Bibliography of E. T. Whittaker
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Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker was a British mathematician, physicist, historian of science, and philosopher who authored three titles that remain in circulation over a century after their initial publications. His bibliography includes several books and over one hundred published papers on a variety of subjects, including mathematics, astronomy, mathematical physics, theoretical physics, philosophy, and theism. Whittaker's bibliography in the Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society categorises his publications into three categories: books and monographs, maths and physics articles, and biographical articles; the bibliography excludes works published in popular magazines like Scientific American.{{harvnb|Temple|1956|pp=321–325}} The bibliography includes eleven total books and monographs, fifty-six maths and physics articles, thirty-five philosophy and history articles, and twenty-one biographical articles. In the bibliography compiled by William Hunter McCrea in 1957, there are thirteen books and monographs and the same journal articles; McCrea counts all three volumes of A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity as separate books and excludes the same papers.{{harvnb|McCrea|1957|pp=253–256}} Whittaker's contributions to Scientific American include two book reviews and a popular article on mathematics.
John Lighton Synge reviewed ten of Whittaker's papers when he wrote about Whittaker's contributions to electromagnetism and general relativity.{{harvnb|Synge|1958}} Among other tributes as part of the same memorial volume of the Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society, George Frederick James Temple wrote about Whittaker's work on harmonic functions, and Alexander Aitken wrote about Whittaker's work on algebra and numerical analysis. Whittaker also published several biographical articles, including one for Albert Einstein written just a few months before his death.
Books
File:A Course of Modern Analysis plain cover.jpg by Whittaker and George Neville Watson.]]
File:ET Whittaker Analytical Dynamics 1989 cover.jpg.]]
File:A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity 1st cover.jpg
Whittaker wrote three scientific treatises that were highly influential in their fields, A Course of Modern Analysis, Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies, and The Calculus of Observations.{{harvnb|Temple|1956|pp=318}} In 1956, Gerald James Whitrow stated that two of these books, Modern Analysis and Analytical Dynamics, were not only required reading for British mathematicians but were regarded as fundamental components of their personal libraries.{{Cite journal|last=Whitrow|first=G. J.|author-link=Gerald James Whitrow|date=1956|title=Obituary: Professor Sir Edmund Whittaker, F. R. S|url=https://academic.oup.com/bjps/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/bjps/VII.26.180|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science|language=en|volume=VII|issue=26|pages=180–181|doi=10.1093/bjps/VII.26.180|issn=0007-0882|url-access=subscription}} Despite the success of these textbooks, the second edition of A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity has been called Whittaker's magnum opus.{{harvnb|Martin|1958|pp=6–9}}{{harvnb|Aitken|1958}} Due to the title's popularity, William Hunter McCrea predicted that future readers would have a hard time acknowledging it was the result of just "a few years at both ends of a career of the highest distinction in other pursuits."{{harvnb|McCrea|1957|p=251}} Whittaker also wrote The theory of optical instruments during his time as Royal Astronomer of Ireland and wrote several other books on various subjects throughout his career.
=''Whittaker & Watson''=
{{main|A Course of Modern Analysis}}
Whittaker was the original author of the textbook A Course of Modern Analysis, first published in 1902.{{Cite book|last=Whittaker, E. T.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1072208628|title=A course of modern analysis an introd. to the general theory of infinite series and of analyt. functions; with an account of the principal transcendental functions|date=1902|publisher=Univ. Pr|edition=1st|oclc=1072208628}} The book was reviewed by George Ballard Mathews,{{Cite journal|last=Mathews|first=G. B.|date=1903|author-link=George Ballard Mathews|title=Review of A Course of Modern Analysis|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3603560|journal=The Mathematical Gazette|volume=2|issue=39|pages=290–292|doi=10.2307/3603560|jstor=3603560|s2cid=221486387 |issn=0025-5572}} Arthur Stafford Hathaway,{{Cite journal|last=Hathaway|first=Arthur S.|title=A Course in Modern Analysis|author-link=Arthur Stafford Hathaway|date=February 1903|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja02004a022|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|language=en|volume=25|issue=2|pages=220|doi=10.1021/ja02004a022|issn=0002-7863|url-access=subscription}} and Maxime Bôcher,{{cite journal|author=Bôcher|first= Maxime|author-link=Maxime Bôcher|title=Review: A Course of Modern Analysis, by E. T. Whittaker|journal=Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society|year=1904|volume=10|issue=7|pages=351–354|url=https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1904-10-07/S0002-9904-1904-01123-4/|doi=10.1090/s0002-9904-1904-01123-4|doi-access=free}} among others. The book's later editions were written in collaboration with Whittaker's former student George Neville Watson, resulting in the textbook taking the famous colloquial name Whittaker & Watson, published in 1915,{{Cite book|last1=Whittaker|first1=E. T|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/474155529|title=A course of modern analysis: an introduction to the general theory of infinite processes and of analytical functions : with an account of the principal transcendental functions|last2=Watson|first2=G. N|date=1915|publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge|language=en|edition=2nd|oclc=474155529}} 1920,{{Cite book|last1=Whittaker|first1=E. T|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1170617940|title=A course of modern analysis: an introduction to the general theory of infinite processes and of analytic functions; with an account of the principal transcendental functions|last2=Watson|first2=G. N|date=1920|edition=3rd|publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge|language=en|oclc=1170617940}} and 1927.