Login
Login

Demographics of Europe

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}

[[File:European countries by population (2025).svg |thumb|upright=1.2| European countries by population in 2025

{{br}}

{{Legend|#501628|More than 100 million}}

{{Legend|#78213d|Between 30 and 100 million}}

{{Legend|#a42d53|Between 10 and 30 million}}

{{Legend|#cc4771|Between 3 and 10 million}}

{{Legend|#d87393|Between 1 and 3 million}}

{{Legend|#e9afc1|Between 0.3 and 1 million}}

{{Legend|#f4d7e0|Less than 0.3 million}}]]

File:Demographics of Europe.svg in 2021]]

Figures for the population of Europe vary according to the particular definition of Europe's boundaries. In 2018, Europe had a total population of over 751 million people.{{UN_Population|ref}} 448 million of them lived in the European Union and 110 million in European Russia; Russia is the most populous country in Europe.

Europe's population growth is low, and its median age high. Most of Europe is in a mode of sub-replacement fertility, which means that each new(-born) generation is less populous than the one before.[https://web.archive.org/web/20121028012124/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Analytical-Figures/htm/fig_8.htm "Figure 8: Population by Total Fertility (millions)"] in World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2011) Nonetheless, most West European countries still have growing populations, mainly due to immigration within Europe and from outside Europe and some due to increases in life expectancy and population momentum. Some current and past factors in European demography have included emigration, ethnic relations, economic immigration, a declining birth rate and an ageing population.

History

{{further|World population estimates#By world region}}

{{see also|Classical demography|Demography of the Roman Empire|Medieval demography}}

= Prehistory =

Approximately 5,000–130,000 people lived in Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum about 20,000 years ago.{{cite journal |title=Estimates of Upper Palaeolithic meta-population size in Europe from archaeological data |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=November 2005 |volume=32 |issue=11 |pages=1656–1668 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.006 |bibcode=2005JArSc..32.1656B |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440305001159 |last1=Bocquet-Appel |first1=Jean-Pierre |last2=Demars |first2=Pierre-Yves |last3=Noiret |first3=Lorette |last4=Dobrowsky |first4=Dmitry |url-access=subscription }}{{cite journal |title=Human population dynamics in Europe over the Last Glacial Maximum |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=22 June 2015 |volume=112 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1503784112 |doi-access=free |last1=Tallavaara |first1=Miikka |last2=Luoto |first2=Miska |last3=Korhonen |first3=Natalia |last4=Järvinen |first4=Heikki |last5=Seppä |first5=Heikki |issue=27 |pages=8232–8237 |pmid=26100880 |pmc=4500234 |bibcode=2015PNAS..112.8232T }}

According to Volker Heyd, an archaeologist at the University of Helsinki, up to 7 million people lived in Neolithic Europe in 3000 BCE.{{cite news |title=The first Europeans weren't who you might think |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319032852/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/first-europeans-immigrants-genetic-testing-feature |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 March 2021 |work=National Geographic |date=August 2019}}

According to archaeologist Johannes Müller, the European population was about 1 million around 6500 BCE but increased to 8 million in 2000 BCE.{{Cite book |last=Müller |first=Johannes |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dpc1 |title=Paradigm Found: Archaeological Theory – Present, Past and Future. Essays in Honour of Evžen Neustupný |publisher=Oxbow Books |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-78297-770-4 |chapter=EIGHT MILLION NEOLITHIC EUROPEANS: SOCIAL DEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL ARCHAEOLOGY ON THE SCOPE OF CHANGE – FROM THE NEAR EAST TO SCANDINAVIA |doi=10.2307/j.ctvh1dpc1 |jstor=j.ctvh1dpc1 |chapter-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dpc1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103192135/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dpc1 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |access-date=3 January 2024 |url-status=bot: unknown }}

;Estimates of historical population sizes of Europe (including Central Asia, listed under "former USSR") based on Maddison (2007),Angus Maddison, The World Economy: Historical Statistics, Statistical Appendix (2007, ggdc.net). Estimates cited are for the beginning of the 1st millennium ("year 0"), the beginning of the 2nd millennium ("year 1000"), and for the beginning each century since the 16th (years 1820 and 1913 are given for the 19th and 20th century, respectively, as Maddison presents detailed estimates for these years), and a projection for the year 2030. in millions, with estimated percentage of world population:

class="wikitable"

!rowspan=2| Year

!colspan=2|Population

Millions% of
world total
scope="row"| AD 1

| 34||15%

scope="row"| 1000

| 40||15%

scope="row"| 1500

| 78||18%

scope="row"| 1600

| 112||20%

scope="row"| 1700

| 127||21%

scope="row"| 1820

| 224||21%

scope="row"| 1913

| 498 ||28%

scope="row"| 2000

| 742 ||13%

= Past populations of Europe in modern national borders, AD 1–2020 =

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"

|+Population by year (in thousands)

scope="col" |Country/region

! scope="col" |1

! scope="col" |1000

! scope="col" |1500

! scope="col" |1600

! scope="col" |1700

! scope="col" |1820

! scope="col" |1870

! scope="col" |1913

! scope="col" |1950

! scope="col" |1973

! scope="col" |1998

! scope="col" |2020

scope="row"| Austria

|{{val|500}}{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/1/www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf|title=Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820|author=Maddison|access-date=27 July 2016 }}

