Bidjigal

The Bidjigal are a clan of the Dharug people. Additionally, academic Kohen has suggested that there may have been some confusion between two distinct groups: the Bidjigal (living in the Baulkham Hills area) and the Bediagal at Botany Bay in the Salt Pan Creek area.{{sfn|Kohen|1993|p=21}}

Anthropologist Val Attenbrow discusses their possible origin and location, and concludes that the question is "somewhat vexed".{{sfn|Attenbrow|2010|p=27}} Norman Tindale, referring on the earliest historical sources, regarded them as a horde occupying the area just north of Castle Hill,{{sfn|Tindale|1974|p=127}} Their geographical location is confusing, as they seem to have been based in southern Sydney, in the region between the Cooks River, Wolli Creek and the Georges River to Salt Pan Creek, and yet also seem to have inhabited land in the Hills District of Sydney, in what is now {{NSWcity|Baulkham Hills}}.

Coastal areas and beaches such as Bondi and Coogee are believed to have been concurrently occupied by a combination of Bidjigal, Gadigal and Birrabirrragal clan groups, who were a shared saltwater cultural group, all from the Dharug language group and strong ties of kinship.{{Cite web|last=Wolli Creek Preservation Society|date=2011|title=Traditional Owners|url=http://www.wollicreek.org.au/wp-content/wolliupload/panel02-traditional-owners.pdf|website=Wolli Creek}}{{Cite web|title=Aboriginal History|url=https://hellobondi.com.au/aboriginal-history/|access-date=2022-01-04|website=Hello Bondi|language=en-AU}}

Fire is of central importance to Bidjigal culture and practices. This includes smoking ceremonies, which are a means of communicating with the Fire Spirit.{{Citation|title=Bidjigal Dreaming – Abyss Projects offshore research vessel| date=25 July 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WaA50L9OGCU|language=en|access-date=2021-12-26}}{{Citation|title=Smoking Ceremony| date=8 August 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-gc2F3KhNF0|language=en|access-date=2021-12-26}} Smoking ceremonies are part of many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clans' cultures, and are a means of cleansing people and places of bad spirits to protect from the dangerous powers of spiritual beings.{{Cite web|last=Annab|first=Rachid|date=2020-05-28|title=Fire in ceremony|url=https://indigenousknowledge.unimelb.edu.au/curriculum/resources/fire-in-ceremony|access-date=2022-01-02|website=Indigenous Knowledge Institute|language=en}}

Men, women and children have different roles in the clan. Men are the warriors, gatekeepers and protectors, while women are storytellers and nurturers. The men are taught to respect and care for the women. Men and women would contribute to fishing, the main source of food for the Bidjigal people. Men would use spears to hunt the fish while the women would use hooks and lines, and both would do so on canoes made from local wood. The women would also gather shellfish. Men would be the key providers for everything

The women and girls have historically made decorative and functional 'shellwork' from seashells.{{Cite journal|last=Nugent|first=Maria|date=2014|title=Shellwork on show: Colonial history, Australian Aboriginal women and the display of decorative objects|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1359183513509535|journal=Journal of Material Culture|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=75–92|doi=10.1177/1359183513509535|hdl=1885/62015 |s2cid=144194168 |issn=1359-1835|hdl-access=free}} Shellwork is common amongst coastal Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, although the connections and practices remain under-researched.{{Cite web|last=Samuels|first=Miranda|date=May 2016|title=Illuminating tradition: 'Shimmer' at Wollongong|url=https://www.artmonthly.org.au/issue289-may2016-1|access-date=2022-01-02|website=Art Monthly Australia|language=en}} La Perouse remains a major site of production. The shellwork was popular amongst tourists, particularly amongst white women. The shellwork still blurs the line between art and artefact, and is now often part of museum exhibitions.

In 2015 Bidjigal Elder, artist and shellworker Esme Timbery collaborated with Wiradjuri/Kamilaroi artist Jonathan Jones on the seven-story shell art installation 'Shell Wall 2015' in Barangaroo.{{Cite web|title=Discover the first public art piece to be commissioned for Barangaroo – a work which draws on a strong connection to Country|url=https://www.barangaroo.com/visit/art/shell-wall-2015|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Barangaroo|language=en}} The public artwork remains on the southern side of the Alexander residential building.

