Bhavacakra#Third layer: the six realms of samsara

Bhavachakra, "wheel of life,"{{efn|The term bhavachakra has been translated into English as:

• Wheel of becoming{{sfn|Gethin|1998|pp=158-159}}
• Wheel of cyclic existence
• Wheel of existence
• Wheel of life
• Wheel of rebirth
• Wheel of {{IAST|saṃsāra}}
• Wheel of suffering
• Wheel of transformation}} consists of the words bhava and chakra.

bhava ({{lang|sa|भव}}) means "being, worldly existence, becoming, birth, being, production, origin".Monier Monier-Williams (1899), Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Archive: [http://andhrabharati.com/dictionary/sanskrit/index.php भव], bhava

In Buddhism, bhava denotes the continuity of becoming (reincarnating) in one of the realms of existence, in the samsaric context of rebirth, life and the maturation arising therefrom.{{cite book|author1=Thomas William Rhys Davids |author2=William Stede |title=Pali-English Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Guw2CnxiucC |year=1921 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1144-7 |page=499 }} It is the tenth of the Twelve Nidanas, in its Pratītyasamutpāda doctrine.{{cite book|author1=Julius Evola |author2=H. E. Musson |title=The Doctrine of Awakening: The Attainment of Self-Mastery According to the Earliest Buddhist Texts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kza7tTkiytUC |year=1996|publisher=Inner Traditions |isbn=978-0-89281-553-1 |pages=67–68}}

The word Chakra ({{lang|sa|चक्र}}) derives from the Sanskrit word meaning "wheel," as well as "circle" and "cycle".{{cite book|last1=Mallory|first1=J.P|last2=Adams|first2=D.Q.|title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture|date=1997|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn|location=London|isbn=978-1-884964-98-5|page=640|edition=1. publ.}}

1. The term chakra is also used to denote yantras (mystic diagrams), variously known as {{IAST|trikoṇa-cakra}}, {{IAST|aṣṭakoṇa-cakra}}, etc.
2. Chakras are also part of the subtle body as taught by Tibetan Buddhism.

Legend has it that the historical Buddha himself created the first depiction of the bhavachakra, and the story of how he gave the illustration to King Rudrāyaṇa appears in the anthology of Buddhist narratives called the Divyāvadāna. Sahasodgata-avadāna, in the opening paragraphs of the work, describes the Buddha's instructions for creating the bhavachakra.Bhikkhu Khantipalo (1995-2011). [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/khantipalo/wheel147.html The Wheel of Birth and Death Access to Insight]

The bhavachakra is painted on the outside walls of nearly every Tibetan Buddhist temple in Tibet and India, to instruct non-monastic audience about the Buddhist teachings.Dzongsar Khyentse (2004), p. 3.Dalai Lama (1992), p. 1

Image:Bhavachakra.jpg

The bhavachakra consists of the following elements:

1. The pig, rooster and snake in the hub of the wheel represent the three poisons of ignorance, attachment and aversion.
2. The second layer represents karma, with one half showing a person reaping the results of negative actions whilst the other half shows a person reaping the results of positive actions.
3. The third layer represents samsara and its Six Paths.
4. The fourth layer represents the twelve links of dependent origination.
5. The fierce figure holding the wheel represents impermanence. It is also Yama, the god of death.Dalai Lama (1992), p. 42–43.
6. The moon above the wheel represents liberation from samsara or cyclic existence.
7. The Buddha pointing to the white circle indicates that liberation is possible.

Symbolically, the three inner circles, moving from the center outward, show that the three poisons of ignorance, attachment, and aversion give rise to positive and negative actions; these actions and their results are called karma. Karma in turn gives rise to the six realms, which represent the different types of suffering within samsara.

The fourth and outer layer of the wheel symbolizes the twelve links of dependent origination; these links indicate how the sources of suffering that the three poisons and karma produce live within cyclic existence.

The fierce being holding the wheel represents impermanence; this symbolizes that the entire process of samsara or cyclic existence is impermanent, transient, constantly changing. The moon above the wheel indicates liberation. The Buddha is pointing to the moon, indicating that liberation from samsara is possible.Dalai Lama (1992), p. 41-43.Sonam Rinchen (2006), p. 8-9.