{{Cite book|last1=Whittaker|first1=E. T|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/802476524|title=A Course of modern analysis: an introduction to the general theory of infinite processes and of analytic functions with an account of the principal trascendental functions|last2=Watson|first2=G. N|date=1927|edition=4th|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-58807-2|location=Cambridge|language=en|oclc=802476524}} Reviewers of the book's later editions include Philip Jourdain,{{Cite journal|last=Jourdain|first=Philip E. B.|author-link=Philip Jourdain|date=1916|title=Review of A Course of Pure Mathematics.; A Course of Pure Mathematics. Second Edition, G. H. Hardy; A Course of Modern Analysis: An Introduction to the General Theory of Infinite Processes and of Analytic Functions; with an Account of the Principle Transcendental Functions.; A Course of Modern Analysis.An Introduction to the General Theory of Infinite Processes and of Analytic Functions; with an Account of the Principle Transcendental Functions. Second Edition, E. T. Whittaker|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2248860|journal=Mind|volume=25|issue=100|pages=525–533|doi=10.1093/mind/XXV.4.525|jstor=2248860|issn=0026-4423|url-access=subscription}} Eric Harold Neville,{{Cite journal|last=Neville|first=E. H.|author-link=Eric Harold Neville|date=1921|title=Review of A Course of Modern Analysis|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3604927|journal=The Mathematical Gazette |volume=10|issue=152|pages=283|doi=10.2307/3604927|jstor=3604927|issn=0025-5572|url-access=subscription}} and Dorothy Maud Wrinch.{{Cite journal|last=Wrinch|first=D. M.|author-link=Dorothy Maud Wrinch|date=1921|title=Review of A Course of Modern Analysis. Third Edition|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43769035|journal=Science Progress in the Twentieth Century (1919-1933)|volume=15|issue=60|pages=658|jstor=43769035|issn=2059-4941}} The book is subtitled an introduction to the general theory of infinite processes and of analytic functions; with an account of the principal transcendental functions and is a classic textbook in mathematical analysis.{{cite web |url=http://www.lms.ac.uk/newsletter/322/322_03.html |title=Newsletter |access-date=22 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050215045321/http://www.lms.ac.uk/newsletter/322/322_03.html|website=www.lms.ac.uk|archive-date=15 February 2005}}
=''Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies''=
{{main|Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies}}
Whittaker's second major work, A Treatise on the Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies, was first published in 1904{{Cite book|last=Whittaker|first=E. T.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1110228082|title=A treatise on the analytical dynamics of particles and rigid bodies: with an introduction to the problem of three bodies|date=1904|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|language=en|edition=1st|oclc=1110228082}} and quickly became a classic textbook in its subject.{{harvnb|Coutinho|2014|pp= 356–357}} The book went through four editions, published in 1917,{{Cite book|last=Whittaker|first=E. T.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/352133|title=A treatise on the analytical dynamics of particles and rigid bodies; with an introduction to the problem of three bodies|edition= 2nd|date=1917|publisher=Cambridge University Press |oclc=352133}} 1927,{{Cite book|last=Whittaker|first=E. T|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1020880124|title=A treatise on the analytical dynamics of particles and rigid bodies: with an introduction to the problem of three bodies|date=1927|edition=3rd|publisher=The University Press |location=Cambridge|language=en|oclc=1020880124}} and 1937.{{Cite book|last=Whittaker|first=E. T|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/959757497|title=A treatise on the analytical dynamics of particles and rigid bodies: with an introduction to the problem of three bodies. |date=1937|publisher=Cambridge University Press|language=en|edition=4th|oclc=959757497}} It has remained in circulation for over a hundred years. The book represented the forefront of development at the time of publication; many reviewers noted it contained material otherwise non-existent in the English language. The book has received acclaim from sources other than book reviews as well, including physicist Victor Lenzen, who said in 1952 that the book was "still the best exposition of the subject on the highest possible level".{{Cite journal|last=Lenzen|first=V. F.|author-link=Victor Lenzen|date=September 1952|title=A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity . Edmund Whittaker|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/348142|journal=Isis|language=en|volume=43|issue=3|pages=293–294|doi=10.1086/348142|issn=0021-1753|jstor=227496|url-access=subscription}} One hundred and ten years after its initial publication, a 2014 "biography" of the book's development noted that the book remained influential as more than a "historical document".