|{{val|700}}

|{{val|2,000}}

|{{val|2,500}}

|{{val|2,500}}

|{{val|3,369}}

|{{val|4,520}}

|{{val|6,767}}

|{{val|6,935}}

|{{val|7,586}}

|{{val|8,078}}

|{{val|8,901}}

scope="row"| Belgium

|{{val|300}}

|{{val|400}}

|{{val|1,400}}

|{{val|1,600}}

|{{val|2,000}}

|{{val|3,424}}

|{{val|5,096}}

|{{val|7,666}}

|{{val|8,640}}

|{{val|9,738}}

|{{val|10,197}}

|{{val|11,493}}

scope="row"| Denmark

|{{val|180}}

|{{val|360}}

|{{val|600}}

|{{val|650}}

|{{val|700}}

|{{val|1,155}}

|{{val|1,888}}

|{{val|2,983}}

|{{val|4,269}}

|{{val|5,022}}

|{{val|5,303}}

|{{val|5,823}}

scope="row"| Finland

|{{val|20}}

|{{val|40}}

|{{val|300}}

|{{val|400}}

|{{val|400}}

|{{val|1,169}}

|{{val|1,754}}

|{{val|3,027}}

|{{val|4,009}}

|{{val|4,666}}

|{{val|5,153}}

|{{val|5,536}}

scope="row"| France

|{{val|5,000}}

|{{val|6,500}}

|{{val|15,000}}

|{{val|18,500}}

|{{val|21,471}}

|{{val|31,246}}

|{{val|38,440}}

|{{val|41,463}}

|{{val|41,836}}

|{{val|52,118}}

|{{val|58,805}}

|{{val|67,287}}

scope="row"| Germany

|{{val|3,000}}

|{{val|3,500}}

|{{val|12,000}}

|{{val|16,000}}

|{{val|15,000}}

|{{val|24,905}}

|{{val|39,231}}

|{{val|65,058}}

|{{val|68,371}}

|{{val|78,956}}

|{{val|82,029}}

|{{val|83,191}}

scope="row"| Italy

|{{val|7,000}}

|{{val|5,000}}

|{{val|10,500}}

|{{val|13,100}}

|{{val|13,300}}

|{{val|20,176}}

|{{val|27,888}}

|{{val|37,248}}

|{{val|47,105}}

|{{val|54,751}}

|{{val|57,592}}

|{{val|59,258}}

scope="row"| Netherlands

|{{val|200}}

|{{val|300}}

|{{val|950}}

|{{val|1,500}}

|{{val|1,900}}

|{{val|2,355}}

|{{val|3,615}}

|{{val|6,164}}

|{{val|10,114}}

|{{val|13,438}}

|{{val|15,700}}

|{{val|17,425}}

scope="row"| Norway

|{{val|100}}

|{{val|200}}

|{{val|300}}

|{{val|400}}

|{{val|500}}

|{{val|970}}

|{{val|1,735}}

|{{val|2,447}}

|{{val|3,265}}

|{{val|3,961}}

|{{val|4,432}}

|{{val|5,368}}

scope="row"| Sweden

|{{val|200}}

|{{val|400}}

|{{val|550}}

|{{val|760}}

|{{val|1,260}}

|{{val|2,585}}

|{{val|4,164}}

|{{val|5,621}}

|{{val|7,015}}

|{{val|8,137}}

|{{val|8,851}}

|{{val|10,379}}

scope="row"| Switzerland

|{{val|300}}

|{{val|300}}

|{{val|650}}

|{{val|1,000}}

|{{val|1,200}}

|{{val|1,829}}

|{{val|2,664}}

|{{val|3,864}}

|{{val|4,694}}

|{{val|6,441}}

|{{val|7,130}}

|{{val|8,667}}

scope="row"| United Kingdom

|{{val|800}}

|{{val|2,000}}

|{{val|3,942}}

|{{val|6,170}}

|{{val|8,565}}

|{{val|21,226}}

|{{val|31,393}}

|{{val|45,649}}

|{{val|50,363}}

|{{val|56,223}}

|{{val|59,237}}

|{{val|67,886}}

scope="row"| Portugal

|{{val|500}}

|{{val|600}}

|{{val|1,000}}

|{{val|1,100}}

|{{val|2,000}}

|{{val|3,297}}

|{{val|4,353}}

|{{val|6,004}}

|{{val|8,512}}

|{{val|8,634}}

|{{val|9,968}}

|{{val|10,305}}

scope="row"| Spain

|{{val|4,500}}

|{{val|4,000}}

|{{val|6,800}}

|{{val|8,240}}

|{{val|8,770}}

|{{val|12,203}}

|{{val|16,201}}

|{{val|20,263}}

|{{val|27,868}}

|{{val|34,810}}

|{{val|39,371}}

|{{val|48,692}}

scope="row"| Greece

|{{val|2,000}}

|{{val|1,000}}

|{{val|1,000}}

|{{val|1,500}}

|{{val|1,500}}

|{{val|2,312}}

|{{val

}

|{{val|}}

|{{val|7,554}}

|{{val|8,929}}

|{{val|10,835}}

|{{val|10,689}}

|-

!scope="row"| 13 small countries

|{{val|100}}

|{{val|113}}

|{{val|276}}

|{{val|358}}

|{{val|394}}

|{{val|657}}

|{{val|}}

|{{val|}}

|{{val|}}

|{{val|}}

|{{val|}}

|{{val|}}

|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"

!scope="row"| Total Western Europe

|{{val|24,700}}

|{{val|25,413}}

|{{val|57,268}}

|{{val|73,778}}

|{{val|81,460}}

|{{val|132,888}}

|{{val|187,532}}

|{{val|261,007}}

|{{val|305,060}}

|{{val|358,390}}

|{{val|388,399}}

|{{val|419,639}}

|-

!scope="row"| Albania

|{{val|200}}

|{{val|200}}

|{{val|200}}

|{{val|200}}

|{{val|300}}

|{{val|437}}

||||

|{{val|1,215}}

|{{val|2,296}}

|{{val|3,108}}

|{{val|2,878}}

|-

!scope="row"| Bulgaria

|{{val|500}}

|{{val|800}}

|{{val|800}}

|{{val|1,250}}

|{{val|1,250}}

|{{val|2,187}}

||

|{{val|4,200}}

|{{val|7,251}}

|{{val|8,621}}

|{{val|8,257}}

|{{val|6,917}}

|-

!scope="row"| Czechoslovakia

|{{val|1,000}}

|{{val|1,250}}

|{{val|3,000}}

|{{val|4,500}}

|{{val|4,500}}

|{{val|7,190}}

||

|{{val|}}

|{{val|12,393}}

|{{val|14,563}}

|{{val|15,686}}

|{{val|16,366}}

|-

!scope="row"| - Czech Rep.

|

|

|

|

|

|

||

|

|{{val|10,221}}

|{{val|8,930}}

|{{val|10,295}}

|{{val|10,702}}

|-

!scope="row"| - Slovakia

|

|

|

|

|

|

||

|{{val|}}

|{{val|3,463}}

|{{val|4,642}}

|{{val|5,391}}

|{{val|5,460}}

|-

!scope="row"| Hungary

|{{val|300}}

|{{val|500}}

|{{val|1,250}}

|{{val|1,250}}

|{{val|1,500}}

|{{val|4,571}}

|||

|{{val|9,338}}

|{{val|10,432}}

|{{val|10,237}}

|{{val|9,770}}

|-

!scope="row"| Poland

|{{val|450}}

|{{val|1,200}}

|{{val|4,000}}

|{{val|5,000}}

|{{val|6,000}}

|{{val|10,426}}

|||

|{{val|25,753}}

|{{val|33,363}}

|{{val|38,666}}

|{{val|38,268}}

|-

!scope="row"| Romania

|{{val|800}}

|{{val|800}}

|{{val|2,000}}

|{{val|2,000}}

|{{val|2,500}}

|{{val|6,389}}

||

|{{val|7,360}}

|{{val|16,311}}

|{{val|20,828}}

|{{val|22,503}}

|{{val|19,266}}

|-

!scope="row"| Yugoslavia

|{{val|1,500}}

|{{val|1,750}}

|{{val|2,250}}

|{{val|2,750}}

|{{val|2,750}}

|{{val|5,215}}

||||

|{{val|16,578}}

|{{val|21,088}}

|

|

|-

|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"

!scope="row"| Eastern Europe

|{{val|4,750}}

|{{val|6,500}}

|{{val|13,500}}

|{{val|16,950}}

|{{val|18,800}}

|{{val|36,415}}

|{{val|52,182}}

|{{val|79,604}}

|{{val|139,428}}

|{{val|173,037}}

|{{val|164,513}}

|{{val|151,529}}

|-

|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"

!scope="row"| Former USSR

|{{val|3,900}}

|{{val|7,100}}

|{{val|16,950}}

|{{val|20,700}}

|{{val|26,550}}

|{{val|54,765}}

|{{val|88,672}}

|{{val|156,192}}

|{{val|180,050}}

|{{val|249,748}}

|{{val|290,866}}

|{{val|299,173}}

|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"

!scope="row"| - Russia

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|{{val|102,833}}

|{{val|132,434}}

|{{val|147,671}}

|{{val|146,171}}

|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"

!scope="row"| - Ukraine

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|{{val|31,142}}

|{{val|36,905}}

|{{val|48,274}}

|{{val|50,370}}

|{{val|41,902}}

|-style="background-color:#f0f0f0"

