Billy Dixon

{{Short description|American scout and bison hunter active in the Texas Panhandle}}

{{Infobox military person

|name= William "Billy" Dixon

|birth_date= {{birth date|1850|9|25}}

|death_date= {{death date and age|1913|3|9|1850|9|25}}

|birth_place= Ohio County, Virginia (now West Virginia), U.S.

|death_place= Cimarron County, Oklahoma, U.S.

|placeofburial= Hutchinson County, Texas, U.S.

|placeofburial_label= Place of burial

|image= billydixon.jpg

|caption= William "Billy" Dixon as an Army Scout

|nickname= Billy Dixon

|allegiance= United States of America

|serviceyears=

|rank=Civilian Scout

|commands=

| battles = {{Tree list}}

|awards=Awarded Medal of Honor as a civilian

|laterwork= Hutchinson County Sheriff, Postmaster, and Justice of the Peace

}}

William Dixon (September 25, 1850 – March 9, 1913) was an American scout and bison hunter active in the Texas Panhandle. He helped found Adobe Walls, fired a buffalo rifle shot at the Second Battle of Adobe Walls, and for his actions at the Buffalo Wallow Fight became one of eight civilians to be awarded the U.S. Medal of Honor.

Early life

Dixon was born in Ohio County in the panhandle region of West Virginia, on September 25, 1850. Of European and Native AmericanGilbert (2003) p. 172Remiger (2006) p. 100, 156 descent, he was orphaned at age 12 and lived with an uncle in Missouri for a year before setting out on his own. He worked in woodcutters' camps along the Missouri River until he started working at age 14 as an ox driver and a muleskinner for a government contractor in Leavenworth, Kansas.

He was a skilled marksman and occasionally scouted for eastern excursionists brought by the railroads. In 1869 he joined a venture in hunting and trapping on the Saline River northwest of Fort Hays in Kansas.

He scouted Texas as far south as the Salt Fork of the Red River when the bison hunters moved into the Texas Panhandle in 1874. He and his group hunted along the Canadian River and its tributaries.

Second Battle of Adobe Walls

Dixon led the founders of Adobe Walls to the Texas Plains, where he knew bison were in abundance. The group of 28 men and one woman occupied the outpost of five buildings 15 miles northeast of Stinnett.

The outpost was attacked on June 27, 1874, by a band of 700–1200 natives. The stand-off continued into a third day, when a group of natives were noticed less than a mile east of Adobe Walls. It is said that Dixon took aim with a quickly borrowed .50 Sharps buffalo rifle (as, according to his biography, he only had a .45 Sharps and felt it could not reach). He knocked the native man off his horse, killing him. Understanding how far the guns could fire, the natives then withdrew and left the settlement alone. Dixon’s shot was measured at over 1,500 yards, earning him a position on the list of longest recorded sniper kills.

Dixon stated in his biography that it was a "scratch shot".

Battle of Buffalo Wallow

{{multiple image

|direction =vertical

|image1 = Texas Historical Marker Battle of Buffalo Wallow.jpg

|image2 = Ledger-sm2.jpg

|footer = Texas historical marker at the site (top) and a Kiowa ledger drawing possibly depicting the battle (bottom)

|total_width = 250

}}

On 12 September 1874, Dixon and another civilian scout, Amos Chapman, were carrying dispatches from McClellan Creek to Fort Supply with Sergeant Zachariah T. Woodall, Private Peter Roth, Private John Harrington, and Private George W. Smith, as part of General Nelson A. Miles Sixth Cavalry when they were encircled at sunrise by a "large band of Kiowa and Comanche warriors" near the Washita River.{{cite book |last=Dixon |first=O. |title=Life and Adventures of "Billy" Dixon |year=1914 |publisher=Guthrie: Co-operative Publishing Company}}

Dismounting, George Smith was mortally wounded.{{rp|255}} Soon, Woodall, Harrington, Dixon and Chapman were wounded.{{rp|257}} All except Smith and Chapman had by noon made their way to a nearby bison wallow ten feet in diameter, where they used their hands and knives to throw up the sandy dirt all around the sides.{{rp|258}} Sitting upright, each man "fired deliberately, taking good aim, and were picking off an indian at almost every round."{{rp|259}} Dixon eventually ran for Chapman, whose left knee had been shattered, and carried him back to the wallow.{{rp|260}} By 3 PM, a thunderstorm brought rain and relief from their thirst, but when the wind "shifted to the north", the cold brought discomfort to all parties, especially the Natives who sat on their horses out of rifle range "with their blankets drawn tightly around them."{{rp|262}} Roth went for Smith's gun and ammunition, but when Smith was discovered still alive, Roth and Dixon brought Smith back to the wallow where he died during the night.{{rp|263 and 267}} At daylight, Dixon went for help, soon encountering troops under the command of Major Price.{{rp|269}} For their participation in what became known as the Battle of Buffalo Wallow or the Buffalo Wallow Fight, Woodall and the five men under his command were awarded the Medal of Honor.Anderson, H. Allen. [https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/btb03 "Buffalo Wallow Fight"], Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved May 27, 2011.Lively, Garland R. (2009). [http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/19thcentury/articles/redriverwar.aspx "General Phillip Sheridan's Southern Plains Campaign of 1874–1875"], MilitaryHistoryOnline.com. Retrieved May 26, 2011.