=''A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, From the Age of Descartes to the Close of the Nineteenth Century''=
{{main|A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity#First edition: From the age of Descartes to the close of the nineteenth century}}
Whittaker's third major work, A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, From the Age of Descartes to the Close of the Nineteenth Century, was published in 1910.{{Cite book|last=Whittaker|first=E. T.|url=https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg=+85240132&searchCode=GKEY%5E*&searchType=0&recCount=25|title=A history of the theories of aether and electricity from the age of Descartes to the close of the nineteenth century|date=1910|publisher=Longmans, Green & Co.; Hodges Figgis|series=Dublin University Press series|location=London; New York : Dublin|ref=none}} The book gives a detailed account of the history of electromagnetism and aether theories from René Descartes to Hendrik Lorentz and Albert Einstein, including the contributions of Hermann Minkowski and a chapter each devoted to Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell. The book was well received and is an authoritative reference work in the history of physics; the title established Whittaker as a respected historian of science.{{Cite journal |last=McCrea |first=W. H. |author-link=William Hunter McCrea |date=1952 |title=Review of History of Theories of the Aether and Electricity. I |journal=The Mathematical Gazette |volume=36 |issue=316 |pages=138–141 |doi=10.2307/3610345 |jstor=3610345}} Pending the release of a second edition, the book remained out of print for many years, though it is now free to be reprinted in the United States, as it qualifies as public domain. Dover Publications released a reprint of the book in 1989.{{Cite book|last=Whittaker, E. T. (Edmund Taylor), 1873-1956.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20357018|title=A history of the theories of aether & electricity|date=1989|publisher=Dover Publications|isbn=978-0-486-26126-3|location=New York|oclc=20357018}} Along with several others, Edwin Bidwell Wilson reviewed the treatise in 1913.{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=E. B. |author-link=Edwin Bidwell Wilson |date=1913 |title=Review: E. T. Whittaker, A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity from the Age of Descartes to the Close of the Nineteenth Century |journal=Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society |language=EN |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=423–427 |doi=10.1090/S0002-9904-1913-02381-4 |doi-access=free}}
=''The Calculus of Observations'' or ''A Short Course in Interpolation''=
Whittaker's fourth major work, The Calculus of Observations a Treatise on Numerical Analysis, coauthored with George Robinson,{{Cite book|last=Whittaker|first=E. T.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1098245255|date=1923|title=The calculus of observations a treatise on numerical analysis|publisher=Blackie & Son|oclc=1098245255}} was a pioneering textbook in numerical analysis that was originally published in 1923 and provides an introduction to methods of practical computation.{{harvnb|Temple|1956|p=319}} The first four chapters, on interpolation, were published separately under A Short Course in Interpolation,{{Cite book|last=Whittaker|first=E. T.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/4148120|title=A short course in interpolation|date=1924|publisher=Van Nostrand|oclc=4148120}} in 1924. The book went through four total editions,{{Cite book|last1=Whittaker|first1=E. T|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1037608|title=The calculus of observations; a treatise on numerical mathematics|last2=Robinson|first2=George|date=1932|edition=2nd|publisher=Blackie & Son|location=London and Glasgow|language=en|oclc=1037608}}{{Cite book|last1=Whittaker|first1=E. T|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10415600|title=The calculus of observations; a treatise on numerical mathematics|last2=Robinson|first2=George|date=1942|publisher=Blackie & Son|edition=3rd|location=London; Glasgow|language=en|oclc=10415600}} with the fourth in 1944.{{Cite book|last1=Whittaker|first1=E. T|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/500488346|title=The Calculus of Observations|last2=Robinson|first2=G|date=1944|publisher=Blackie & Son|location=London; Glasgow|edition=4th|language=en|oclc=500488346}} The book received positive reviews upon its initial release.{{harvnb|Maidment|McCartney|2019|p=179}} It was reviewed by William Fleetwood Sheppard,{{Cite journal|last=Sheppard|first=William Fleetwood|author-link=William Fleetwood Sheppard|date=July 1924|title=The Calculus of Observations; a Treatise on Numerical Mathematics. By E. T. Whittaker, Sc.D., F.R.S. and G. Robinson, M.A., B.Sc. [Pp. xvi + 395. London: Blackie & Son, Ltd. 1924. Price 18s. net.]