Beltana

Beltana lies 240 m above sea level between the often dry Warrioota and Sliding Rock creeks near Mount Deception.{{cite web | url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/South-Australia/Beltana/2005/02/17/1108500204151.html | title = Beltana, Superb semi-ghost town on the edge of the desert | work = The Sydney Morning Herald | date = 2005-02-17 | accessdate = 10 September 2006 }} Due to the flatness of the country, the town's proximity to the creeks and the area's usually unpredictable weather, heavy rainfall has often led to flooding. Beltana has experienced six months with no rain (1960–61) and six months with over 300 mm of rain (1975–76) and drought has caused the area to be unstocked for long periods (1903–09).Aird G 1984, p. 151 Rainfall has ranged from 57 mm in 1902 to a record 408.6 mm in 1974 with a long term average of 205 mm.Aird G 1984, p. 155 There are occasional winter frosts, hailstorms and one recorded snowfall (on Mount Hack and Mount Stuart in July 1971).Aird G 1984, p. 158

Saltbush, bluebush and other acacias are native plants that, with the reduction in stocking over the last decades of the 20th century, are beginning to return to the town area. River red gums line the creeks and there is a nearby yellow-footed rock-wallaby population.

The original inhabitants were the Kuyani and Adnyamathanha Aboriginal people who used the area as a camp due to the nearby springs. With the arrival of Europeans their traditional lifestyle was disrupted and many of them began working as stockmen on pastoral runs. During the early years of European settlement they kept a camp near Beltana Station but later moved closer to the town at Warrioota Creek. As the town was gradually depopulated some Aboriginal people occupied the abandoned buildings so by the late 1960s they again formed the majority of the population.Aird G 1984, p. 12

Beltana takes its name from that of a nearby sheep station, west of the current town, which provided a stopover point for travellers, missionaries, explorers, and miners.Aird G 1984, p. 9 The name Beltana may have come from the Adnyamathanha word for running water or crossing of the waters or may be an adaptation of veldana for skin or cloak.Aird G 1984, p. 7 Linguists have suggested that its origin lies in the Kuyani name for the location, Paltha-nha, although records and interpretations vary. It is likely to be associated with the nearby Warioota Creek, possibly at a junction with another creek.{{cite book | last=Khatun | first=S. | title=Australianama: The South Asian Odyssey in Australia | publisher=University of Queensland Press | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-7022-6379-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GPO9DwAAQBAJ | access-date=27 June 2021 | pages=95–100}} It may also have come from the village of Beltana, Tasmania, or a word about bravery or courage from Ireland, and finally one of the station managers believed it simply indicated the place where the station bell was rung.

Land in the area was first taken up for pastoral use by John Haines in 1854, taken over by Thomas Elder in 1862, and amalgamated in 1867 into the Beltana Pastoral Company of Elder and Samuel Stuckey. In 1866 Elder and Stuckey shipped in 109 "Afghans" and their camels, forming the basis for the area's mid-19th century transport.

The town's first building was Martin's Eating House, which was built in 1870 to take advantage of the discovery of copper at Sliding Rock, {{convert|20|km}} east of Beltana. The town's location had already been chosen as a repeater station site for the Australian Overland Telegraph Line and in 1870 the telegraph contract of Charles Todd brought more life to the area, with a telegraph station set up next to the only house on the site.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

In 1873 the town was surveyed and laid out with an enthusiastic 115 allotments, room allowed for parklands and further expansion, with reserved allotments for a school, police station and hospital. On 2 October 1873, it was proclaimed under The Northern Townships Act 1872 as a town, and is sometimes referred to as a government town.