A corroboree broadly refers to a meeting of Aboriginal Australians, sometimes of different clans.{{Cite book|last1=Arthur|first1=Bill|title=Macquarie Atlas of Indigenous Australia: Second Edition|last2=Morphy|first2=Frances|publisher=Google Books|year=2019|isbn=978-1-76078-694-6|edition=2nd|location=Macquarie|pages=79, 134, 267}} The Randwick City Council, in conjunction with the La Perouse Local Aboriginal Land Council, have hosted an annual Koojay Corroboree since 2015, although not running in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Koojay Corroboree is held on Coogee Beach, with the name referring to the traditional Dharug name for the beach, Koojay.{{Cite web|last=O'Neill|first=Majorie|title=About Coogee|url=https://marjorieoneill.com.au/about/about-coogee/|access-date=2022-01-02|website=marjorieoneill.com.au|language=en}} The Koojay Corroboree is held during National Reconciliation Week (NRW) and commemorates the Bidjigal and Gadigal people, who both inhabited the land.{{Cite web|last=Randwick City Council|date=n.d.|title=Koojay Corroboree: Celebrating Aboriginal ceremony, tradition & culture|url=https://www.randwick.nsw.gov.au/community/whats-on/major-events/koojay-corroboree|website=Randwick City Council}} The festival involves cultural activities, such as fire ceremonies, song and dance.{{Citation|title=Koojay Corroboree 2016|url=https://vimeo.com/177671840|language=en|access-date=2022-01-02}}

They were a subgroup/clan of the Dharug people, the Bidjigal would have spoken Dharug.{{sfn|Dixon|2002|p=xxxv}}

The name Bidjigal means plains-dweller in the Dharug language.

The Bidjigal population was an estimated 500 people at the time of the British arrival, making them one of the most densely populated areas prior to colonisation.{{Cite journal|last=Ryan|first=Lyndall|date=June 2013|title=Untangling Aboriginal resistance and the settler punitive expedition: the Hawkesbury River frontier in New South Wales, 1794–1810|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623528.2013.789206|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|language=en|volume=15|issue=2|pages=219–232|doi=10.1080/14623528.2013.789206|s2cid=108777720 |issn=1462-3528|url-access=subscription}} The Bidjigal clan, like many of the Dharug people, utilised their access to water for fishing, with fish being their main source of food.{{Cite web|title=The Bidjigal People|url=https://rwc.org.au/about/blog/community/the-bidjigal-people/|access-date=2021-12-28|website=Revesby Workers' Club|language=en-AU}}{{Cite web|last=Randwick City Council|date=2019-05-21|title=Coogee and the Bidjigal and Gadigal People|url=https://www.randwick.nsw.gov.au/about-council/news/news-items/2019/may/coogee-and-the-bidjigal-and-gadigal-people|access-date=2022-01-02|website=Randwick City Council|language=en-AU}} This includes Georges rivers, Cooks River, Salt Pan Creek, Wolli Creek and parts of the Hawkesbury River. This has resulted in different sea animals, including the whales and eels, being totemic, or culturally significant. The eel's migratory journey would be celebrated at the start of the eel's migration, or the 'running of the eels', with feasts and ceremonies. Archaeological evidence has also indicated different tools and weapons were used for hunting local wildlife on land, such as boomerangs.{{Cite book |author=A. F. W. Plumptre |date=1972 |section=International Reserves and Reserve Currencies |title=Reform of the international monetary system : some points of special interest to developing countries of the Commonwealth: a study |location=London |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat |isbn=978-1-84859-196-7 |doi=10.14217/9781848591967-3-en |doi-access=free}}{{Citation|title=Shoalhaven Stories- Meet Laddie from Laddie Timbery's Aboriginal Arts and Crafts| date=6 March 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ouXm74SmmE|language=en|access-date=2021-12-28}}

