Benton Shale

{{short description|Geologic formation (shale) in Montana, Wyoming, and other states}}

{{Infobox rockunit

| name = Benton Shale

| image = -conservationlands15_Social_Media_Takeover,_July_15th,_Wild_and_Scenic_Rivers_(19889826175).jpg

| caption = Shale bluffs at Cow Island, Montana in the Missouri River Breaks adjoining Fort Benton, the type location of the Benton Shale. As seen in this image, the overlying Niobrara Formation is not as distinct from the Benton Shale as in the lower plains and these shales were later reclassified as Colorado Shale. The Benton name was abandoned here in favor of subdivision as Belle Fourche Shale, Greenhorn Limestone, and Carlile Shale.

| type = Formation

| age = Cretaceous

| period = Late Cretaceous

| prilithology = Shale, chalky shale, chalk beds

| otherlithology = many bentonite seams,
septarians,
selenite,
occasional sandstone

| namedfor = Fort Benton, Montana

| namedby = Meek, F.B. and Hayden, F.V.

| year_ts = 1862

| region = Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas

| country = United States

| coordinates =

| unitof =

| subunits =

| underlies = Niobrara Formation

| overlies = Dakota Sandstone

| thickness =

| extent =

| area =

| map =

| map_caption =

}}

The Benton Shale (also Benton Formation or Benton Group) is a geologic formation name historically used in Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Colorado, Kansas, and Nebraska.[http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Geolex/UnitRefs/BentonRefs_6842.html National Geologic Map Database - Geolex, USGS] In the "mile high" plains in the center of the continent, the named layers preserve marine fossils from the Late Cretaceous Period. The term Benton Limestone has also been used to refer to the chalky portions of the strata, especially the beds of the strata presently classified as Greenhorn Limestone, particularly the Fencepost limestone.

Naming and status

The name was applied by Meek, F.B. and Hayden, F.V. in 1862 to the gray marine shales, often chalky in the middle layers, lying above the terrestrial Dakota Sandstone and usually below the massive limestones at the base of the Niobrara Chalk. The name was taken from the type outcrop at Fort Benton, today a small city in Montana on the Upper Missouri River.{{cite journal |author=Meek, F.B. |author2=Hayden, F.V. |year= 1862 |title= Descriptions of new Lower Silurian, (Primordial), Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary fossils, collected in Nebraska, by the exploring expedition under the command of Capt. Wm F. Reynolds, U.S. Top. Engineers, with some remarks on the rocks from which they were obtained |journal= Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Proceedings |volume= 13 |pages= 415–447|url= https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044107306102&view=1up&seq=3 }}

Today, the Benton classification is obsolete in some regions, having been replaced by the ascending sequence Graneros Shale/Belle Fourche Shale, Greenhorn Limestone, and Carlile Shale.{{cite journal |author= Donald E. Hattin |title= Stratigraphy of the Carlile Shale (Upper Cretaceous) in Kansas |journal= State Geological Survey of Kansas |issue= Bulletin 156 |url= http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/156/03_strat.html |publisher= Kansas Geological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas |access-date= 2018-08-04 |year= 1962 }}{{cite journal |author= Donald E. Hattin |title= Stratigraphy and Depositional Environment of Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous) of Kansas |journal= State Geological Survey of Kansas |issue= Bulletin 209 |url= http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/209/03_hist.html |access-date= 2018-08-04 |year= 1962 |publisher= Kansas Geological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas }} However, many old publications used the name. And the use of the Benton Group name continues in the Front Range where the Graneros Shale, Greenhorn Limestone, Carlile Shale, and Codell Sandstone may be recognized as member units.{{cite book |author=Noblett, J.B. |author2=Cohen, A.S. |author3=Leonard, E.M. |author4=Loeffler, B.M. |author5=Gevirtzman, D.A. |chapter=The Garden of the Gods and basal Phanerozoic nonconformity in and near Colorado Springs, Colorado. |page=335-338 |title=Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide for the Rocky Mountain Section: Boulder, Colorado |editor=Beus, S.S. |date=1987 |publisher=Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America |isbn=0-8137-5402-X}} (Benton Group is in current use in this location.){{cite book |author=Raynolds, R.G. |chapter=MS-54 Cretaceous Stratigraphy of Colorado |page=sheet 1 |title= Stratigraphic, Variable Scale. Map Series |date=2020 |publisher=Denver, CO: Colorado Geological Survey and the Denver Museum of Nature & Science |isbn= }}