File:Three poisons at hub of wheel.jpg

In the hub of the wheel are three animals: a pig, a snake, and a bird. They represent the three poisons of ignorance, aversion, and attachment, respectively. The pig stands for ignorance; this comparison is based on the Indian concept of a pig being the most foolish of animals, since it sleeps in the dirtiest places and eats whatever comes to its mouth. The snake represents aversion or anger; this is because it will be aroused and strike at the slightest touch. The bird represents attachment (also translated as desire or clinging). The particular bird used in this diagram represents an Indian bird that is very attached to its partner. These three animals represent the three poisons, which are the core of the bhavachakra. From these three poisons, the whole cycle of existence evolves.Ringu Tulku (2005), p. 30.Dalai Lama (1992), p. 4, 42.

In many drawings of the wheel, the snake and bird are shown as coming out of the mouth of the pig, indicating that aversion and attachment arise from ignorance. The snake and bird are also shown grasping the tail of the pig, indicating that they in turn promote greater ignorance.

Under the influence of the three poisons, beings create karma, as shown in the next layer of the circle.

The second layer of the wheel shows two-half circles:

• One half-circle (usually light) shows contented people moving upwards to higher states, possibly to the higher realms.
• The other half-circle (usually dark) shows people in a miserable state being led downwards to lower states, possibly to the lower realms.

These images represent karma, the law of cause and effect. The light half-circle indicates people experiencing the results of positive actions. The dark half-circle indicates people experiencing the results of negative actions.

Ringu Tulku states:

:We create karma in three different ways, through actions that are positive, negative, or neutral. When we feel kindness and love and with this attitude do good things, which are beneficial to both ourselves and others, this is positive action. When we commit harmful deeds out of equally harmful intentions, this is negative action. Finally, when our motivation is indifferent and our deeds are neither harmful or beneficial, this is neutral action. The results we experience will accord with the quality of our actions.Ringu Tulku (2005), p. 31.

Propelled by their karma, beings take rebirth in the six realms of samsara, as shown in the next layer of the circle.

{{main|Six Paths}}

{{See also|Desire realm|Saṃsāra (Buddhism)#Realms of rebirth}}

The third layer of the wheel is divided into six sections that represent the six realms of samsara, or cyclic existence, the process of cycling through one rebirth after another. These six realms are divided into three higher realms and three lower realms. The wheel can also be represented as having five realms, combining the God realm and the Demi-god realm into a single realm.

The three higher realms are shown in the top half of the circle:

• God realm (Deva): Also known as six heavens in desire worlds. The gods & goddesses lead long and enjoyable lives full of pleasure and abundance, but they spend their lives pursuing meaningless distractions and never think to practice the dharma. When death comes to them, they are completely unprepared; without realizing it, they have completely exhausted their good karma (which was the cause for being reborn in the god realm) and they suffer through being reborn in the lower realms.
• Demi-god realm (Asura): the demi-gods have pleasure and abundance almost as much as the gods, but they spend their time fighting among themselves or making war on the gods. When they make war on the gods, they always lose, since the gods are much more powerful. The demi-gods suffer from constant fighting and jealousy, and from being killed and wounded in their wars with each other and with the gods.
• Human realm (Manuṣya): humans suffer from hunger, thirst, heat, cold, separation from friends, being attacked by enemies, not getting what they want, and getting what they do not want. They also suffer from the general sufferings of birth, old age, sickness and death. Yet the human realm is considered to be the most suitable realm for practicing the dharma, because humans are not completely distracted by pleasure (like the gods or demi-gods) or by pain and suffering (like the beings in the lower realms). There are four human realms in existence, including Jambudvīpa, Pūrvavideha, Uttarakuru and Aparagodānīya.

The three lower realms are shown in the bottom half of the circle:

• Animal realm (Tiryagyoni): wild animals suffer from being attacked and eaten by other animals; they generally lead lives of constant fear. Domestic animals suffer from being exploited by humans; for example, they are slaughtered for food, overworked, and so on.
• Hungry ghost realm (Preta): hungry ghosts suffer from extreme hunger and thirst. They wander constantly in search of food and drink, only to be miserably frustrated any time they come close to actually getting what they want. For example, they see a stream of pure, clear water in the distance, but by the time they get there the stream has dried up. Hungry ghosts have huge bellies and long, thin necks. On the rare occasions that they do manage to find something to eat or drink, the food or water burns their neck as it goes down to their belly, causing them intense agony.
• Hell realm (Naraka): hell beings endure unimaginable suffering for eons of time. In Buddhist cosmology there are eighteen different types of hells, each inflicting a different kind of torment. In the hot hells, beings suffer from unbearable heat and continual torments of various kinds. In the cold hells, beings suffer from unbearable cold and other torments.Khandro Rinpoche (2003), p. 65-90.Chögyam Trungpa (1999), p. 25-50.Dalai Lama (1992), p. 5-8.Dzongsar Khyentse (2005), p. 2-3.Patrul Rinpoche (1998), p. 61-99.Gampopa (1998), p. 95-108

Among the six realms, the human realm is considered to offer the best opportunity to practice the dharma. In some representations of the wheel, there is a buddha or bodhisattva depicted within each realm, trying to help sentient beings find their way to nirvana.

file:12 twelve nidanas on the outer rim of a bhavachakra Buddhism.png

The outer rim of the wheel is divided into twelve sections that represent the Twelve Nidānas. As previously stated, the three inner layers of the wheel show that the three poisons lead to karma, which leads to the suffering of the six realms. The twelve links of the outer rim show how this happens—by presenting the process of cause and effect in detail.Dalai Lama (1992), p. 8 (from the Introduction by Jeffrey Hopkins)

These twelve links can be understood to operate on an outer or inner level.Thrangu Rinpoche (2001), pp. 3, 32

• On the outer level, the twelve links can be seen to operate over several lifetimes; in this case, these links show how our past lives influence our current lifetime, and how our actions in this lifetime influence our future lifetimes.
• On the inner level, the twelve links can be understood to operate in every moment of existence in an interdependent manner.Simmer-Brown (1987), p. 24 On this level, the twelve links can be applied to show the effects of one particular action.

By contemplating on the twelve links, one gains greater insight into the workings of karma; this insight enables us to begin to unravel our habitual way of thinking and reacting.Goodman, Location 1492 (Kindel edition)Simmer-Brown (1987), p. 28

The twelve causal links, paired with their corresponding symbols, are:

1. Avidyā lack of knowledge{{spaced ndash}}a blind person, often walking, or a person peering out
2. Saṃskāra constructive volitional activity{{spaced ndash}}a potter shaping a vessel or vessels
3. Vijñāna consciousness{{spaced ndash}}a man or a monkey grasping a fruit
4. Nāmarūpa name and form (constituent elements of mental and physical existence){{spaced ndash}}two men afloat in a boat
5. Ṣaḍāyatana six senses (eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind){{spaced ndash}}a dwelling with six windows
6. Sparśa contact (of objects with the senses){{spaced ndash}}lovers consorting, kissing, or entwined
7. Vedanā feeling{{spaced ndash}}an arrow to the eye
8. Tṛṣṇa craving or thirst{{spaced ndash}}a drinker receiving drink
9. Upādāna grasping or attachment{{spaced ndash}}a man or a monkey picking fruit
10. Bhava coming to be{{spaced ndash}}a couple engaged in intercourse, a standing, leaping, or reflective person
11. Jāti being born{{spaced ndash}}woman giving birth
12. Jarāmaraṇa old age and death{{spaced ndash}}corpse being carried

The wheel is being held by a fearsome figure who represents impermanence.

This figure is often interpreted as being Mara, the demon who tried to tempt the Buddha, or as Yama, the lord of death.{{sfn|Buswell|Lopez|2013|p=112}} Regardless of the figure depicted, the inner meaning remains the same–that the entire process of cyclic existence (samsara) is transient; everything within this wheel is constantly changing.{{cite book | last1 = Birmingham Museum of Art | author-link1 = Birmingham Museum of Art | title = Birmingham Museum of Art: Guide to the Collection | publisher = GILES | year = 2010 | location = London, UK | pages = 32 | url = http://www.birminghammuseumstore.org/gutoco.html | access-date = 2011-07-12 | isbn = 978-1-904832-77-5 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110910171202/http://www.birminghammuseumstore.org/gutoco.html | archive-date = 2011-09-10 }}

Yama has the following attributes:

• He wears a crown of five skulls that symbolize the impermanence of the five aggregates.Khantipalo (1995-2011) (The skulls are also said to symbolize the five poisons.)
• He has a third eye that symbolizes the wisdom of understanding impermanence.
• He is sometimes shown adorned with a tiger skin, which symbolizes fearfulness. (The tiger skin is typically seen hanging beneath the wheel.)
• His four limbs (that are clutching the wheel) symbolize the sufferings of birth, old age, sickness, and death.Thubten Chodron (1993), Part 1 of 5, p. 1

Above the wheel is an image of the moon; the moon represents liberation from the sufferings of samsara.Sonam Rinchen (2006), p. 9.Dalai Lama (1992), p. 43.Thubten Chodron (1993), Part 2 of 5, p. 5 Some drawings may show an image of a "pure land" to indicate liberation, rather than a moon.

The upper part of the drawing also shows an image of the Buddha pointing toward the moon; this represents the path to liberation. While in Theravada Buddhism this is the Noble Eightfold Path, in Mahayana Buddhism this is the Bodhisattva path, striving to liberation for all sentient beings. In Tibetan Buddhism, this is Lamrim, which details all the stages on the path, while Zen has its own complicated history of the entanglement of meditation practice and direct insight.

Drawings of the Bhavachakra usually contain an inscription consisting of a few lines of text that explain the process that keeps people in samsara and how to reverse that process.

The Theravada-tradition does not have a graphical representation of the round of rebirths, but cakra-symbolism is an elementary component of Buddhism, and Buddhaghosa's Path of Purification (Visuddhimagga) contains such imagery:

{{Quote|It is the beginningless round of rebirths that is called the 'Wheel of the round of rebirths' (saṃsāracakka). Ignorance (avijjā) is its hub (or nave) because it is its root. Ageing-and-death (jarā-maraṇa) is its rim (or felly) because it terminates it. The remaining ten links (of the Dependent Origination) are its spokes (i.e. karma formations [saṅkhāra] up to process of becoming [bhava]).Karunaratne, T. B. (2008), p. 14.}}

Some western interpreters take a psychological point of view, explaining that different karmic actions contribute to one's metaphorical existence in different realms, or rather, different actions reinforce personal characteristics described by the realms. According to Mark Epstein, "each realm becomes not so much a specific place but rather a metaphor for a different psychological state, with the entire wheel becoming a representation of neurotic suffering."Epstein, Mark (2004), p. 17.

Image:The wheel of life, Trongsa dzong.jpg|A painting of the bhavachakra from Bhutan.

Image:Bhavacakra.jpg|A painting of the bhavachakra that depicts an emanation of the bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara in each realm.

Image:Bhavacakra Thikse.jpg|A painting of the bhavachakra in Thikse Monastery, Ladakh.

Image:Wheel of Existence.jpg|A traditional Tibetan thangka showing the bhavachakra. This thangka was made in Eastern Tibet and is currently housed in the Birmingham Museum of Art.

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• {{annotated link|Buddhism and psychology}}
• {{annotated link|Buddhist cosmology}}
• {{annotated link|Buddhist symbolism}}
• {{annotated link|Dependent origination}}
• {{annotated link|Dharmachakra}}
• {{annotated link|Gankyil}}
• {{annotated link|Karma in Buddhism}}
• {{annotated link|Kleshas (Buddhism)}}
• {{annotated link|Rota Fortunae}}
• {{annotated link|The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things|The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things}}, by Hieronymus Bosch
• {{annotated link|Six Paths}}
• {{annotated link|Three poisons}}