!scope="row"| World

|{{val|230,820}}

|{{val|268,273}}

|{{val|437,818}}

|{{val|555,828}}

|{{val|603,410}}

|{{val|1,04,1092}}

|{{val|1,270,014}}

|{{val|1,791,020}}

|{{val|2,524,531}}

|{{val|3,913,482}}

|{{val|5,907,680}}

|{{val|7,800,000}}

|}

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"

|+(%) Percentages of world population, by year

scope="col" |Country/region

! scope="col" |1

! scope="col" |1000

! scope="col" |1500

! scope="col" |1600

! scope="col" |1700

! scope="col" |1820

! scope="col" |1870

! scope="col" |1913

! scope="col" |1950

! scope="col" |1973

! scope="col" |1998

! scope="col" |2018

scope="row"| Austria

|0.2

|0.3

|0.5

|0.4

|0.4

|0.3

|0.4

|0.4

|0.3

|0.2

|0.1

|

scope="row"| Belgium

|0.1

|0.1

|0.3

|0.3

|0.3

|0.3

|0.4

|0.4

|0.3

|0.2

|0.2

|

scope="row"| Denmark

|0.1

|0.1

|0.1

|0.1

|0.1

|0.1

|0.1

|0.2

|0.2

|0.1

|0.1

|

scope="row"| Finland

|0.0

|0.0

|0.1

|0.1

|0.1

|0.1

|0.1

|0.2

|0.2

|0.1

|0.1

|

scope="row"| France

|2.2

|2.4

|3.4

|3.3

|3.6

|3.0

|3.0

|2.3

|1.7

|1.3

|1.0

|

scope="row"| Germany

|1.3

|1.3

|2.7

|2.9

|2.5

|2.4

|3.1

|3.6

|2.7

|2.0

|1.4

|

scope="row"| Italy

|3.0

|1.9

|2.4

|2.4

|2.2

|1.9

|2.2

|2.1

|1.9

|1.4

|1.0

|

scope="row"| Netherlands

|0.1

|0.1

|0.2

|0.3

|0.3

|0.2

|0.3

|0.3

|0.4

|0.3

|0.3

|

scope="row"| Norway

|0.0

|0.1

|0.1

|0.1

|0.1

|0.1

|0.1

|0.1

|0.1

|0.1

|0.1

|

scope="row"| Sweden

|0.1

|0.1

|0.1

|0.1

|0.2

|0.2

|0.3

|0.3

|0.3

|0.2

|0.1

|

scope="row"| Switzerland

|0.1

|0.1

|0.1

|0.2

|0.2

|0.2

|0.2

|0.2

|0.2

|0.2

|0.1

|

scope="row"| United Kingdom

|0.3

|0.7

|0.9

|1.1

|1.4

|2.0

|2.5

|2.5

|2.0

|1.4

|1.0

|

scope="row"| Portugal

|0.2

|0.2

|0.2

|0.2

|0.3

|0.3

|0.3

|0.3

|0.3

|0.2

|0.2

|

scope="row"| Spain

|1.9

|1.5

|1.6

|1.5

|1.5

|1.2

|1.3

|1.1

|1.1

|0.9

|0.7

|

scope="row"| Other

|0.9

|0.4

|0.3

|0.3

|0.3

|0.3

|0.4

|0.4

|0.5

|0.4

|0.3

|

style="background-color:#f0f0f0"

!scope="row"| Total Western Europe

|10.7

|9.5

|13.1

|13.3

|13.5

|12.8

|14.8

|14.6

|12.1

|9.2

|6.6

|

style="background-color:#f0f0f0"

!scope="row"| Eastern Europe

|2.1

|2.4

|3.1

|3.0

|3.1

|3.5

|4.1

|4.4

|3.5

|2.8

|2.0

|

style="background-color:#f0f0f0"

!scope="row"| Former USSR

|1.7

|2.6

|3.9

|3.7

|4.4

|5.3

|7.0

|8.7

|7.1

|6.4

|4.9

|

style="background-color:#f0f0f0"

!scope="row"| Total Europe

|14.5

|14.5

|20.1

|20.0

|21.0

|21.6

|25.9

|27.7

|22.7

|18.4

|13.5

|9.8{{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/europe-population/|title=Europe Population (LIVE)|website=worldometers.info}}

style="background-color:#f0f0f0"

!scope="row"| World

|100.0

|100.0

|100.0

|100.0

|100.0

|100.0

|100.0

|100.0

|100.0

|100.0

|100.0

|100.0

:Note: These numbers do not include the population of European countries' colonies. Only population within Europe.

Total population

File:Europe population pyramid 2023.svg ]]

File:Europe population pyramid from 1950 to 2023.gif

330,000,000 people lived in Europe in 1916.{{cite book|year=1916|access-date=17 May 2014|publisher=John C. Winston Company|editor=Charles Morris|title=Winston's Cumulative ...: Encyclopedia; a Comprehensive Reference Book, Volume 4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNFAAQAAMAAJ}} In 1950 there were 549,000,000. The population of Europe in 2015 was estimated to be 741 million according to the United Nations,{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/wpp/|title=World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision|publisher=UN – Department of Economic and Social Affairs|access-date=27 January 2018}} which was slightly less than 11% of the world population. The precise figure depends on the exact definition of the geographic extent of Europe. The population of the European Union (EU) was 509 million as of 2015.{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1|title=Eurostat: Population on 1 January|publisher=European Commission|access-date=27 January 2018}} Non-EU countries situated in Europe in their entiretyPopulation in million: Albania 2.9, Belarus 9.5, Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.5, Iceland 0.3, Moldova 4.1, North Macedonia 2.1, Norway 5.2, Serbia and Kosovo 8.9, Switzerland 8.3, Ukraine 44.7. account for another 90 million. Five transcontinental countriesPopulation in million: Armenia 2.9, Georgia 4.0, Kazakhstan 17.8, Russia 144, Turkey 78.3. have a total of 247 million people, of which about half reside in Europe proper.

As it stands now, around 10% of the world's people live in Europe. If demographic trends keep their pace, its share may fall to around 7% in 2050, but still amounting to 716 million people in absolute numbers, according to the United Nations estimate. (The decline in the percentage is partly due to high fertility rates in Africa and South America.) The sub-replacement fertility and high life expectancy in most European states mean a declining and aging population. High immigration and emigration levels within and from outside the continent are taking place and quickly changing countries, specifically in Western Europe, from a single ethnic group to a multicultural society. These trends can change societies' economies as well as their political and social institutions. {{how|date=August 2021}}{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

Vital statistics

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"

|+Birth and death rates, by year{{Cite web |title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/ |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=Population Division – United Nations}}

scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year

!scope="col" rowspan="2"| Average
population

!scope="col" rowspan="2"| Live births

!scope="col" rowspan="2"| Deaths

!scope="col" rowspan="2"| Natural
change

!scope="col" colspan="4"| Crude rates (per 1000)