File:Pemulwuy aka Pimbloy.jpg

The Bidjigal people were the first to encounter Captain Cook and the First Fleet. There was a strong Aboriginal resistance to colonisation.{{Cite journal|last=Woodroffe|first=Ronald D|date=1993|title=Pemulwuy|journal=Ngoonjook Journal of Australian Indigenous Issues|number=9|pages=23–31}} There was a period of sustained warfare throughout coastal Sydney, involving the Bidjigal clan at the Sydney basin, from 1788 to 1817.{{Cite web|last=The Australian Museum|date=2021|title=The Sydney wars|url=https://australian.museum/learn/first-nations/unsettled/fighting-wars/sydney-wars/|access-date=2021-12-29|website=The Australian Museum|language=en}} The Aboriginal people utilised guerrilla-style warfare, as a way of combating the vast gap in weaponry capabilities to the colonists. One battle tactic was their War Dance, where the Aboriginal fighters would dance from a high vantage point to distract hostile colonists and slow their reloading speed before throwing spears. Prospect Hill was one of the major sites of warfare and Indigenous deaths.Flynn, M., Holroyd History and the Silent Boundary Project, Holroyd City Council, August 1997.

Despite their resistance, several factors resulted in their displacement and the destruction of their ability to continue many aspects of their traditional way of life.{{Cite book|last=Bear|first=Virginia|title=The bushland of Bidjigal Reserve and adjoining reserves|publisher=Castle Hill, N.S.W.|others=Baulkham Hills. Council|year=2004|isbn=0-9587344-2-9|oclc=224258676}} The clan was severely weakened by the many deaths caused by the smallpox epidemic in 1790. At the time, Governor Phillip estimated deaths to be around half of the Aboriginal people, although estimates since then have been much higher, with most of the Bidjigal clan perishing.{{Cite news|date=2021-06-06|title='Those floating islands brought something we'd never encountered before': The sickness that changed Australia|language=en-AU|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/health/2021-06-07/patient-zero-smallpox-outbreak-of-1789/100174988|access-date=2021-12-29}}{{Cite web|last=Warren|first=Chris|date=2014-04-17|title=Was Sydney's smallpox outbreak of 1789 an act of biological warfare against Aboriginal tribes?|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/ockhamsrazor/was-sydneys-smallpox-outbreak-an-act-of-biological-warfare/5395050|access-date=2021-12-29|website=ABC Radio National|language=en-AU}}{{Cite book|last=Lawrence|first=Joan|title=St George pictorial memories: Rockdale, Kogarah, Hurstville|date=2011|publisher=Kingsclear Books|isbn=978-0-9871840-2-3|edition=3rd|location=Alexandria, N.S.W.|oclc=774452781}} Debate remains around whether or not the disease was smallpox or chickenpox, and whether it was brought deliberately by European colonists.{{Cite web|last=Carmody|first=Dr John|date=2010-09-17|title=Chicken pox or smallpox in the colony at Sydney Cove in April, 1789|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/ockhamsrazor/chicken-pox-or-smallpox-in-the-colony-at-sydney/2972652|access-date=2021-12-29|website=ABC Radio National|language=en-AU}} Nonetheless, the deaths decimated population size. This, alongside continuing expansion and violence from encroaching colonists into the area, prevented the Bidjigal clan from living life as they used to, although descendants continue to preserve and celebrate their culture.

Rock art and middens from the Bidjigal people remain in several areas across Sydney, including Bondi, George's River and the heritage listed paintings in a hidden, private cave in Undercliffe.{{Cite web|last=Hromek|first=Michael|date=2021|title=Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Assessment|url=https://majorprojects.planningportal.nsw.gov.au/prweb/PRRestService/mp/01/getContent?AttachRef=SSD-11429726%2120210706T032324.753%20GMT|website=Major Projects Planning Portal NSW Gov|publisher=WSP Australia Pty Limited}}{{Cite web|title=Aboriginal culture of the Georges River|url=https://georgesriver.org.au/learn-about-the-river/aboriginal-culture|access-date=2022-01-04|website=Georges Riverkeeper}} These historical sites are at risk of being eroded and/or lost for a variety of reasons, including public intervention, vandalism, natural erosion and failure of governments or councils to take necessary actions to ensure preservation.{{Cite web|last=Eder|first=Billie|date=2021-05-15|title=Ancient Bondi rock carvings at risk of destruction|url=https://www.smh.com.au/environment/conservation/ancient-bondi-rock-carvings-at-risk-of-destruction-20210513-p57rkh.html|access-date=2022-01-04|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}