The medal is presently on display at the Panhandle–Plains Historical Museum in Canyon, Texas. His medal along with that of Amos Chapman was revoked after a records review that was conducted from 1916-1917 found that they were ineligible because they were civilian scouts.{{cite web |title=PPHM Owned Battlesites |url=http://www.panhandleplains.org/p/about/283 |publisher=PPHM |accessdate=19 September 2018}} In 1989 an Army Board of Correction of Records reinstated the awards.

A Texas Historical Marker documents the battle site.{{cite web |title=Buffalo Wallow Battleground |url=https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=71790 |website=HMdb.org |accessdate=19 September 2018}}

Later years and death

File:Billy Dixon grave marker.jpg

In 1883, Dixon returned to civilian life and built a home near the Adobe Walls site. He was postmaster there for 20 years and served as the first sheriff of newly formed Hutchinson County. He also served as state land commissioner and a justice of the peace.

In 1894, Dixon married Olive King Dixon of Virginia, who for nearly three years was the only woman in Hutchinson County. They had seven children. In 1902, the family moved to Plemons for schooling for their children.{{cite web |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hrp44 |title=The Handbook of Texas Online: Plemons, TX |first=H. Allen |last=Anderson |access-date=25 February 2019 |work=Texas State Historical Association |publisher=The University of Texas at Austin}} In 1906 they moved to Oklahoma.

Dixon died from pneumonia at his Cimarron County homestead in 1913 and was buried in Adobe Walls battle site in Hutchinson County.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WkDXDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT166 |title=Palo Duro |first=Max |last=Knight |publisher=Page Publishing Inc |date=5 January 2017 |page=166 |isbn=9781684091027}} On his deathbed, he told Olive his complete life story, which she penned and later published. In 1929 his body was reinterred at Adobe Walls.

Dixon Creek in southern Hutchinson County was named for him, as is the Billy Dixon Masonic Lodge in Fritch. A plaque commemorating his Medal of Honor was formally dedicated in 1992.

The Historical Breechloading Smallarms Association, England, holds a shooting competition to commemorate his incredible long-distance shot. Known as the Vintage Rifle Open Long Range Championships, it is shot at a distance of 1,000 yards using black-powder cartridge rifles of that era, and is strongly contested from shooters all over the United Kingdom.{{cite web |author=Eazyweb Internet Services |url=http://www.hbsa-uk.isonlinehere.com/home.php?page_id=8 |title=HBSA Front page logo |work=Historical Breechloading Smallarmas Association |access-date=October 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150816012959/http://www.hbsa-uk.isonlinehere.com/home.php?page_id=8 |archive-date=August 16, 2015 |url-status=live }}

Sources

{{cite web |accessdate=September 24, 2010 |url=http://www.amarillo.com/stories/051900/his_dixon.html |title=Billy Dixon}}
{{cite web |accessdate=September 24, 2010 |url=http://www.mobeetie.com/pages/rrwar.htm |title=Red River War}}
Life of Billy Dixon - Author: Olive K. Dixon
Gilbert, Miles; Remiger, Leo; Cunningham, Sharon. Encyclopedia of Buffalo Hunters and Skinners. Vol. 1: A-D; (2003) Pioneer Press, TN; {{ISBN|1-877704-37-7}}.
Remiger, Leo; Gilbert, Miles; Cunningham, Sharon. Encyclopedia of Buffalo Hunters and Skinners. Vol. 2: E-K; (2006) Pioneer Press, TN; {{ISBN|1-877704-89-X}}.
{{cite web |accessdate=September 24, 2010 |url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/btb03 |title=The Handbook of Texas History: Buffalo Wallow Fight}}
{{cite web|accessdate=September 24, 2010 |url=http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/shell-county.htm |title=Texas Historical Commission: Hemphill County: Marker 565 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225022100/http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/shell-county.htm |archivedate=February 25, 2013 |df=mdy }}
John L. McCarty. Adobe Walls Bride: The Story of Billy and Olive Dixon San Antonio, TX: Naylor, 1955.

References

External links

{{Gutenberg author | id=43071| name=Billy Dixon}}
{{Internet Archive author |sname=Billy Dixon |sopt=t}}
{{cite web |accessdate=September 24, 2010 |url=http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-29402:1|title=Life and Adventures of "Billy" Dixon, of Adobe Walls, Texas Panhandle|publisher =Portal to Texas History}}. Full-text also available at [https://archive.org/details/lifeandadventur00dixogoog Internet Archive]

{{Succession box

| before = Confederate Army sniper
(name unknown)

| after = Carlos Hathcock

| title = Longest confirmed combat sniper-shot kill

| years = 1874-1967
{{convert|1406|m|yd|0|abbr=on}}
Sharps .50-90 w/ .50-90 Sharps

}}

Category:1850 births

Category:1913 deaths

Category:American people of the Indian Wars

Category:Bison hunters

Category:Civilian recipients of the Medal of Honor

Category:People from Ohio County, West Virginia