!scope="col" rowspan="2"| Total
fertility
rate

!scope="col" rowspan="2"| Life
expectancy

scope="col"| Births

!scope="col"| Deaths

!scope="col"| Natural
change

!scope="col"| Migration
change

scope="row"| 1950

| 549,721,718

|style="color:blue"| 12,202,220

| 6,473,233

| 5,728,987

| 22.2

| 11.8

| 10.4

| -1.6

|style="color:blue"| 2.70

| 62.8

scope="row"| 1951

| 554,559,502

| 12,112,425

| 6,609,794

| 5,502,631

| 21.8

| 11.9

| 9.9

| -0.8

| 2.66

| 62.8

scope="row"| 1952

| 559,609,904

| 12,142,368

| 6,265,135

| 5,877,233

| 21.7

| 11.2

| 10.5

| -0.8

| 2.66

| 64.0

scope="row"| 1953

| 565,058,633

| 12,120,826

| 6,220,937

| 5,899,889

| 21.5

| 11.0

| 10.4

| -0.5

| 2.64

| 64.7

scope="row"| 1954

| 570,670,994

| 12,151,779

| 6,072,645

| 6,079,134

| 21.3

| 10.6

| 10.7

| -0.8

| 2.64

| 65.5

scope="row"| 1955

| 576,304,974

| 12,134,270

| 5,987,151

| 6,147,119

| 21.1

| 10.4

| 10.7

| -0.9

| 2.63

| 66.0

scope="row"| 1956

| 581,975,516

| 12,133,583

| 5,899,594

| 6,233,989

| 20.8

| 10.1

| 10.7

| -0.8

| 2.62

| 66.9

scope="row"| 1957

| 587,711,635

| 12,194,100

| 5,963,269

| 6,230,831

| 20.7

| 10.1

| 10.6

| -0.5

| 2.62

| 66.9

scope="row"| 1958

| 593,669,297

| 12,177,600

|style="color:blue"| 5,647,571

|style="color:blue"| 6,530,029

| 20.5

| 9.5

|style="color:blue"| 11.0

| -0.9

| 2.60

| 68.2

scope="row"| 1959

| 599,684,870

| 12,178,245

| 5,816,056

| 6,362,189

| 20.3

| 9.7

| 10.6

| -0.7

| 2.60

| 68.1

scope="row"| 1960

| 605,629,870

| 12,098,378

| 5,783,828

| 6,314,550

| 20.0

| 9.6

| 10.4

| -0.4

| 2.58

| 68.8

scope="row"| 1961

| 611,711,020

| 11,990,399

| 5,749,292

| 6,241,107

| 19.6

| 9.4

| 10.2

| -0.5

| 2.56

| 69.1

scope="row"| 1962

| 617,672,206

| 11,784,056

| 6,023,706

| 5,760,350

| 19.1

| 9.8

| 9.3

| -0.1

| 2.53

| 68.9

scope="row"| 1963

| 623,335,994

| 11,654,646

| 6,031,219

| 5,623,427

| 18.7

| 9.7

| 9.0

| 0

| 2.52

| 69.2

scope="row"| 1964

| 628,944,878

| 11,467,618

| 5,843,514

| 5,624,104

| 18.2

|style="color:blue"| 9.3

| 8.9

| -0.4

| 2.50

| 69.9

scope="row"| 1965

| 634,267,606

| 11,141,596

| 6,058,752

| 5,082,844

| 17.6

| 9.6

| 8.0

| -0.1

| 2.45

| 69.8

scope="row"| 1966

| 639,264,461

| 10,950,076

| 6,074,808

| 4,875,268

| 17.1

| 9.5

| 7.6

| 0

| 2.42

| 70.0

scope="row"| 1967

| 644,114,436

| 10,969,039

| 6,204,646

| 4,764,393

| 17.0

| 9.6

| 7.4

| -0.4

| 2.42

| 70.0

scope="row"| 1968

| 648,610,191

| 10,821,004

| 6,427,622

| 4,393,382

| 16.7

| 9.9

| 6.8

| -0.4

| 2.38

| 69.9

scope="row"| 1969

| 652,740,596

| 10,685,498

| 6,652,543

| 4,032,955

| 16.4

| 10.2

| 6.2

| -0.4

| 2.33

| 69.6

scope="row"| 1970

| 656,521,426

| 10,568,071

| 6,602,177

| 3,965,894

| 16.1

| 10.1

| 6.0

| 0

| 2.28

| 70.0

scope="row"| 1971

| 660,476,010

| 10,662,541

| 6,675,051

| 3,987,490

| 16.1

| 10.1

| 6.0

| 0.5

| 2.27

| 70.1

scope="row"| 1972

| 664,799,679

| 10,499,844

| 6,699,913

| 3,799,931

| 15.8

| 10.1

| 5.7

| 0.5

| 2.21

| 70.3

scope="row"| 1973

| 668,909,022

| 10,322,172

| 6,814,598

| 3,507,574

| 15.4

| 10.2

| 5.2

| 0.8

| 2.14

| 70.4

scope="row"| 1974

| 672,912,941

| 10,406,013

| 6,818,259

| 3,587,754

| 15.5

| 10.1

| 5.3

| 0.4

| 2.13

| 70.6

scope="row"| 1975

| 676,770,845

| 10,285,047

| 7,009,188

| 3,275,859

| 15.2

| 10.4

| 4.8

| 0.5

| 2.07

| 70.5

scope="row"| 1976

| 680,361,150

| 10,242,399

| 7,085,837

| 3,156,562

| 15.1

| 10.4

| 4.6

| 0.5

| 2.03

| 70.6

scope="row"| 1977

| 683,848,710

| 10,171,264

| 7,039,667

| 3,131,597

| 14.9

| 10.3

| 4.6

| 0.2

| 1.99

| 70.9

scope="row"| 1978

| 687,149,553

| 10,143,418

| 7,183,531

| 2,959,887

| 14.8

| 10.5

| 4.3

| 0.3

| 1.96

| 70.9

scope="row"| 1979

| 690,287,705

| 10,159,933

| 7,268,744

| 2,891,189

| 14.7

| 10.5

| 4.2

| 0.4

| 1.95

| 71.0

scope="row"| 1980

| 693,437,228

| 10,156,371

| 7,422,720

| 2,733,651

| 14.6

| 10.7

| 3.9

| 0.4

| 1.93

| 70.9

scope="row"| 1981

| 696,429,190

| 10,053,030

| 7,404,116

| 2,648,914

| 14.4

| 10.6

| 3.8

| 0.2

| 1.89

| 71.2

scope="row"| 1982

| 699,220,370

| 10,102,647

| 7,373,734

| 2,728,913

| 14.4

| 10.5

| 3.9

| 0.1

| 1.89

| 71.5

scope="row"| 1983

| 702,014,774

| 10,078,184

| 7,562,097

| 2,516,087

| 14.4

| 10.8

| 3.6

| 0.4

| 1.87

| 71.5

scope="row"| 1984

| 704,798,623

| 10,050,688

| 7,584,914

| 2,465,774

| 14.3

| 10.8

| 3.5

| 0.4

| 1.86

| 71.6

scope="row"| 1985

| 707,516,287

| 9,969,920

| 7,702,883

| 2,267,037

| 14.1

| 10.9

| 3.2

| 0.9

| 1.84

| 71.7

scope="row"| 1986

| 710,385,076

| 9,987,274

| 7,423,641

| 2,563,633

| 14.1

| 10.5

| 3.6

| 0.7

| 1.84

| 72.5

scope="row"| 1987

| 713,465,338

| 9,966,304

| 7,407,417

| 2,558,887

| 14.0

| 10.4

| 3.6

| 0.6

| 1.84

| 72.7

scope="row"| 1988

| 716,444,431

| 9,840,567

| 7,475,880

| 2,364,687

| 13.7

| 10.4

| 3.3

| 0.4

| 1.82

| 72.8

scope="row"| 1989

| 719,107,883

| 9,495,117

| 7,527,904

| 1,967,213

| 13.2

| 10.5

| 2.7

| 0.6

| 1.76

| 72.9

scope="row"| 1990

| 721,497,282

| 9,235,425

| 7,681,197

| 1,554,228

| 12.8

| 10.6

| 2.2

| 0.7

| 1.72

| 72.9

scope="row"| 1991

| 723,602,898

| 8,888,909

| 7,796,555

| 1,092,354

| 12.3

| 10.8

| 1.5

| 0.8

| 1.66

| 72.9

scope="row"| 1992

| 725,259,493

| 8,523,515

| 7,935,829

| 587,686

| 11.8

| 10.9

| 0.8

| 0.8

| 1.60

| 72.7

scope="row"| 1993

| 726,441,892

| 8,138,793

| 8,412,609

|style="color:red"| -273,816

| 11.2

| 11.6

|style="color:red"| -0.4

| 1.4

| 1.53

| 72.1

scope="row"| 1994

| 727,063,162

| 7,913,453

| 8,492,472

|style="color:red"| -579,019

| 10.9

| 11.7

|style="color:red"| -0.8

| 1.1

| 1.50

| 72.1

scope="row"| 1995

| 727,300,408

| 7,663,831

| 8,553,348

|style="color:red"| -889,517

| 10.5

| 11.8

|style="color:red"| -1.2

| 1.4

| 1.46

| 72.2

scope="row"| 1996

| 727,453,566

| 7,581,575

| 8,394,631

|style="color:red"| -813,056

| 10.4

| 11.5

|style="color:red"| -1.1

| 1.3

| 1.45

| 72.7

scope="row"| 1997

| 727,566,480

| 7,476,674

| 8,240,385

|style="color:red"| -763,711

| 10.3

| 11.3

|style="color:red"| -1.0

| 0.8

| 1.43

| 73.2

scope="row"| 1998

|style="color:red"| 727,445,606

| 7,369,527

| 8,193,143

|style="color:red"| -823,616

| 10.1

| 11.3

|style="color:red"| -1.1

| 0.6

| 1.42

| 73.6

scope="row"| 1999

|style="color:red"| 727,100,016

| 7,264,382

| 8,402,774

|style="color:red"| -1,138,392

| 10.0

| 11.6

|style="color:red"| -1.6

| 1.4

|style="color:red"| 1.40

| 73.4

scope="row"| 2000

|style="color:red"| 726,968,473

| 7,325,763

| 8,401,888

|style="color:red"| -1,076,125

| 10.1

| 11.6

|style="color:red"| -1.5

| 1.4

| 1.42

| 73.5