The Bidjigal Reserve is a 300 hectare corridor of protected public bushland along Darling Mills Creek, mostly lying within The Hills Shire.{{Cite web|last=Sydney Hills Visitors Centre|date=n.d.|title=Bidjigal Reserve|url=http://www.gwsjoeys.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Bijigal_Reserve__Surrounding_Bushland.pdf}} The Bidjigal clan have inhabited the area for at least 40 000 years. The rock overhangs and caves provided shelter, freshwater provided the opportunity for fishing, and the plants and animals were utilised for food, medicine and creating tools. In 1804 3,800 the Bidjigal reserve was included in 3,800 acres of land set aside by the Governor King as the Baulkham Hills Common, which was then given in 1818 to private individuals as land grants. The area was named Excelsior Reserve, and the flora and fauna suffered from the introduction of foreign wildlife, such as foxes, clearing of the land by settlers for construction projects, and wildfires. One such project was the M2 Motorway, which was considered 'environmentally controversial' due to the destruction and disconnection of parts of the bushland. In 2004, an agreement was reached between the Indigenous population and the local council, whereby representatives of Dharug descendants were included on a new board, and the park was renamed from Excelsior Reserve to Bidjigal, and the Native Title claim over the area was withdrawn.{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Penelope|date=January 1999|title=Native Title Newsletter|page=2|work=Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS)|url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/research_pub/dec98jan99_1.pdf}}

File:Randwick light rail stop 20180916 01.jpg

The Bidjigal clan were part of a conflict between Aboriginal Elders and the Federal Government regarding the construction of the Sydney light rail following the discovery of Indigenous artefacts on the construction site.{{Cite news|last=Small|first=Virginia|date=2016-04-01|title=Protesters want Sydney light rail stopped after Indigenous artefacts found|language=en-AU|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-01/protest-to-stop-sydney-light-rail-after-indigenous-find/7293890|access-date=2021-12-31}} Over 22 000 artefacts were found in a 100-metre-square area around the light rail's proposed tram stabling yard in Randwick, including spearheads and cutting tools.{{Cite news|last=Gerathy|first=Sarah|date=2016-03-29|title=Indigenous artefacts found at Sydney light rail construction site|language=en-AU|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-30/indigneous-artefacts-near-light-rail-construction/7283594|access-date=2021-12-31}} Transport for NSW employed four Aboriginal groups to advise on cultural heritage following the discovery.{{Cite news|last=Malone|first=Ursula|date=2016-04-28|title=Elders call for artefacts at 'site of magnitude' to be saved|language=en-AU|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-28/calls-for-aboriginal-artefacts-to-be-saved-at-randwick-site/7368984|access-date=2022-01-02}} Bidjigal Elders claimed that paid consultants were chosen over the traditional owners in consultation, and that the consultants had a vested interest in the construction going ahead. Despite protest and an emergency heritage appeal under the federal 'Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act', construction went ahead.{{Cite web|last=Harris|first=Christopher|date=2016-06-15|title=Sydney Light Rail project steam rolls Aboriginal heritage site|url=https://cityhubsydney.com.au/2016/06/sydney-light-rail-project-steam-rolls-aboriginal-heritage-site/|access-date=2021-12-31|website=City Hub Sydney {{!}} Your Local Independent News|language=en-AU}}{{Cite web|last=Murphy-Oates|first=Laura|date=2016-04-01|title=Artefact find prompts emergency heritage appeal to federal government to halt Sydney light rail construction|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/nitv-news/article/2016/04/01/artefact-find-prompts-emergency-heritage-appeal-federal-government-halt-sydney|access-date=2022-01-02|website=NITV|language=en}} Federal Environment Minister Greg Hunt ultimately determined that the area did not satisfy a significant Aboriginal area, and denied an emergency stop work order.{{Cite web|last=O'Sullivan|first=Matt|date=2016-04-25|title=Hunt rejects call for halt to light rail project to protect Aboriginal artefacts|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/hunt-rejects-call-for-halt-to-light-rail-project-to-protect-aboriginal-artefacts-20160425-goe2x7.html|access-date=2022-01-02|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}{{Cite web|last=Murphy-Oates|first=Laura|date=2016-04-26|title=Sydney artefact site not 'a significant Aboriginal area', says Environment Minister|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2016/04/26/sydney-artefact-site-not-significant-aboriginal-area-says-environment-minister|access-date=2022-01-02|website=NITV|language=en}} Over 21,000 artefacts were excavated and preserved, although thousands more were disturbed and destroyed by construction. The presence of objects such as weapons indicate the area was a site of conflict, marking a high probability of death occurring on the site.