|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-institute-of-actuaries/article/the-calculus-of-observations-a-treatise-on-numerical-mathematics-by-e-t-whittaker-scd-frs-and-g-robinson-ma-bsc-pp-xvi-395-london-blackie-son-ltd-1924-price-18s-net/1DAEB3D6826EC2913EE259589BC0764B|journal=Journal of the Institute of Actuaries|language=en|volume=55|issue=2|pages=202–203|doi=10.1017/S0020268100009136|issn=2058-1009|jstor=41138267|url-access=subscription}}{{Cite journal|last=Sheppard|first=W. F.|author-link=William Fleetwood Sheppard|date=October 1924|title=A Short Course in Interpolation. By E. T. Whittaker and G. Robinson. Pp. 71. 5s. 1923. (Blackie and Son.)|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mathematical-gazette/article/a-short-course-in-interpolation-by-e-t-whittaker-and-g-robinson-pp-71-5s-1923-blackie-and-son/6725C37196EEE8A21580D8A67FDF74BB|journal=The Mathematical Gazette|language=en|volume=12|issue=172|pages=220–221|doi=10.2307/3604573|jstor=3604573|hdl=2027/mdp.39015065233606|issn=0025-5572|hdl-access=free}} Lewis Fry Richardson,{{Cite journal|last=Richardson|first=Lewis Fry|author-link=Lewis Fry Richardson|date=1924|title=The calculus of observations, a treatise on numerical mathematics. By E. T. Whittaker, Sc. D., F.R.S., and G. Robinson, M.A., B.Sc. London (Blackie & Son, Ltd.), 1923. 8°. Pp. vii+395|url=https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/qj.49705021024|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society|language=en|volume=50|issue=210|pages=163–164|doi=10.1002/qj.49705021024|bibcode=1924QJRMS..50..163.|issn=1477-870X|url-access=subscription}} and Jack Howlett,{{Cite journal|last=Howlett|first=J.|author-link=Jack Howlett|date=1969|title=Review of The Calculus of Observations; Introductory Numerical Analysis; Lectures on Advanced Numerical Analysis|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3613524|journal=The Mathematical Gazette|volume=53|issue=383|pages=107–108|doi=10.2307/3613524|issn=0025-5572|jstor=3613524|s2cid=125398611 |url-access=subscription}} among others.{{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=Arne|date=September 1924|title=The Calculus of Observations.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2277387|journal=Journal of the American Statistical Association|volume=19|issue=147|pages=413|doi=10.2307/2277387|jstor=2277387|url-access=subscription}}{{Cite journal|last=B.|first=J.|date=1925|title=The Calculus of Observations. By E. T. Whittaker, Sc.D., F.R.S., and G. Robinson, M.A., B.Sc. [Pp. 395. Blackie & Son, Limited, 1924. Price 18s. net. Chapters i. to iv. also published separately under the title A Short Course in Interpolation, price 5s. net.]|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/transactions-of-the-faculty-of-actuaries/article/the-calculus-of-observations-by-whittakere-t-scd-frs-and-robinsong-ma-bsc-pp-395-blackie-and-son-limited-1924-price-18s-net-chapters-i-to-iv-also-published-separately-under-the-title-a-short-course-in-interpolation-price-5s-net/4515760C78C9CD807E189910B75FC8A3|journal=Transactions of the Faculty of Actuaries|language=en|volume=10|pages=39–44|doi=10.1017/S0071368600005693|issn=2058-1033|jstor=41218027|url-access=subscription}}{{Cite journal|last=G.|first=M.|date=1924|title=Review of The Calculus of Observations: A Treatise on Numerical Mathematics.; A Short Course in Interpolation., E. T. Whittaker, G. Robinson|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2341229|journal=Journal of the Royal Statistical Society|volume=87|issue=2|pages=291–293|doi=10.2307/2341229|jstor=2341229|hdl=2027/mdp.39015000969702|issn=0952-8385|hdl-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last=Jackson|first=J.|date=May 1924|title=The Calculus of Observations: A Treatise on Numerical Mathematics|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3604671|journal=The Mathematical Gazette|volume=12|issue=170|pages=124|doi=10.2307/3604671|jstor=3604671|hdl=2027/mdp.39015000969702|hdl-access=free}} Several of the book's reviewers found that it was advanced and intended mostly for mathematicians. Some reviewers also noted that the book was the first to be devoted fully to the subject in the English language. Forty-three years after its initial publication, Jack Howlett reviewed a reprint of the fourth edition by Dover Publications{{Cite book|last1=Whittaker|first1=E. T.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/301738332|title=The calculus of observations: an introduction to numerical analysis, by Sir Edmund Whittaker and G. Robinson. 4th ed.|orig-year=1944|edition=4th|last2=Robinson|first2=George|date=1967|publisher=Dover Publications|location=New York|language=en|oclc=301738332}} in 1969 in a comparison of the book with two newer works. He wrote that "one can hardly call it a modern book" and noted that the book had changed relatively little since its original print in 1924 and from the lectures that Whittaker delivered at the Edinburgh Mathematical Laboratory between 1913 and 1923. He went on to remark that there are only a few useful chapters in the book concerning the calculus of finite differences and its applications, including interpolation and difference formulae, but that the rest of the book seemed "completely outmoded".