scope="row"| 2001

|style="color:red"| 726,878,371

| 7,277,594

| 8,364,598

|style="color:red"| -1,087,004

| 10.0

| 11.5

|style="color:red"| -1.5

| 1.6

| 1.41

| 73.8

scope="row"| 2002

| 726,939,358

| 7,330,526

| 8,520,890

|style="color:red"| -1,190,364

| 10.1

| 11.7

|style="color:red"| -1.6

| 2.3

| 1.42

| 73.8

scope="row"| 2003

| 727,424,988

| 7,442,475

| 8,655,471

|style="color:red"| -1,212,996

| 10.2

| 11.9

|style="color:red"| -1.7

| 2.7

| 1.45

| 73.8

scope="row"| 2004

| 728,163,243

| 7,558,652

| 8,381,363

|style="color:red"| -822,711

| 10.4

| 11.5

|style="color:red"| -1.1

| 2.2

| 1.47

| 74.4

scope="row"| 2005

| 728,950,486

| 7,568,637

| 8,494,391

|style="color:red"| -925,754

| 10.4

| 11.7

|style="color:red"| -1.3

| 2.5

| 1.47

| 74.5

scope="row"| 2006

| 729,857,708

| 7,703,029

| 8,237,212

|style="color:red"| -534,183

| 10.6

| 11.3

|style="color:red"| -0.7

| 2.8

| 1.50

| 75.2

scope="row"| 2007

| 731,393,136

| 7,886,129

| 8,187,820

|style="color:red"| -301,691

| 10.8

| 11.2

|style="color:red"| -0.4

| 2.9

| 1.54

| 75.6

scope="row"| 2008

| 733,256,182

| 8,169,398

| 8,195,293

|style="color:red"| -25,895

| 11.1

| 11.2

|style="color:red"| 0.0

| 2.2

| 1.59

| 75.8

scope="row"| 2009

| 734,902,805

| 8,208,268

| 8,099,043

| 109,225

| 11.2

| 11.0

| 0.1

| 1.8

| 1.60

| 76.3

scope="row"| 2010

| 736,276,813

| 8,227,484

| 8,128,387

| 99,097

| 11.2

| 11.0

| 0.1

| 1.7

| 1.61

| 76.5

scope="row"| 2011

| 737,589,666

| 8,132,980

| 7,958,960

| 174,020

| 11.0

| 10.8

| 0.2

| 1.6

| 1.60

| 77.1

scope="row"| 2012

| 738,907,594

| 8,178,804

| 8,078,292

| 100,512

| 11.1

| 10.9

| 0.1

| 1.4

| 1.62

| 77.3

scope="row"| 2013

| 740,013,806

| 8,039,791

| 8,033,963

| 5,828

| 10.9

| 10.9

| 0.0

| 1.4

| 1.60

| 77.6

scope="row"| 2014

| 741,014,147

| 8,067,454

| 7,955,740

| 111,714

| 10.9

| 10.7

| 0.2

| 1.3

| 1.62

| 77.9

scope="row"| 2015

| 742,107,449

| 8,004,465

| 8,177,599

|style="color:red"| -173,134

| 10.8

| 11.0

|style="color:red"| -0.2

| 1.8

| 1.62

| 78.0

scope="row"| 2016

| 743,318,582

| 7,950,684

| 8,009,194

|style="color:red"| -58,510

| 10.7

| 10.8

|style="color:red"| -0.1

| 1.6

| 1.62

| 78.4

scope="row"| 2017

| 744,449,361

| 7,617,755

| 8,076,159

|style="color:red"| -458,404

| 10.2

| 10.8

|style="color:red"| -0.6

| 1.8

| 1.56

| 78.7

scope="row"| 2018

| 745,359,130

| 7,375,157

| 8,112,356

|style="color:red"| -737,199

| 9.9

| 10.9

|style="color:red"| -1.0

| 2.1

| 1.53

| 78.8

scope="row"| 2019

| 746,189,645

| 7,108,392

| 8,020,246

|style="color:red"| -911,854

| 9.5

| 10.7

|style="color:red"| -1.2

| 1.2

| 1.49

| 79.1

scope="row"| 2020

| 746,225,356

| 6,938,739

| 9,119,281

|style="color:red"| -2,180,542

| 9.3

| 12.2

|style="color:red"| -2.9

| 1.5

| 1.47

| 77.7

scope="row"| 2021

|style="color:red"| 745,173,774

| 6,879,818

|style="color:red"| 9,656,398

|style="color:red"| -2,776,580

| 9.2

|style="color:red"| 13.0

|style="color:red"| -3.7

|

| 1.48

| 77.0

scope="row"| 2022

|style="color:blue"| 746,964,593

| 6,520,637

| 8,811,692

|style="color:red"| -2,291,055

| 8.7

| 11.8

|style="color:red"| -3.1

|

| 1.41

| 78.2

scope="row"| 2023

|style="color:red"| 745,602,875

|style="color:red"| 6,337,695

| 8,293,264

|style="color:red"| -1,955,569

|style="color:red"| 8.5

| 11.1

|style="color:red"| -2.6

|

|style="color:red"| 1.40

| 79.1

Population by country

File:Population density by NUTS 3 region (2017).svg and the EFTA countries, along with candidate countries (2017)]]

{{further|List of European countries by life expectancy}}

{{update|Population by country: Several censuses have been taken, starting with Albania, with vastly different/lower population numbers;Serbia, Netherlands (15 August 2024 18 mill. inh.);etc., etc.|date=August 2024}}

According to different definitions, such as consideration of the concept of Central Europe, the following territories and regions may be subject to various other categorisations aside from geographic conventions.

{{srn}}

class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers" style="text-align:right;"

|+ Population and area of European countries/territories

class="static-row-header" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"

!scope=col| Country (or territory)

!scope=col| Population
{{UN population|ref}}

!scope=col| Area
{{nobold|(km{{sup|2}})}}{{Cite web|title=United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm|access-date=2021-07-18|publisher=United Nations}}

!scope=col| Density
{{nobold|(per km{{sup|2}})}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Albania|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Albania}}|28,748}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Andorra|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Andorra}}|468}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Armenia|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Armenia}}|29,743}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Austria|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Austria}}|83,871}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Azerbaijan|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Azerbaijan}}|86,600}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Belarus|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Belarus}}|207,600}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Belgium|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Belgium}}|30,528}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Bosnia and Herzegovina|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}|51,209}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Bulgaria|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|6,520,314|110,900}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Croatia|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Croatia}}|56,594}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Cyprus|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Cyprus}}|9,251}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Czech Republic|pref=Demographics of|the=y}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Czech Republic}}|78,866}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Denmark|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Denmark}}|43,094}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Estonia|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Estonia}}|45,227}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Faroe Islands|pref=Demographics of|the=y}} {{small|(Denmark)}}

| 49,709 || 1,399 || 35.6

{{flagg|us*eft|Finland|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Finland}}|336,852}}