The name of the Bidjigal is today remembered by the name of the {{convert|186|ha|adj=on}} Bidjigal Reserve, in Baulkham Hills, Castle Hill, Carlingford, North Rocks and Northmead to the north-west of Sydney. The Bidjigal Reserve was known as Excelsior Park until 2004, when it was dedicated to preserve Aboriginal cultural heritage, local flora and fauna and for public recreation.{{Cite book|title=FastTracking the Future – Primary Edition|publisher=Sydney Metro|year=2019|isbn=978-1-922030-45-0|edition=5th|location=Sydney|pages=50–57}} The Bidjigal word Wolli means 'camping place', and is the name suburb and waterway through the Wolli Creek Valley, both being Wolli Creek.

Perhaps the most famous Bidjigal person was Pemulwuy, who successfully led Aboriginal resistance forces against European colonisation, before finally being captured and killed by explorer Henry Hacking in 1802.{{sfn|Kohen|2005}}{{sfn|Goodall|Cadzow|2009|p=31}} The treatment of his severed head and Pemulwuy's depiction in European art remain the subject of controversy and academic pursuit, in their significance as representatives of European disregard for Aboriginal culture and paternalism.{{Cite journal|last=Roginski|first=Alexandra|date=2021-10-02|title=The Artist as Pemulwuy: Somatic Histories, Stolen Remains and Contemporary Indigenous Art|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14443058.2021.1976249|journal=Journal of Australian Studies|language=en|volume=45|issue=4|pages=471–490|doi=10.1080/14443058.2021.1976249|s2cid=244179624 |issn=1444-3058|url-access=subscription}}

William Victor Simms, known as Vic Simms or Uncle Vic, is a Bidjigal man and Australian singer and songwriter.{{Cite web|last=McBride|first=Laura|date=12 July 2021|title=Vic Simms|url=https://australian.museum/learn/first-nations/sydney-elders/vic-simms/|access-date=2021-12-29|website=The Australian Museum|language=en}} He was the first Aboriginal man to appear on commercial TV and became an international recording artist.

Josh Cook is a professional rugby league footballer and is part of the Bidjigal and Yuin clans.{{Cite web|date=2020-08-03|title=Indigenous map showcases NRL, NRLW players' heritage|url=https://www.nrl.com/news/2020/08/03/indigenous-map-showcases-nrl-nrlw-players-heritage/|access-date=2021-12-07|website=National Rugby League|language=en}}

File:Emma, Queen of La Perouse (Emma Timbery), Aboriginal shellworker - portrait, 1895 - unknown photographer (25574682996).jpg