=Philosophy of Arthur Eddington=
{{anchor|Books edited}}
Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, one of Whittaker's former students, held philosophical views similar to Whittaker's. At the end of his career, Whittaker was influenced by the philosophical ideas Eddington had advocated for and, in addition to editing the latter's Fundamental Theory, he published several articles and books exploring the topic. Whittaker's presentation at the 1947 Tarner Lecture was published as From Euclid to Eddington by the Cambridge University Press and his other book on the topic, Eddington's principle in the philosophy of science, was published two years later.
==''Fundamental Theory''==
Whittaker edited Arthur Eddington's Fundamental Theory, which was published posthumously in 1946 by the Cambridge University Press.{{Cite book|last=Eddington|first=Sir Arthur Stanley|author-link=Arthur Stanley Eddington|editor=Whittaker, E. T.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/252854205|title=Fundamental Theory|date=1946|publisher=Cambridge University Press|oclc=252854205}} Eddington died in November 1944 and Whittaker was given the task of editing and publishing the book, which was nearly complete.{{harvnb|Temple|1956|pp=319–321}}
The book received several reviews and responses,{{Cite journal|last=Slater|first=N B|date=June 1961|title=Eddington's Fundamental Theory|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9112/12/6/001|journal=Physics Bulletin|volume=12|issue=6|pages=157–159|doi=10.1088/0031-9112/12/6/001|issn=0031-9112|url-access=subscription}} including a review by William Hunter McCrea{{Cite journal|last1=McCrea|first1=W. H.|author1-link=William Hunter McCrea|last2=Eddington|first2=A. S.|last3=Whittaker|first3=E. T.|date=1947|title=Fundamental Theory|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3609292|journal=The Mathematical Gazette|volume=31|issue=297|pages=288|doi=10.2307/3609292|jstor=3609292|issn=0025-5572|url-access=subscription}} and Clive W. Kilmister.{{Cite journal|last1=Kilmister|first1=C. W.|author1-link=Clive William Kilmister|last2=Slater|first2=N. B.|date=February 1959|title=The Development and Meaning of Eddington's "Fundamental Theory"|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3608891|journal=The Mathematical Gazette|volume=43|issue=343|pages=53|doi=10.2307/3608891|jstor=3608891|s2cid=186453393 |url-access=subscription}} Kilmister later wrote a book on the topic, titled Eddington's search for a fundamental theory, which was published by Cambridge University Press in 1994,{{Cite book|last=Kilmister, C. W. (Clive William)|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/715167679|title=Eddington's search for a fundamental theory : a key to the universe|date=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-60820-9|location=Cambridge|oclc=715167679}} and was itself reviewed by David Kaiser,{{Cite journal|last=Kaiser|first=David|date=December 1995|title=Eddington's Search for a Fundamental Theory: A Key to the Universe . C. W. Kilmister|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/357379|journal=Isis|language=en|volume=86|issue=4|pages=675|doi=10.1086/357379|issn=0021-1753|jstor=235438|url-access=subscription}} among others.{{Cite journal|last=Zahar|first=E|date=1 March 1997|title=Review. Eddington's search for a fundamental theory: a key to the universe. CW Kilmister|url=https://academic.oup.com/bjps/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/bjps/48.1.132|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science|language=en|volume=48|issue=1|pages=132–139|doi=10.1093/bjps/48.1.132|issn=0007-0882|jstor=687726|url-access=subscription}}{{Cite journal|last=Rigutti|first=Mario|date=1996|title=C. W. KILMISTER Eddington's search for a fundamental theory, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994, XII + 256 pp.|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/nun/11/1/article-p403_40.xml|journal=Nuncius|volume=11|issue=1|pages=403–410|doi=10.1163/182539196X01195|issn=0394-7394|url-access=subscription}}{{Cite journal|last=Jordan|first=Tim|date=September 1996|title=C. W. Kilmister, Eddington's Search for a Fundamental Theory: A Key to the Universe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Pp. xii + 256. ISBN 0-521-37165-1. £35.00, $59.95.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007087400034658/type/journal_article|journal=The British Journal for the History of Science|language=en|volume=29|issue=3|pages=377–378|doi=10.1017/S0007087400034658|issn=0007-0874|jstor=4027753|s2cid=144363558 |url-access=subscription}}
==''From Euclid to Eddington : A study of the conceptions of the external world''==