{{flagg|us*eft|France|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|France}}|551,500}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Georgia|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Georgia}}|69,700}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Germany|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Germany}}|357,137}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Gibraltar|pref=Demographics of}} {{small|(UK)}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Gibraltar}}|6}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Greece|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Greece}}|131,957}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Guernsey|pref=Demographics of}}{{Cref|d}}

| {{density|disp=table|65,345|63}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Hungary|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Hungary}}|93,026}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Iceland|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Iceland}}|103,000}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Ireland|pref=Demographics of|the=y}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Ireland}}|69,825}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Isle of Man|pref=Demographics of|the=y}}{{Cref|d}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Isle of Man}}|572}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Italy|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Italy}}|301,339}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Jersey|pref=Demographics of}}{{Cref|d}}

| {{density|disp=table|97,857|116}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Kosovo|pref=Demographics of}}*{{Cref|p}}

| {{density|disp=table|1,859,203|10,887}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Latvia|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Latvia}}|64,562}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Liechtenstein|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Liechtenstein}}|160}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Lithuania|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Lithuania}}|65,300}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Luxembourg|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Luxembourg}}|2,586}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Malta|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Malta}}|316}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Moldova|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Moldova}}|33,846}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Monaco|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Monaco}}|2}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Montenegro|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Montenegro}}|13,812}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Netherlands|pref=Demographics of|the=y}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Netherlands}}|37,354}}

{{flagg|us*eft|North Macedonia|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|North Macedonia}}|25,713}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Norway|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Norway}}|323,787}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Poland|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Poland}}|311,888}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Portugal|pref=Demographics of}}{{Cref|f}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Portugal}}|92,212}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Romania|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Romania}}|238,391}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Russia|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Russia}}|17,098,246}}

{{flagg|us*eft|San Marino|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|San Marino}}|61}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Serbia|pref=Demographics of}}{{Cref|g}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Serbia}}|88,361}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Slovakia|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Slovakia}}|49,036}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Slovenia|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Slovenia}}|20,273}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Spain|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Spain}}|505,992}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Svalbard and Jan Mayen|pref=Demographics of}} {{small|(Norway)}}

| {{density|disp=table|2,868|62,422}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Sweden|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Sweden}}|450,295}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Switzerland|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Switzerland}}|41,285}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Transnistria|pref=Demographics of}}

| 505,000 || 4,163 || 121.3

{{flagg|us*eft|Turkey|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Turkey}}|783,562}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Ukraine|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|Ukraine}}|603,500}}

{{flagg|us*eft|United Kingdom|pref=Demographics of|the=y}}

| {{density|disp=table|{{UN population|United Kingdom}}|242,495}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Vatican City|pref=Demographics of}}

| {{density|disp=table|pad=1|842|0.44}}

{{flagg|us*eft|Åland|pref=Demographics of|the=y}} {{small|(Finland)}}

| {{density|disp=table|28,666|1,580}}

* indicates link goes to article on demographics of the country (or territory), not just the country itself.

Age

File:Life expectancy map -Europe -2021 -with names.png in Europe in 2021]]

{{Main|Aging of Europe}}

Mirroring their mostly sub-replacement fertility and high life expectancy, European countries tend to have older populations overall. They had nine of the top ten highest median ages in national populations in 2005. Only Japan had an older population.United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision Highlights. 2005

{{show

|Population pyramids by country (mostly 2020 and 2023 unless stated otherwise)

|frame-style = border: 1px solid silver; padding: 0.3em;

|head-style = background-color: #CCFFCC; text-align: center;

|

{{Gallery

|width=100

|footer=Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino and Vatican City excluded due to lack of graphic

|File:Albania single age population pyramid 2020.png

|Albania

|alt1=Albania

|File:Population pyramid of Andorra 2016.png

|Andorra (2016)

|alt2=Andorra

|File:Armenia single age population pyramid 2020.png

|Armenia

|alt3=Armenia

|File:Austria 2023 population pyramid.svg

|Austria

|alt4=Austria

|File:Azerbaijan single age population pyramid 2020.png

|Azerbaijan

|alt5=Azerbaijan

|File:Belarus 2023 population pyramid.svg

|Belarus

|alt6=Belarus

|File:Belgium 2023 population pyramid.svg

|Belgium

|alt7=Belgium

|File:Bosnia and Herzegovina single age population pyramid 2020.png

|Bosnia and Herzegovina

|alt8=Bosnia and Herzegovina

|File:Bulgaria single age population pyramid 2020.png

|Bulgaria

|alt9=Bulgaria

|File:Croatia single age population pyramid 2020.png

|Croatia

|alt10=Croatia

|File:Cyprus single age population pyramid 2020.png

|Cyprus

|alt11=Cyprus

|File:Czech Republic single age population pyramid 2020.png

|Czech Republic

|alt12=Czech Republic

|File:Denmark single age population pyramid 2020.png

|Denmark

|alt13=Denmark

|File:Estonia Population Pyramid.svg

|Estonia (2021)

|alt14=Estonia

|File:Finland Population Pyramid.svg

|Finland (2020)

|alt15=Finland

|File:France Population Pyramid.svg

|France (2021)

|alt16=France

|File:Georgia single age population pyramid 2020.png

|Georgia

|alt17=Georgia

|File:Germany population pyramid.svg

|Germany (2020)

|alt18=Germany

|File:Greece single age population pyramid 2020.png

|Greece

|alt19=Greece

|File:Hungary single age population pyramid 2020.png

|Hungary

|alt20=Hungary

|File:Iceland single age population pyramid 2020.png

|Iceland

|alt21=Iceland

|File:Ireland 2023 population pyramid.svg

|Ireland

|alt22=Ireland

|File:Italy Population Pyramid.svg

|Italy

|alt23=Italy

|File:Kazakhstan population pyramid.png

|Kazakhstan

|alt24=Kazakhstan

|File:Latvia single age population pyramid 2020.png

|Latvia

|alt25=Latvia

|File:Lithuania 2022 population pyramid.svg

|Lithuania (2022)

|alt27=Lithuania

|File:Luxembourg single age population pyramid 2020.png

|Luxembourg

|alt28=Luxembourg

|File:Malta single age population pyramid 2020.png

|Malta

|alt29=Malta

|File:Moldova Population Pyramid.svg

|Moldova

|alt30=Moldova

|File:Montenegro single age population pyramid 2020.png

|Montenegro

|alt32=Montenegro

|File:Netherlands 2023 population pyramid.svg

|Netherlands

|alt33=Netherlands

|File:North Macedonia single age population pyramid 2020.png

|North Macedonia

|alt34=North Macedonia

|File:Norway population pyramid.svg

|Norway (2021)

|alt35=Norway

|File:Poland Population Pyramid.svg

|Poland

|alt36=Poland

|File:Portugal population pyramid.svg

|Portugal (2020)

|alt37=Portugal

|File:Romania Population Pyramid.svg

|Romania

|alt38=Romania

|File:Russia Population Pyramid.svg

|Russia

|alt39=Russia

|File:Serbia single age population pyramid 2020.png

|Serbia

|alt41=Serbia

|File:Slovakia single age population pyramid 2020.png

|Slovakia

|alt42=Slovakia

|File:Slovenia single age population pyramid 2020.png

|Slovenia

|alt43=Slovenia

|File:Spain Population Pyramid.svg

|Spain

|alt44=Spain

|File:Sweden Population Pyramid.svg

|Sweden

|alt45=Sweden

|File:Switzerland Population Pyramid.svg

|Switzerland (and foreigners)

|alt46=Switzerland

|File:Turkey single age population pyramid 2020.png

|Turkey

|alt47=Turkey

|File:Ukraine 2023 population pyramid.svg

|Ukraine

|alt48=Ukraine

|File:UK Population Pyramid.svg

|United Kingdom

|alt49=United Kingdom

|File:England Population pyramid estimate 2020.svg

|England

|alt50=England

|File:Northern Ireland Population pyramid estimate 2020.svg

|Northern Ireland

|alt51=Northern Ireland

|File:Scotland Population pyramid estimate 2020.svg

|Scotland

|alt52=Scotland

|File:Wales Population pyramid estimate 2020.svg

|Wales

|alt53=Wales

}}

}}

Fertility

According to Eurostat, the average birth rate in the European Union was 1.5 children per woman in 2020. The EU countries with the highest rates were France (1.83 live births per woman), Romania (1.80) and Czechia (1.71). The lowest rates were found in Malta (1.13), Spain (1.19) and Italy (1.24).{{cite web |title=How many children were born in 2020? |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20220428-2 |website=Eurostat |access-date=22 February 2023 |date=28 April 2022}}

