| Chondrichthyes
Genus	Species	Presence !Material	Notes	Images
Anoxypristis \|A. sp. \|Belgrade Quarry. \| \|A sawfish. \|File:AnoxypristisCuspidataCSIRO.jpg
Carcharhinus \| \|Belgrade Quarry. \| \| \|
Carcharias \|C. sp. \|Belgrade Quarry. \| \|A sand shark. \|
style="background:#E6E6E6;"\|Carcharocles \|style="background:#fbdddb;" \|C. angustidens \|style="background:#fbdddb;" \| Belgrade Quarry. \|style="background:#fbdddb;" \| \|style="background:#fbdddb;" \|A megatooth shark, now reassigned to the genus Otodus. \|style="background:#fbdddb;" \|
Galeocerdo \|G. casei or mayumbensis \|Belgrade Quarry. \| \|A tiger shark. \|
Ginglymostoma \|G. delfortriei \|{{Cite web \|title=Late Oligocene sharks and rays from the Chandler Bridge Formation, Dorchester County, South Carolina, USA - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica \|url=https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app20080077.html \|access-date=2022-09-06 \|website=www.app.pan.pl \|language=en}} \| \|A nurse shark. \|
Hemipristis \|H. serra \|Belgrade Quarry. \| \|A snaggletooth shark. \|File:Hemipristis serra teeth.jpg
Myliobatis \|M. sp. \|Belgrade Quarry. \| \|An eagle ray. \|File:Fish4341 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg
Nebrius or Ginglymostoma \| \|Belgrade Quarry. \| \|A nurse shark. \|
Negaprion \| \|Belgrade Quarry. \| \|A lemon shark. \|File:Lemonshark (2).jpg
Notorynchus \|N. primigenius \| Belgrade Quarry. \| \| A cow shark. \|
Odontaspis \|O. sp. \|Belgrade Quarry. \| \|A sand shark. \|
Otodus \|O. angustidens \|Belgrade Quarry. \| \|A megatooth shark. \|File:4-25 Angustidens.jpg
Plinthicus \|P. stenodon \|Belgrade Quarry. \| \|An extinct ray. \|
Physogaleus \|P. aduncas \|Belgrade Quarry. \| \|A ground shark. \|
Rhinoptera \|R. sp. \|Belgrade Quarry. \| \|A cownose ray. \|File:Rhinoptera steindachneri.jpg
Squatina \|S. sp. \|Belgrade Quarry. \| \|An angelshark. \|File:Squatina dumeril nefsc.jpg

class="wikitable" align="center"

colspan="6" align="center" | Chondrichthyes

Genus

Species

Presence

!Material

Notes

Images

Anoxypristis

|A. sp.

|Belgrade Quarry.

|A sawfish.

|File:AnoxypristisCuspidataCSIRO.jpg

Carcharhinus

|Belgrade Quarry.

Carcharias

|C. sp.

|Belgrade Quarry.

|A sand shark.

style="background:#E6E6E6;"|Carcharocles

|style="background:#fbdddb;" |C. angustidens

|style="background:#fbdddb;" | Belgrade Quarry.

|style="background:#fbdddb;" |

|style="background:#fbdddb;" |A megatooth shark, now reassigned to the genus Otodus.

|style="background:#fbdddb;" |

Galeocerdo

|G. casei or mayumbensis

|Belgrade Quarry.

|A tiger shark.

Ginglymostoma

|G. delfortriei

|{{Cite web |title=Late Oligocene sharks and rays from the Chandler Bridge Formation, Dorchester County, South Carolina, USA - Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |url=https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app20080077.html |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=www.app.pan.pl |language=en}}

|A nurse shark.

Hemipristis

|H. serra

|Belgrade Quarry.

|A snaggletooth shark.

|File:Hemipristis serra teeth.jpg

Myliobatis

|M. sp.

|Belgrade Quarry.

|An eagle ray.

|File:Fish4341 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg

Nebrius or Ginglymostoma

|Belgrade Quarry.

|A nurse shark.

Negaprion

|Belgrade Quarry.

|A lemon shark.

|File:Lemonshark (2).jpg

Notorynchus

|N. primigenius

| Belgrade Quarry.

| A cow shark.

Odontaspis

|O. sp.

|Belgrade Quarry.

|A sand shark.

Otodus

|O. angustidens

|Belgrade Quarry.

|A megatooth shark.

|File:4-25 Angustidens.jpg

Plinthicus

|P. stenodon

|Belgrade Quarry.

|An extinct ray.

Physogaleus

|P. aduncas

|Belgrade Quarry.

|A ground shark.

Rhinoptera

|R. sp.

|Belgrade Quarry.

|A cownose ray.

|File:Rhinoptera steindachneri.jpg

Squatina

|S. sp.

|Belgrade Quarry.

|An angelshark.

|File:Squatina dumeril nefsc.jpg

class="wikitable" align="center"
colspan="6" align="center" \| Osteichthyes
Genus	Species	Presence !Material	Notes	Images
Lagodon \|L. sp. \| Belgrade Quarry. \| \|A pinfish. \|File:Pinfish1.JPG

class="wikitable" align="center"

colspan="6" align="center" | Osteichthyes

Genus

Species

Presence

!Material

Notes

Images

Lagodon

|L. sp.

| Belgrade Quarry.

|A pinfish.

|File:Pinfish1.JPG

=Invertebrates=

class="wikitable" align="center"
colspan="6" align="center" \| Molluscs
Genus	Species	Presence !Material	Notes	Images
Crassostrea \|C. gigantissima \| Upper finer grained unit, Pollocksville Member. \| \|An oyster. \|

class="wikitable" align="center"

colspan="6" align="center" | Molluscs

Genus

Species

Presence

!Material

Notes

Images

Crassostrea

|C. gigantissima

| Upper finer grained unit, Pollocksville Member.

|An oyster.

References

{{cite web|title= Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database|author= ((Various Contributors to the Paleobiology Database))|url= https://www.fossilworks.org|access-date= 17 December 2021}}

Category:Paleogene geology of North Carolina

Belgrade Formation

Description

Fossil content

=Mammals=

=Reptiles=

=Fish=

=Invertebrates=

See also

References