In 1877 significant water was struck at the Sliding Rock mine and the mine failed, with many moving to Beltana. The mine's remnants survive today as the Sliding Rock Mine Ruins, which are listed on the South Australian Heritage Register.{{cite web | url=http://apps.planning.sa.gov.au/HeritageSearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=61 | title=Sliding Rock Mine | publisher=Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources | work=South Australian Heritage Register | accessdate=13 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216023757/http://apps.planning.sa.gov.au/HeritageSearch/HeritageItem.aspx?p_heritageno=61 | archive-date=16 February 2016 | url-status=dead }} The failure of Sliding Rock coupled with the 1881 arrival of the railway brought an influx of families and within five years there was a brewery, store and school. Other copper mines in the area began working and the town became the railhead for copper ore, sheep and wool. In 1869 a ship, the Beltana, was a new ship built for the Port Augusta to London run and operated until 1897.Aird G 1984, p. 11

Beltana’s best time was between 1875 and the 1920s. During these years mining activity was at its height. The town supported a brewery, two hotels, post and telegraph office, school, police station, doctor, court-house, church, baker, butcher, blacksmith, hospital, railway station, cricket team, race meetings, a saddle maker, carriage maker, mining exchange, several shops and, at times, as many as 500 people.Aird G 1984, p. 14

Mechanisation, mine closure, drought and the Great Depression led to the slow decline of Beltana as a service centre for the region from 1920 onwards. The railway realignment consequent to gauge change in 1956 and road movement in 1983 completed the reversal of the town's fortune.Aird G 1984, p. 15

The town was, for some time, the starting point of many central Australian expeditions and explorations including those by Ernest Giles in 1872, Peter Warburton in 1873, Ross in 1874, Lewis in 1874–75, and Lawrence Wells in 1883.

With the loss of the railway, main road, mining, telegraph and the collapse of the nearby Leigh Creek coal mine, all of the original reasons for the town to exist have vanished. The population reached 9 in 1984 and today the town survives as a historic tourist site and living ghost town. The town does not have any piped water as the 1940s water pipe from Leigh Creek to Sliding Rock bypassed Beltana. Water is supplied from various wells and the old railway dam with Puttapa Springs, a permanent water source, {{convert|8|km|mi|0}} from the town.Aird G 1984, p. 162

Most surviving buildings are now in private hands and not open to the public. There is an interpretive trail with signs detailing the history of many of the buildings in the town. Beltana has a campground run by the community that can be booked on Hipcamps.

In 1997, boundaries for a locality with the name of Beltana were established under the Geographical Names Act 1991 to "incorporate suburban areas to and adjacent areas to Beltana". These boundaries included the Government Town of Beltana.

File:Windmill at Beltana South Australia(GN05787).jpg supplied water to the large railways dam at Beltana – a vital source of water for the Central Australia Railway during the era of steam locomotives]]

{{more citations needed|section|date=July 2019}}

The Smith of Dunesk Mission, of the Presbyterian Church of South Australia, was founded in 1894 funded by a gift by Scotswoman Henrietta Smith (1782–1871) of Lasswade, near Edinburgh, made with the benefit of the Aboriginal people of South Australia particularly in view. Social reformer Phyllis Duguid wrote a pamphlet called A brief account of the Smith of Dunesk Bequest about the bequest in 1937, comprising property in South Australia,{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43756418 |last=Duguid|first=Charles|title=Smith of Dunesk Bequest |newspaper=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide |volume=90 |issue=27882 |date=17 February 1948 |accessdate=14 July 2019 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia|others=(Letter to the editor, confirming that the bequest was made for the benefit of Aborigines in South Australia.)}}{{Citation | last=Duguid|first=Phyllis E. (Phyllis Evelyn) | title=A brief account of the Smith of Dunesk Bequest | date=1937 | publisher=P.E Duguid | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/23397221 | accessdate=14 July 2019 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.beltana.org.au/buildings/church|website=Beltana: Flinders historic town|title=Smith of Dunesk Mission|access-date=14 July 2019}} Charles Duguid later wrote a letter to The Advertiser in 1948 which gives some details of the bequest, including that attempts had been made to divert the money from Aboriginals, and that three-quarters of the proceeds were to be used for the work of the Presbyterian Church among the aborigines at Ernabella. He wrote that "Mrs. Smith made it clear in 1838, 1857 and 1871 that while aborigines remained in South Australia, her bequest was for their uplift and development.