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Footnotes

{{Notelist}}

Citations

{{Reflist}}

{{Refbegin}}

• Chögyam Trungpa (1999). The Myth of Freedom and the Way of Meditation. Shambhala
• Chögyam Trungpa (2000). The Tibetan Book of the Dead: The Great Liberation through Hearing in the Bardo. Shambhala
• Chögyam Trungpa (2009). The Truth of Suffering and the Path of Liberation. Shambhala
• Dalai Lama (1992). The Meaning of Life, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins. Wisdom.
• Dzongsar Khyentse (2004). Gentle Voice #22, September 2004 Issue. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120214002613/http://www.siddharthasintent.org/gentle/GV22.pdf]
• Dzongsar Khyentse (2005). Gentle Voice #23, April 2005 Issue. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130621235028/http://www.siddharthasintent.org/gentle/GV23.pdf]
• Epstein, Mark (2004). Thoughts Without A Thinker: Psychotherapy from a Buddhist Perspective. Basic Books. Kindle Edition.
• Gampopa (1998). The Jewel Ornament of Liberation: The Wish-Fulfilling Gem of the Noble Teachings, by Gampopa, translated by Khenpo Konchog Gyaltsen Rinpoche. Snow Lion.
• Goodman, Steven D. (1992). "Situational Patterning: Pratītyasamutpāda." Footsteps on the Diamond Path, Crystal Mirror Series I-III. Dharma Publishing.
• Geshe Sonam Rinchen (2006). How Karma Works: The Twelve Links of Dependent Arising. Snow Lion
• Karunaratne, T. B. (2008). The Buddhist Wheel Symbol. Buddhist Publication Society. (http://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh137.pdf)
• Khandro Rinpoche (2003). This Precious Life. Shambala
• Patrul Rinpoche (1998). The Words of My Perfect Teacher, translated by the Padmakara Translation Group. Altamira.
• Ringu Tulku (2005). Daring Steps Toward Fearlessness: The Three Vehicles of Tibetan Buddhism. Snow Lion.
• Simmer-Brown, Judith (1987). "Seeing the Dependent Origination of Suffering as the Key to Liberation." [https://web.archive.org/web/20150112051742/http://www.windhorseguild.org/whp_document_JCP_4.html Journal of Contemplative Psychotherapy, VOLUME IV]. The Naropa Institute. (ISSN 0894-8577)
• Thrangu Rinpoche (2001). The Twelve Links of Interdependent Origination. Nama Buddha Publications.
• Thubten Chodron. [http://www.thubtenchodron.org/GradualPathToEnlightenment/articles_and_transcripts_of_teachings_on_lamrim.html#MediumScope Articles & Transcripts of Teachings on Lamrim: The Gradual Path to Enlightenment]. Dharma Friendship Foundation.
• Thubten Chodron (1993). [http://www.thubtenchodron.org/GradualPathToEnlightenment/LR_061_12Links_20Jan93.pdf The Twelve Links – Part 1 of 5 (PDF)]
• Thubten Chodron (1993). [http://www.thubtenchodron.org/GradualPathToEnlightenment/LR_062_12Links_25Jan93.pdf The Twelve Links – Part 2 of 5 (PDF)]

• {{Citation | editor-last1 =Buswell | editor-first1 =Robert E. Jr. | editor-last2 =Lopez | editor-first2 =Donald S. Jr. | year =2013 | title =The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism | publisher =Princeton University Press}}
• {{Citation | last=Donath | first=Dorothy C. | year =1971 | title =Buddhism for the West: Theravāda, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna; a comprehensive review of Buddhist history, philosophy, and teachings from the time of the Buddha to the present day | publisher =Julian Press | isbn =0-07-017533-0}}
• {{Citation | last =Gethin | first =Rupert | author-link =Rupert Gethin | year =1998 | title =Foundations of Buddhism | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn =0-19-289223-1 | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe }}
• {{cite book| last = Teiser| first = Stephen|author-link = Stephen F. Teiser| title = Reinventing the Wheel: Paintings of Rebirth in Medieval Buddhist Temples| year = 2007| publisher = University of Washington Press| isbn = 9780295986494|ref = none}}

{{Refend}}

{{Reflist|group=web}}

{{Commons category|Bhavacakra}}

• [http://www.buddhanet.net/wheel2.htm Interactive Tour of the Wheel of Life, buddhanet.net]
• [http://www.himalayanart.org/pages/wheeloflife/index.html Wheel of Life index page, Himalayan Art Resources] – allows visitors to view a gallery of images from various public and private collections
• [http://traditionalartofnepal.com/the-wheel-of-life-explained/ Wheel of Life Thangka painting explained]
• [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/khantipalo/wheel147.html The Wheel of Birth and Death by Bhikkhu Khantipalo], The Wheel Publication No. 147/148/149, Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society 1970
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402024116/http://www.quietmountain.org/dharmacenters/buddhadendo/wheel_of_life.htm The Wheel of Suffering, quietmountain.org] – brief description focusing on the six realms
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20041011231417/http://www.khandro.net/doctrine_rebirth.htm Wheel of Life on Khandro.net]

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