Whittaker's philosophy book From Euclid to Eddington : A study of the conceptions of the external world was published in 1949 by the Cambridge University Press.{{Cite book|last=Whittaker|first=E. T.|date=1949|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/488725703|title=From Euclid to Eddington. A study of the conceptions of the external world.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|oclc=488725703}} The book is a published lecture originating from the 1947 Tarner Lecture at Trinity College, Cambridge. The volume recounts the history of the theories of natural philosophy beginning with Euclid and stretching to Eddington, including the philosophical ideas of Plato, Aristotle, and Einstein. The original edition of the book received reviews from Peter Bergmann,{{Cite journal|last=Bergmann|first=Peter G.|author-link=Peter Bergmann|date=1 May 1950|title=From Euclid to Eddington|url=https://aapt.scitation.org/doi/10.1119/1.1932589|journal=American Journal of Physics|volume=18|issue=5|pages=330–331|doi=10.1119/1.1932589|bibcode=1950AmJPh..18..330W|s2cid=120438552 |issn=0002-9505|url-access=subscription}} Edward Arthur Milne,{{Cite journal|last=Milne|first=E. A.|author-link=Edward Arthur Milne|date=April 1950|title=From Euclid to Eddington: a study of conceptions of the external world. By Sir Edmund Whittaker Being the Tarner Lectures delivered in Trinity College, Cambridge, 1947. (Cambridge University Press. Pp. 212. Price 15s. net).|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0031819100008111/type/journal_article|journal=Philosophy|language=en|volume=25|issue=93|pages=178–180|doi=10.1017/S0031819100008111|s2cid=143721001 |issn=0031-8191|url-access=subscription}} and Israel Monroe Levitt.{{Cite journal|last=Levitt|first=Israel Monroe|date=November 1949|title=From Euclid to Eddington|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0016003249906742|journal=Journal of the Franklin Institute|language=en|volume=248|issue=5|pages=456–457|doi=10.1016/0016-0032(49)90674-2|url-access=subscription}} A 1960 reprint of the book by Dover Publications has also received reviews.{{Cite journal|last1=Strubecker|first1=K.|last2=Brüche|first2=E.|last3=Döring|first3=W.|last4=Rang|first4=O.|last5=Glaser|first5=W.|last6=Hanle|first6=W.|last7=Schnelle|first7=H.|last8=Meyer-Eppler|first8=W.|last9=Wolf|first9=F.|last10=Israël|first10=H.|last11=Kleen|first11=W.|date=February 1960|title=Dover-Publications/Whittaker: I. [1] From Euclid to Eddington/Webster: [2] The Dynamics of Particles/Volterra: [3] Theory of Functionals/Faddeeva: [4] Computational Methods of Linear Algebra/Wilson: [5] Advanced Calculus/Fermi: II. [6] Thermodynamics/Temp|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/phbl.19600160208|journal=Physik Journal|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=87–93|doi=10.1002/phbl.19600160208|url-access=subscription}}{{Cite journal|last=Topping|first=J|date=June 1960|title=From Euclid to Eddington|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9112/11/6/015|journal=Physics Bulletin|volume=11|issue=6|pages=170|doi=10.1088/0031-9112/11/6/015|issn=0031-9112|url-access=subscription}}
==''Eddington's principle in the philosophy of science''==
Whittaker spoke at the annual Arthur Stanley Eddington Memorial Lecture in 1952, which was subsequently published by American Scientist{{Cite book|last=Whittaker|first=E. T.|date=1951|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/835626501|title=Eddington's principle in the philosophy of science|publisher=Cambridge University Press|oclc=835626501}} and Cambridge University Press.{{Cite journal|last=Whittaker|first=E. T.|date=1952|title=Eddington's principle in the philosophy of science|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27826417|journal=American Scientist|volume=40|issue=1|pages=45–60|jstor=27826417|issn=0003-0996}} In the book's preface, Whittaker articulates Eddington's principle as "all the quantitative propositions of physics… may be deduced by logical reasoning from qualitative assertions". One reviewer noted some caveats to the interpretation and stated that Eddington would not necessarily have been satisfied with this wording. The work expounded on the principle, traced its development to Gottfried Leibniz, discussed its mathematical basis, and addresses potential objections. Whittaker also describes Eddington's views on universal constants. and discusses their connection to the philosophy of religion. William Hunter McCrea{{Cite journal|last1=McCrea|first1=W. H.|author-link=William Hunter McCrea|date=September 1952|title=Eddington's Principle in the Philosophy of Science|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3608283|journal=The Mathematical Gazette|volume=36|issue=317|pages=229|doi=10.2307/3608283|jstor=3608283|url-access=subscription}} and Thomas Cowling{{Cite journal|last=Cowling|first=T. G.|author-link=Thomas Cowling|date=1952|title=Review of Eddington's Principle in the Philosophy of Science|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/685279|journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science|volume=3|issue=11|pages=281–282|doi=10.1093/bjps/III.11.281|jstor=685279|issn=0007-0882|url-access=subscription}} reviewed the work in 1952.