The first Presbyterian manse was purchased in 1898, having been rented by Rev Robert Mitchell for four years before that, and served as the manse subsequent missioners including for Reverend John Flynn, later of the Australian Inland Mission and the Flying Doctor Service, in 1911. It became the Beltana Australian Inland Mission nursing home in 1919. The nursing home continued until hospital facilities became available in the mid-1950s at Leigh Creek. The second Presbyterian manse, on Lot 93 at the corner of Second and Fourth Street, was purchased in 1912 and held by the church until 1953.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

Missioners were to be ordained ministers, but several who served were not. The Smith of Dunesk missioners until the Mission was absorbed into the AIM as the Southern Patrol in 1933 were:{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

Rev Fred H. Patterson (1888–1944) supplied part-time in 1932 while minister of Port Augusta. From the beginning of 1933 the Mission was absorbed into the Southern Patrol of the Australian Inland Mission with Patterson padre 1933–40.

The Beltana Mission Hall, which dates from 1878 or 1879 was described as Doig's Assembly Room in the Northern Argus of 25 April 1879, which suggests that it was not a carriage showroom adjunct to Doig's adjoining blacksmith premises as frequently stated, but was built for community purposes. It was built on the corner of Lot 18 which had been purchased by John James Doig in 1877. There were double doors towards the rear of the north-east wall of the main room and a rear room with chimney and separate access. There was a quadrille dance there in April 1879, the Local Court hired it for its sittings and Mrs Anna Doig conducted a Sunday School in it for many years. Doig offered the building and the corner piece of his land to the Church in 1902 for £60 and it was duly purchased. The first service was held on 8 March 1903 led by Rev J.B.Smellie who renovated it to suit. An extra room accessed through the former double doors was added when the building was thoroughly renovated and the exterior rendered in 1918 during the term of Rev H.E. Carey. The extension was removed in 1955 when AIM Patrol Padre 1949-57 Vic Murrell lived in Beltana in the original manse. The building has been kept in fair condition and with much local and other support was put in good order for the commemoration of the founding of the Australian Inland Mission held there 6/7 October 2012.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

Due to concerns over the behaviour of workers on the railway line a mounted policeman was appointed in 1879 to manage the land from Parachilna to Kopperamanna. In 1881 a permanent police building was finished and a police sergeant with two mounted constables were housed. Cyril Allen, Beltana's last official policeman, closed the office in 1958 with policing now covered from Leigh Creek.

With the closure of the Sliding Rock mine, its school (at the mining township of Cadnia) was dismantled and relocated to Beltana in 1878. A new single room stone building was completed in October 1893 and the original galvanised iron school was converted into a teachers residence.Aird G 1984, p. 112 In 1925 the original school was dismantled and materials used to add a shelter shed and woodwork room to the new building. It was closed in 1967 with students now bussed daily to Leigh Creek area school 40kms away.Aird G 1984, p. 119 The school was always a single-teacher school with a peak enrolment of 52 students in 1904.

A temporary repeater station on the Overland Telegraph Line was opened in 1872 at Beltana, although the line was established there in 1871, with the first message sent in July 1871.{{Cite news |date=1871-07-14 |title=GENERAL NEWS. |work=Express and Telegraph |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article207698009 |access-date=2023-11-20}} A permanent station was built there in 1875—the building is still standing today, and is a private residence. Operated by a staff of up to six it relayed morse telegraph messages on the Port Darwin-Adelaide telegraph lines. The station received its first phone message in 1878, was moved in 1940 to a telephone switchboard at the local shop, and closed by 1956 as an automatic exchange had been installed.