The Timbery family are said to have been present when the First Fleet arrived, and are descendants of Pemulwuy.{{Cite web|date=2005-01-17|title=A tale of two histories|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/a-tale-of-two-histories-20050117-gdki6q.html|access-date=2022-01-03|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}{{Cite web|last=NSW|first=Museums & Galleries|date=2015-08-11|title=At Home: Uncle Laddie Timbery|url=https://mgnsw.org.au/articles/uncle-laddie-timbery/|access-date=2022-01-03|website=MGNSW|language=en-AU}} They have notably impacted Aboriginal and secular culture, and still remain in the La Perouse area where they first discovered the First Fleet.{{Cite web|title='Timbere sauvage de la nouvelle galles du sud en grand costume (Relache au Port Jackson)', 1822|url=http://www.portrait.gov.au/portraits/2011.22/timbere-sauvage-de-la-nouvelle-galles-du-sud-en-grand-costume-relache-au-port-jackson/|access-date=2022-01-03|website=National Portrait Gallery collection}} They continue to tell their family story of the invasion, which tells that they gained some level of trust from the colonisers, turning into responsibility for certain members of the family such as Joe Timbery, who was designated 'King of the Five Islands' by Governor Lachlan Macquarie in 1816.{{Cite web|title=Timbery {{!}} The Dictionary of Sydney|url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/person/timbery|access-date=2022-01-03|website=dictionaryofsydney.org}} However, they also allege that their openness did not protect them from the cruelty of the colonisers, who still raped and abused the women of the clan.

Esme Timbery was a Bidjigal woman and Elder. She was also a notable shell worker, with her art featured in several museums throughout Australia. Esme and her sister Rose were fourth-generation shell artists and descendants of Emma Timbery, who began the family tradition of shellwork, amongst other achievements in language preservation.{{Cite web|last=NSW Government|title=Discover the first public art piece to be commissioned for Barangaroo – a work which draws on a strong connection to Country|url=https://www.barangaroo.com/visit/art/shell-wall-2015|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Barangaroo|language=en}}{{Citation|last=Nugent|first=Maria|title=Timbery, Emma (1842–1916)|url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/timbery-emma-13218|work=Australian Dictionary of Biography|place=Canberra|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|language=en|access-date=2021-12-29}} The men have partaken in the wooden crafts, with members such as Joe Timbery being a notable boomerang and shield maker.{{Cite web|title=Boomerang by Joe Timbery|url=https://collection.maas.museum/object/84106|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences|language=en}} Laddie Timbery also gained notability in his later life for his boomerangs, valued both artistically and culturally.{{Cite web|last=|date=2019-11-09|title=Laddie Timbery's death marks the end of an era at La Perouse|url=https://laperouseheadland.com/2019/11/09/laddie-timberys-death-marks-the-end-of-an-era-at-la-perouse/|access-date=2022-01-03|website=La Perouse Museum & Headland|language=en}}

Garry Purchase is an artist of Dharawal, Bidjigal and Dhungutti descent, and is part of the Timbery family.{{Cite web|date=2016-04-14|title=Dream On Aboriginal Arts|url=https://welldonestuff.com/dream-on-aboriginal-arts|access-date=2022-01-03|website=welldonestuff.com|language=en}} His paintings "The Journey" and "Missing Pieces" won both the Aboriginal Health award in 2014, 2016 and 2017 respectively.{{Cite web|last=Mulholland|first=Harry|date=2021-11-24|title=Established artists share their platform for Voices of the Land|url=https://coastcommunitynews.com.au/central-coast/news/2021/11/established-artists-share-their-platform-for-voices-of-the-land/|access-date=2022-01-02|website=Central Coast News}}{{Cite web|last=Carr|first=Deb|date=2019-06-05|title=Garry Purchase, a Multi Award-winning Dharawal/Dunghutti Australian Aboriginal Artist|url=https://www.sydneychic.com.au/post/garry-purchase-a-multi-award-winning-dharawal-dunghutti-australian-aboriginal-artist|access-date=2022-01-02|website=Sydney Chic|language=en}} "The Journey" also won the People's Choice award at Mental Health Art Works! 2014.

{{stack|}}

• Aboriginal Australians
• Cadigal
• Pemulwuy

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

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}}

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| title = Australian Dictionary of Biography

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}}

{{refend}}

• {{cite book| title = Pemulwuy, the rainbow warrior

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| publisher = Weldons

| date = 1987

| isbn = 978-0-947116-42-2

}}

{{Aboriginal peoples in New South Wales}}

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Category:Aboriginal peoples of New South Wales

Category:Ethnic groups in Sydney

Category:Australian Aboriginal culture

Category:Eora

Category:Sydney