=''A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity'' extended and revised edition=
{{main|A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity#Extended and revised edition}}
Whittaker published an extended and revised edition of his Theories of Aether in two volumes, with volume one in 1951{{Cite book|last=Whittaker|first=E. T.|title=A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity: The Classical Theories |edition=2nd|volume=1|publisher=Thomas Nelson and Sons|year=1951|ref=none}} and the second in 1953.{{Cite book|last=Whittaker|first=E. T.|title=A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity: The Modern Theories |edition=2nd|volume=2|publisher=Thomas Nelson and Sons|year=1953|ref=none}} Notwithstanding a notorious controversy on Whitaker's views on the history of special relativity, covered in volume two of the second edition, the books are considered authoritative references on the history of classical electromagnetism{{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=John David|author-link=John David Jackson (physicist)|title=Classical Electrodynamics|date=1999|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-30932-1|edition=3rd|location=New York|oclc=38073290|pages=1,790|quote=The story of the development of our understanding of electricity and magnetism is, of course, much longer and richer than the mention of a few names from one century would indicate. For a detailed account of the fascinating history, the reader should consult the authoritative volumes by Whittaker}} as well as classic books in the history of physics.{{Cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Arthur I.|last2=Cushing|first2=James T.|date=4 June 1998|title=Albert Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity: Emergence (1905) and Early Interpretation (1905–1911)|url=https://aapt.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1119/1.13068|journal=American Journal of Physics|language=en|volume=50|issue=5|pages=476|doi=10.1119/1.13068|issn=0002-9505|url-access=subscription}} The first volume, subtitled the classical theories, serves as a revised and updated edition of the original 1910 book.{{cite journal|last1=Lenzen|first1=V. F.|author-link=Victor Lenzen|title=A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity. Edmund Whittaker|journal=Isis|volume=43|issue=3|year=1952|pages=293–294|issn=0021-1753|doi=10.1086/348142}} [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/348143 p. 294] Among others, Arthur Mannering Tyndall,{{Cite journal |last=Tyndall |first=A. M. |author-link=Arthur Mannering Tyndall |date=1951 |title=History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity |journal=Physics Bulletin |volume=2 |issue=23 |pages=7 |doi=10.1088/0031-9112/3/23/008}} Carl Eckart,{{Cite journal |last=Eckart |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Eckart |date=1952 |title=History of the Theories of the Aether and Electricity (Whittaker, Sir Edmund) |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |volume=29 |issue=5 |page=265 |doi=10.1021/ed029p265.3 |bibcode=1952JChEd..29..265E |doi-access=free}} Victor Lenzen,{{Cite journal |last=Lenzen |first=V. F. |author-link=Victor Lenzen |date=1952 |title=A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, the Classical Theories. Edmund Whittaker |journal=Isis |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=293–294 |doi=10.1086/348142}} William Hunter McCrea, Julius Sumner Miller,{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Julius S. |author-link=Julius Sumner Miller |date=1952 |title=Book Reviews |journal=School Science and Mathematics |language=en |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=498–508 |doi=10.1111/j.1949-8594.1952.tb06911.x}} John Lighton Synge,{{Cite journal |last=Synge |first=John L. |author-link=John Lighton Synge |date=1952 |title=Review of A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity: (The Classical Theories) |journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science |volume=3 |issue=10 |pages=204–207 |doi=10.1093/bjps/III.10.204 |jstor=685564}} and Stephen Toulmin{{Cite journal |last=Toulmin |first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Toulmin |date=1952 |title=X.—NEW BOOKS |journal=Mind |language=en |volume=LXI |issue=242 |pages=288–289 |doi=10.1093/mind/LXI.242.288|doi-access=free }} reviewed the book. The second volume extended this work covering the years 1900 to 1926, including the early development of special relativity, general relativity, old quantum theory, and quantum mechanics. Among others, Max Born,{{Cite journal |last=Born |first=Max |author-link=Max Born |date=1954 |title=REVIEWS |journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science |language=en |volume=V |issue=19 |pages=261–263 |doi=10.1093/bjps/V.19.261}} Freeman Dyson,{{Cite journal |last=Dyson |first=Freeman J. |author-link=Freeman Dyson |date=1954 |title=Review of A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, Vol. II, Whittaker Edmund |journal=Scientific American |volume=190 |issue=3 |pages=92–94 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0354-92}} Rolf Hagedorn,{{Cite journal |last=Hagedorn |first=Rolf |author-link=Rolf Hagedorn |date=1954 |title=Foundations of Modern Physics |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=173 |issue=4410 |pages=838–839 |doi=10.1038/173838a0 |doi-access=free |bibcode=1954Natur.173..838H |s2cid=4296379}} and Percy Williams Bridgman{{Cite journal |last=Bridgman |first=P. W. |author-link=Percy Williams Bridgman |date=1956 |title=History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity. Volume II, The Modern Theories, 1900-1926. Edmund Whittaker |journal=Isis |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=428–430 |doi=10.1086/348516}} reviewed the book. Whittaker's role in the relativity priority dispute centres on chapter two of the second volume, where he claims that Lorentz and Poincare had developed the theory of relativity before Einstein. Due to the controversy this sparked, the second volume is cited far less than the first volume and first edition, except in connection with the priority dispute.{{Cite journal|last=Hunt|first=Bruce J.|date=1988|title=Review of A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/234708|journal=Isis |volume=79|issue=3|pages=515–516|doi=10.1086/354809|jstor=234708|issn=0021-1753|url-access=subscription}}
=Other books and monographs=
Articles
Whittaker wrote many maths, physics, and astronomy articles over his career in addition to many others in subjects like history, philosophy, and theism. He also wrote several popular articles in magazines such as Scientific American as well as several book reviews. Whittaker wrote over twenty biographical articles and obituaries throughout his life, including one for Albert Einstein just a few months before his own death.{{harvnb|Temple|1956|pp=324–325}} John Lighton Synge reviewed ten of Whittaker's papers when he wrote about Whittaker's contributions to electromagnetism and general relativity.{{harvnb|Synge|1958}} Among other tributes as part of the same memorial volume of the Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society, George Frederick James Temple wrote about Whittaker's work on harmonic functions, and Alexander Aitken wrote about his work on algebra and numerical analysis.