File:Beltana station with passenger train ca 1917 (SLSA PRG-1559-8-10).jpg, where locomotives were watered and crews changed]]

From 1881 to 1957, the one constant in the life of the township was the {{Track gauge|1067mm|comma=off}} narrow-gauge railway. Originally known as the Port Augusta to Government Gums Railway, then the Great Northern Railway, it was finally named the Central Australia Railway when it reached Alice Springs in August 1929, 51 years after construction had started from the port. The railway had been expected eventually to traverse the continent from south to north,{{cite news |title= The Port Augusta Railway |newspaper=The Express and Telegraph |url= https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/207643133 |volume= XV |issue=4196 |location=Original, Adelaide. Digital reproduction, Canberra|publisher=National Library of Australia – Trove digital newspaper archive |date= 18 January 1878 |page=2 |accessdate=17 February 2025}} although that ambition was only achieved in 2004, by a separate railway.{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1301.0Feature%20Article282005?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1301.0&issue=2005&num=&view= |title=Completion of the Adelaide to Darwin railway line |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=8 December 2006}}{{cite book|title=Australian Railwayman: from cadet engineer to railways commissioner |last=Fitch |first=Ronald J. |date=2006 |location=Dural, New South Wales |publisher=Rosenberg Publishing Pty Ltd |page=134 |isbn=1877058483 }} Locomotives were watered and crews changed and rested at Beltana, and it became a significant station, especially during the surge in traffic during the Second World War when troops and supplies were moved north.

With ever-increasing demand for coal boosting traffic on the now decrepit railway to as many as 17 coal trains a week in each direction – and a further 11 when seasonal cattle trains from Marree were operated – the Commonwealth Railways, in 1957, opened a heavy-haul, {{Track gauge|1435mm|comma=off}} standard-gauge line from Port Augusta to Marree, north of Beltana.{{cite book|last1=Bromby|first1=Robin|title=The Railway Age in Australia|date=2004|publisher=Thomas Lothian|location=South Melbourne|isbn=0 734407 15 7|page=64}} Built to handle coal traffic from the Leigh Creek coalfield and seasonal cattle from Marree, the line bypassed Beltana by several kilometres.{{cite book |last= Fuller |first= Basil |date= 1975 |title= The Ghan: the story of the Alice Springs railway |location= Adelaide |publisher= Rigby |isbn= 0727000160 |page= 234}} All narrow-gauge traffic south of Marree, including The Ghan passenger train, ceased on the narrow gauge.{{cite conference |title= The History of the Australian National Railways Commission, Part 1: 1978–1990 |first= John |last= Ramsey |date=2008 |book-title= Proceedings of the Modelling the Railways of South Australia convention 2008 |page=1-643|location= Adelaide |conference= Modelling the Railways of South Australia Convention}} In 1981, the track was lifted and most infrastructure on the line was demolished. However, the main station building and freight shed at Beltana were retained and are in private ownership.

• Although it appears that the town is uninhabited and that visitors can freely walk into any building they like, the buildings are privately owned and some are inhabited, so many inhabited houses have "Keep Out" signs posted on them.

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• {{cite book |last= Aird|first= Graham |author2=Klaassen, Nic|title= Beltana, The Town That Will Not Die |year= 1984|publisher= Graham Aird and Nic Klaassen|location= Beltana, South Australia|isbn= 0-9591081-0-6}}
• Rowland S. Ward, The Smith of Dunesk Mission: Forerunner of the Australian Inland Mission (New Melbourne Press, 2012) {{ISBN|978-0-9806757-3-3}}

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{{Wikivoyage}}

• [http://www.beltana.org.au Beltana Historic Town]
• [http://www.southaustralianhistory.com.au/beltana.htm Flinders Ranges Research, Beltana]
• [http://www.smh.com.au/news/South-Australia/Beltana/2005/02/17/1108500204151.html SMH article on Beltana]
• [http://www.connectingthecontinent.com/ctcwebsite/beltana/beltana.htm Connecting the Continent, Celebrating Beltana]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060825202125/http://www.deh.sa.gov.au/heritage/shas/sha_beltana.html State Heritage Areas of South Australia – Beltana State Heritage Area]

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Category:Ghost towns in South Australia

Category:1854 establishments in Australia

Category:Far North (South Australia)

Category:Places in the unincorporated areas of South Australia