The reasons that Italian citizens give for not having children are economic costs, fear of losing their jobs, and lack of services for families.{{cite web|url=https://torinonews24.it/news/italia-crollo-natalita-in-dieci-anni-i-nuovi-nati-scendono-del-25-ecco-i-motivi/|title=Italia, crollo natalità – In dieci anni i nuovi nati scendono del 25%. Ecco i motivi |date= |website=Torino News 24 |language=it |trans-title=Italy, birth rate collapse – In ten years, newborns drop by 25%. The study}}

Eurostat says that the proportion of children born to foreign mothers, including both from other EU member states and from non-EU countries, has been increasing in the EU since 2013 and stood at 21% in 2020.

Religion

{{Main|Religion in Europe}}

{{Further|Christianity in Europe|Islam in Europe}}

Over the last several centuries, religious practice has been on the decline in a process of secularization. Several European countries have experienced a decline in church attendance as well as a decline in the number of people professing a religious belief. The 2010 Eurobarometer survey found that, on average, 51% of the citizens of the European Union that they believe there is a God, 26% believe there is some sort of spirit or life force and 20% don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force. 3% declined to answer.{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf |title=Special Eurobarometer, biotechnology, page 204 |date=2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215001129/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_341_en.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2010 }} The Eurobarometer survey must be taken with caution, however, as there are discrepancies between it and national census results. For example, in the United Kingdom, the 2001 census revealed that over 70% of the population regarded themselves as "Christians" with only 15% professing to have no religion, though the wording of the question has been criticized as "misleading" by the British Humanist Association.{{cite web|url=http://www.humanism.org.uk/campaigns/census-2011 |title=Census 2011 |publisher=Humanism.org.uk |date=2012-09-17 |access-date=2014-01-19}} The 2011 census showed a dramatic reduction to less than 60% of the population regarding themselves as "Christians".{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20677321 |title=BBC News – At-a-glance: Census 2011 findings |publisher=BBC |date=2012-12-11 |access-date=2014-01-19}}

Despite its decline, Christianity is still the largest religion in Europe. According to a survey published in 2010, 76.2% of Europeans identified themselves as Christians.{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx |title=Global Christianity |publisher=Pewforum.org |date=2011-12-19 |access-date=2014-01-19 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226061838/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-christians/ |title=The Global Religious Landscape: Christians |publisher=Pewforum.org |date=2012-12-18 |access-date=2014-01-19}} Catholics were the largest Christian group in Europe, accounting for more than 48% of European Christians.[http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-europe.aspx Christianity in Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104153842/http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-europe.aspx |date=4 January 2012 }}, excluding the Asian part of Russia, including the European part of Turkey The second-largest Christian group in Europe was the Orthodox, who made up 32% of European Christians. And about 19% of European Christians were part of the Protestant tradition. Europe constitutes in absolute terms the world's largest Christian population.{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf|title=The Global Religious Landscape|publisher=Pewforum.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125173538/https://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-date=25 January 2017}} According to Scholars, in 2017, Europe's population was 77.8% Christian (up from 74.9% 1970),{{cite book|title=Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2017| first1=Gina|last1=Zurlo| first2=Vegard |last2=Skirbekk| first3=Brian |last3=Grim|year=2019| isbn=9789004346307| page=85|publisher=BRILL}}{{cite book|title=African Perspectives on Culture and World Christianity| first1=Joseph|last1=Ogbonnaya|year=2017| isbn=9781443891592| pages=2–4|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing}} these changes were largely result of the collapse of Communism and switching to Christianity in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries.

According to a 2003 study,Dogan, Mattei, Religious Beliefs in Europe: Factors of Accelerated Decline, 2003 47% of French people declared themselves as agnostics in 2003. This situation is often called "Post-Christian Europe". A decrease in religiousness and church attendance in western Europe (especially in Belgium, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Norway, the Netherlands and Sweden) has been noted. According to a survey published in 2012, atheists and agnostics make up about 18.2% of the European population. According to the same survey the religiously unaffiliated make up the majority of the population only in two European countries: Czech Republic (75%) and Estonia (60%).{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-unaffiliated.aspx|title=Religiously Unaffiliated|date=18 December 2012|website=Pewforum.org|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730043126/http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-unaffiliated.aspx|url-status=dead}}

According to another survey about Religiosity in the European Union from 2012 by Eurobarometer, Christianity was the largest religion in the Union (accounting for 72% of the total population), Catholics were with 48% the largest Christian group in the Union, Protestants made up 12%, Eastern Orthodox made up 8% and other Christians accounted for 4% of the total population.{{Cite journal|title=Discrimination in the EU in 2012 |journal=Special Eurobarometer |year=2012 |series=383 |page=233 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf |access-date=14 August 2013 |publisher=European Commission |location=European Union |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202023700/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2012 }} non-believers/agnostics accounted for 16%, atheists accounted for 7% and Muslims accounted for 2%.{{citation|title=Discrimination in the EU in 2012 |work=Special Eurobarometer |year=2012 |series=383 |page=233 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf |access-date=14 August 2013 |publisher=European Commission |location=European Union |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202023700/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_393_en.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2012 }} The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?" With a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and Non-believer/Agnostic. Space was given for Other (SPONTANEOUS) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold.

Ethnic groups

{{Main|Ethnic groups in Europe}}

{{Further|White people|Immigration to Europe}}

Pan and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct "peoples of Europe", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities. The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of 770 million Europeans. (including Europeans in Siberia)Christoph Pan, Beate Sibylle Pfeil,Minderheitenrechte in Europa. Handbuch der europäischen Volksgruppen (2002). [missing], English translation 2004.

The largest ethnic groups are the Russians, with 117 million, and the Germans, with 72 million. In some countries such as the United Kingdom, France and Spain, the designation of nationality may controversially take on ethnic aspects, subsuming smaller ethnic groups such as Scots, Welsh, Cornish, Northern Irish, Bretons, Catalans, and Basques, making it difficult to quantify a "British" or "French" ethnicity, for example.

There are an estimated 10 million Romani people in Europe.{{cite news |title=Roma integration in the EU |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/roma-and-eu/roma-integration-eu_en |publisher=European Commission}}

{{Ethnic groups in Europe}}

Language

{{Main|Languages of Europe}}

{{further|topic=statistics in EU|Languages of the European Union#Knowledge}}

File:Rectified_Languages_of_Europe_map.png

Most of the languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European language family. This family is divided into a number of branches, including Romance, Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, Albanian, Celtic, Armenian and Greek. The Uralic languages, which include Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, Udmurt, Mordvin and Sami also have a significant presence in Europe. The Turkic family also has several European members, while the North Caucasian and Kartvelian families which include Georgian, Circassian, Chechen and Abkhaz anong others are important in the southeastern extremity of geographical Europe. The Basque language of the western Pyrenees is an isolate unrelated to any other group, while Maltese is the only Semitic language in Europe with national language status, although Arabic, Hebrew and Neo-Aramaic dialects are spoken by migrant populations. The Kalmyk language, is a Mongolic language, spoken in Kalmykia, located directly north of the North Caucasus in Eastern Europe. The most spoken language of Europe is Russian, which belongs to the group of Slavic languages.