=Maths and science=
=Philosophy and history=
=Biographical=
File:Wwrouseball.jpg. Whittaker wrote the obituary for Rouse Ball in 1924 for the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.]]
File:Albert Einstein Head.jpg in 1947. Whittaker wrote Einstein's obituary for the Royal Society in 1955, just a few months before his own death.]]
=Book reviews=
File:Max Born.jpg from the 1930s. Whittaker, a friend of Born's, published reviews for two of his books.]]
=Popular articles=
See also
{{Portal|Books}}
{{wikisource author|wslink=E. T. Whittaker|title=E. T. Whittaker}}
Publications
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References
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Further reading
- {{Cite journal|last1=Maidment|first1=Alison|last2=McCartney|first2=Mark|date=2 September 2019|title='A man who has infinite capacity for making things go': Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker (1873–1956)|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/26375451.2019.1619410|journal=British Journal for the History of Mathematics|language=en|volume=34|issue=3|pages=179–193|doi=10.1080/26375451.2019.1619410|s2cid=186939363|issn=2637-5451}}
- {{Cite journal|last=Coutinho|first=S. C.|date=1 May 2014|title=Whittaker's analytical dynamics: a biography|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00407-013-0133-1|journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences|language=en|volume=68|issue=3|pages=355–407|doi=10.1007/s00407-013-0133-1|s2cid=122266762|issn=1432-0657|url-access=subscription}}
- {{Cite journal|last=Temple|first=George Frederick James|author-link=George Frederick James Temple|date=1 November 1956|title=Edmund Taylor Whittaker, 1873-1956|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=2|pages=299–325|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1956.0021|s2cid=121968984|doi-access=free}}
- {{Cite journal|last=McCrea|first=W. H.|author-link=William Hunter McCrea|date=April 1957|title=Edmund Taylor Whittaker|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1112/jlms/s1-32.2.234|journal=Journal of the London Mathematical Society|language=en|volume=s1-32|issue=2|pages=234–256|doi=10.1112/jlms/s1-32.2.234|s2cid=121820396|url-access=subscription}}
- {{Cite journal|last=Martin|first=Daniel|date=June 1958|title=Sir Edmund Whittaker, F.R.S. |journal=Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1–9|doi=10.1017/S0013091500014334 |issn=0013-0915| doi-access = free }}
- {{Cite journal|last=Rankin|first=R. A.|author-link=Robert Alexander Rankin|date=June 1958|title=Sir Edmund Whittaker's Work on Automorphic Functions|journal=Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=25–30|doi=10.1017/S0013091500014358|issn=0013-0915| doi-access = free}}
- {{Cite journal | last1 = Aitken | first1 = A. C.|author-link=Alexander Aitken | doi = 10.1017/S001309150001436X | title = The Contributions of E. T. Whittaker to Algebra and Numerical Analysis | journal = Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society | volume = 11 | pages = 31–38 | date = June 1958 | doi-access = free }}
- {{Cite journal|last=Temple|first=G.|author-link=George Frederick James Temple|date=June 1958|title=Whittaker's Work on the Integral Representation of Harmonic Functions*|journal=Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=11–24|doi=10.1017/S0013091500014346|issn=1464-3839| doi-access = free}}
- {{Cite journal|last=McConnell|first=James|author-link=James Robert McConnell|date=June 1958|title=Whittaker's Correlation of Physics and Philosophy|journal=Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=57–68|doi=10.1017/S0013091500014383|issn=0013-0915| doi-access = free}}
- {{Cite journal|last=Synge|first=J. L.|author-link=John Lighton Synge|date=June 1958|title=Whittaker's Contributions to the Theory of Relativity|journal=Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=39–55|doi=10.1017/S0013091500014371|issn=1464-3839| doi-access = free}}
{{refend}}
{{E. T. Whittaker}}