In the lower Missouri River, west of Yankton, South Dakota, the distinction between the Benton and the Niobrara is very clear. This is near Meek and Hayden's type location for the Niobrara, the Niobrara River. On the shores of Lewis and Clark Lake between Yankton and the Niobrara River, high bluffs of near white Fort Hays Limestone are perched above the top of the gray shales that Meek and Hayden named "Fort Benton". However, at their Fort Benton type location for the Benton Group, the Fort Hays Limestone layer is hardly distinct from the Benton Shale and is identifiable only by its major change in fossil species.

The Mancos Shale of the Colorado Plateau correlates with the Colorado Shale, and the Tokay Tongue of the lower Mancos is the synonym for the Benton Shale.{{cite journal |journal= New Mexico Geology |volume= 41 |issue= 1 |url= https://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/periodicals/nmg/41/n1/nmg_v41_n1.pdf |page= 10 |title= The Cretaceous System in central Sierra County, New Mexico |date= Spring 2019 |access-date= 2022-06-12 |quotation= Tokay Tongue, however, is simply a synonym of the unit that Meek and Hayden (1861) long ago named the "Fort Benton group" (more commonly called Benton Group or Benton Shale ... and that [name, Benton,] has long been abandoned in favor of a more detailed lithostratigraphic terminology |author=Spencer G. Lucas |author2=W. John Nelson |author3=Karl Krainer |author4=Scott D. Elrick}}

Bentonite

There are many thin beds of volcanic ash in the unit that have devitrified into mostly montmorillonite. Taking its name from the formation, this material is called bentonite. Iron sulfide in the bentonite seams converts to rust when exposed to air resulting in orange lines across exposures of Benton shale and chalk.

Gallery

File:Gray shale (Benton Shale, Upper Cretaceous; Red Rock Canyon Open Space, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA) 6.jpg|Gray Benton Shale

File:Gray shale (Benton Shale, Upper Cretaceous; Red Rock Canyon Open Space, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA) 1.jpg|Gray Benton Shale

File:Concretionary cone-in-cone structures (Benton Shale, Upper Cretaceous; Red Rock Canyon Open Space, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA) 13.jpg|Concretionary cone-in-cone structures in Benton Shale

File:Gray shale & bentonites (Benton Shale, Upper Cretaceous; Red Rock Canyon Open Space, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA) 5.jpg|Bentonite seams in the Benton Shale

File:No. 51. The 'Hog Back' at Ellis, Kansas. (7008429651).jpg|Benton Group outcrop identified in Kansas by F.V. Hayden in 1871{{cite book |author= F. V. Hayden, United States Geologist |title= Final Reports of the United States Geological Survey of Nebraska and Portions of the Adjacent Territories |chapter= IX. Sketch of the geological formations along the route of the Union Pacific Railway, Eastern Division |series= House Documents, otherwise Publ. as Executive Documents United States. Congress. House. |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqEFAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA66 |pages = 66–69 |year= 1871 |publisher= Government Printing Office |quote = At Hays City the massive rocky layers of No. 3 are sawed into blocks, and employed in the construction of buildings. ... About eight miles west of Hays City there are about 60 feet exposed, of the dark clays of No. 2, of the Fort Benton Group. |access-date= 2018-10-04 }}

File:Greenhorn_Limestone_on_Interstate_70_in_Kansas.png|Chalk rhythmites in "old Benton" Greenhorn member in Kansas

File:Fairport_Chalk_Member_of_the_Carlile_Formation_in_Ellis_County,_Kansas_01.png|Chalk rhythmites in "old Benton" Lower Carlile member in Kansas