Languages that are not official state languages are protected in many European countries by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. These can include languages spoken by relatively many people, such as Catalan and Basque in Spain, Frisian in the Netherlands, as well as languages spoken by relatively few such as Cornish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic in the United Kingdom, and Romansch in Switzerland.

Genetic origins

{{Main|Genetic history of Europe}}

{{See also|Caucasian race}}

File:Yamnaya Steppe Pastoralists.jpg Steppe pastoralist ancestry. The Yamnaya culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans.]]

Homo sapiens appeared in Europe roughly 40,000 years ago, with the settlement of the Cro-Magnons, followed by European hunter-gatherers and Early European Farmers (EEF). Over the prehistoric period there was continuous settlement in Europe, notably by the immediate descendants of the Proto-Indo-Europeans who migrated west after the advent of the Neolithic Revolution.Encyclopædia Britannica, s.v. "Europe : The people".

= Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA =

Studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have suggested substantial genetic homogeneity of European populations,Torroni A, Achilli A, Macaulay V, Richards M, Bandelt HJ (2006): "Harvesting the fruit of the human mtDNA tree". Trends in Genetics 22: 339–345. with only a few geographic or linguistic isolates appearing to be genetic isolates as well.Simoni L, Calafell F, Pettener D, Bertranpetit J, Barbujani G (2000): "Geographic patterns of mtDNA diversity in Europe". American Journal of Human Genetics 66: 262–278. On the other hand, analyses of the Y chromosomeChikhi L, Nichols RA, Barbujani G, Beaumont MA (2002): "Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99: 11008–11013.Roewer L, Croucher PJ, Willuweit S, Lu TT, Kayser M, et al. (2005): "Signature of recent historical events in the European Y-chromosomal STR haplotype distribution". Human Genetics 116: 279–291. and of autosomal diversityBarbujani G, Goldstein DB (2004): "Africans and Asians abroad: genetic diversity in Europe". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 5: 119–150. have shown a general gradient of genetic similarity running from the southeast to the northwest of the continent.

= Autosomal DNA =

File:Genetic Diversity in Asia Fig 2-B.jpg map, showing Europeans (CEU) among other sampled Eurasian populations{{Cite journal |last1=The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium |last2=Abdulla |first2=Mahmood Ameen |last3=Ahmed |first3=Ikhlak |last4=Assawamakin |first4=Anunchai |last5=Bhak |first5=Jong |last6=Brahmachari |first6=Samir K. |last7=Calacal |first7=Gayvelline C. |last8=Chaurasia |first8=Amit |last9=Chen |first9=Chien-Hsiun |last10=Chen |first10=Jieming |last11=Chen |first11=Yuan-Tsong |display-authors=5 |date=2009-12-11 |title=Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1177074 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=326 |issue=5959 |pages=1541–1545 |doi=10.1126/science.1177074 |pmid=20007900 |bibcode=2009Sci...326.1541. |s2cid=34341816 |issn=0036-8075}}]]

According to geneticist David Reich, based on ancient human genomes that his laboratory sequenced in 2016, Europeans formed from four West-Eurasian ancestral components in varying degrees: Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG), Neolithic Levant farmers and Neolithic Iranian farmers respectively.{{cite journal|last1=Lazaridis |first1=Iosif |display-authors=et al|date=2016|title=Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East|url=https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/45861/1/cias2016_40.pdf|journal=Nature|volume=536|issue=7617|pages=419–424 |doi=10.1038/nature19310 |pmid=27459054 |pmc=5003663 |bibcode=2016Natur.536..419L |quote=bottom-left: Western Hunter Gatherers (WHG), top-left: Eastern Hunter Gatherers (EHG), bottom-right: Neolithic Levant and Natufians, top-right: Neolithic Iran. This suggests the hypothesis that diverse ancient West Eurasians can be modelled as mixtures of as few as four streams of ancestry related to these population|access-date=18 April 2018}}

= Population structure =

A study in May 2009{{cite journal |last1=Nelis |first1=Mari |last2=Esko |first2=Tõnu |last3=Mägi |first3=Reedik |last4=Zimprich |first4=Fritz |last5=Zimprich |first5=Alexander |last6=Toncheva |first6=Draga |last7=Karachanak |first7=Sena |last8=Piskáčková |first8=Tereza |last9=Balaščák |first9=Ivan |last10=Peltonen |first10=Leena |display-authors=5 |title=Genetic Structure of Europeans: A View from the North–East |journal=PLOS ONE |date=8 May 2009 |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=e5472 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005472 |pmid=19424496 |language=en |issn=1932-6203|pmc=2675054 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5472N }} that examined 19 populations from Europe using 270,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) highlighted the genetic diversity of European populations corresponding to the northwest to southeast gradient and distinguished "several distinct regions" within Europe:

In this study, Fst (fixation index) was found to correlate considerably with geographic distances ranging from ≤0.0010 for neighbouring populations to 0.0230 for Southern Italy and Finland. For comparisons, pair-wise Fst of non-European samples were as follows: Europeans – Yoruba (West Africans) 0.1530; Europeans – Chinese 0.1100; Yoruba (West Africans) – Chinese 0.1900.{{rp|page=[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?type=supplementary&id=10.1371/journal.pone.0005472.s003 Table S2]}}

See also

{{div col|colwidth=28em}}

{{div col end}}

Notes

{{Cnote|a|Continental regions as per UN categorisations/map. Depending on definitions, various territories cited below may be in one or both of Europe and Asia, or Africa.}}

{{Cnote|b|Includes Transnistria, a region that has declared, and de facto achieved, independence; however, it is not recognised de jure by sovereign states.}}

{{Cnote|c|Russia is considered a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. However, the population and area figures include the entire state.}}

{{Cnote|d|Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey are Crown Dependencies of the United Kingdom. Other Channel Islands in the Bailiwick of Guernsey include Alderney and Sark.}}

{{Cnote|e|Cyprus is physiographically entirely in Western Asia, but it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe. The population and area figures refer to the entire state, including the de facto independent part Northern Cyprus.}}{{Cnote|f|Figures for Portugal include the Azores and Madeira archipelagos, both in Northern Atlantic.}}

{{Cnote|g|Area figure for Serbia includes Kosovo, a province that unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008, and whose sovereign status is unclear. Population and density figures are 2010 estimates and are given without the disputed territory of Kosovo.}}

{{Cnote|h|Figures for France include metropolitan France but not overseas departments and territories as they are not part of the European continent.}}

{{Cnote|j|Kazakhstan is physiographically considered a transcontinental country in Central Asia (UN region) and Eastern Europe, with European territory west of the Ural Mountains and both the Ural and Emba rivers. However, area and population figures refer to the entire country.}}

{{Cnote|k|Armenia is physiographically entirely in Western Asia, but it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe. The population and area figures include the entire state respectively.}}

{{Cnote|m|Georgia is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe. However, the population and area figures include the entire state. This also includes Georgian estimates for Abkhazia and South Ossetia, two regions that have declared and de facto achieved independence. The International recognition, however, is limited.}}

{{Cnote|o|The total figures for area and population includes the whole of the transcontinental countries. The precision of these figure is compromised by the ambiguous geographical extend of Europe and the lack of references for European portions of transcontinental countries.}}

{{Cnote|p|Kosovo unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008. Its sovereign status is unclear. Its population is a 2007 estimate.}}

{{Cnote|r|Abkhazia and South Ossetia unilaterally declared their independence from Georgia on 25 August 1990 and 28 November 1991 respectively. Their sovereign status is unclear. Population figures stated as of 2003 census and 2000 estimates respectively.}}

{{reflist|group=fn|refs=

}}

References

{{Reflist}}

{{Europe topics}}

{{Demographics of Europe}}

{{Demographics by continent| state = expanded }}

{{Lists of countries by population statistics}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demographics of Europe}}

Europe