Billy Tipton
{{Short description|American jazz musician (1914–1989)}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Billy Tipton
| image = Press photo of the Billy Tipton Trio, c. 1966 (cropped, portrait of Billy Tipton).jpg
| caption = Tipton, c. 1966
| birth_date = {{birth date|1914|12|29|mf=y}}
| birth_place = Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1989|1|21|1914|12|29|mf=y}}
| death_place = Spokane, Washington, U.S.
| occupation = Musician, talent agent
| years_active = 1936–late 1970s
| label = Tops
}}
Billy Lee Tipton (December 29, 1914 – January 21, 1989) was an American jazz musician, bandleader, and talent broker. He is notable for having been posthumously outed as a transgender man.
Tipton's music career began in the mid-1930s when he led a band for radio broadcasts. He played in various dance bands in the 1940s and recorded two trio albums for a small record label in the mid-1950s. Thereafter, he worked as a talent broker. He stopped performing in the late 1970s due to arthritis.
Tipton lived and identified as male for most of his adult life. After his death in 1989, paramedics discovered he was assigned female at birth, to the surprise of his friends and family. Tabloids and national newspapers picked up the story, scandalously reporting that "he was a she".{{cite web |date=February 20, 1989 |title=Death Discloses Billy Tipton's Strange Secret: He Was a She – Vol. 31 No. 7 |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20119615,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710161809/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20119615,00.html |archive-date=July 10, 2015 |access-date=February 20, 2017 |work=People}}
Tipton is considered a prominent figure in transgender history in the United States.{{Cite web |date=2020-10-08 |title=In "No Ordinary Man" trans men reflect on the life of jazz musician Billy Tipton, reclaiming his place in trans history {{!}} GLAAD |url=https://glaad.org/no-ordinary-man-transgender-men-reflect-life-jazz-legend-billy-tipton-and-their-reimagining/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=glaad.org |language=en-US}} His story inspired various fictional retellings, including the 1998 novel Trumpet, and a 2020 documentary film, No Ordinary Man.
Early life
Billy Lee Tipton was born in Oklahoma City on December 29, 1914. Tipton grew up in Kansas City, Missouri, where he was raised by an aunt after his parents divorced when he was four. As a high school student, Tipton went by the nickname "Tippy" and became interested in music (especially jazz), playing piano and saxophone. Tipton was not allowed to join the all-male school band at Southwest High School. He returned to Oklahoma for his final year of high school and joined the school band at Connors State College High School.{{cite news |last=Blecha |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Blecha|url=https://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=7456 |title=Tipton, Billy (1914-1989): Spokane's Secretive Jazzman |website=HistoryLink |date=September 17, 2005 |access-date=February 1, 2007}}
Around 1933, Tipton started binding his breasts and presenting stereotypically masculine traits. As Tipton began a more serious music career, he "decided to permanently take on the role of a male musician", adopting the name Billy Lee Tipton. By 1940, Tipton was living as a man in private life as well.{{cite web|url=https://tdn.com/business/local/most-notorious-billy-tipton-was-a-self-made-man/article_0371d18c-21fa-5a82-af0a-2e63a1d5d723.html|title=Most Notorious — Billy Tipton was a self-made man|work=The Daily News|location=Longview, Washington|last=Slape|first=Leslie|date=April 23, 2006|access-date=December 16, 2018}}
Career
= Early work =
In 1936, Tipton was the leader of a band playing on KFXR radio. In 1938, Tipton joined Louvenie's Western Swingbillies, a band that played on radio station KTOK and had a steady gig at Brown's Tavern. In 1940 he was touring the Midwest playing at dances with Scott Cameron's band. In 1941 he began a two-and-a-half-year run performing at the Joplin, Missouri, Cotton Club with George Meyer's band before touring with the Ross Carlyle Band for a while. He then played music in Texas for two years.
In 1949, Tipton began touring the Pacific Northwest with Meyer. While this tour was far from glamorous, the band's appearances at Roseburg, Oregon's Shalimar Room were recorded by a local radio station, and so recordings exist of his work during this time, including "If I Knew Then" and "Sophisticated Swing". The trio's signature song was "Flying Home", performed in a close imitation of pianist Teddy Wilson and Benny Goodman's band.{{cite book |last=Middlebrook |first=Diane Wood |author-link=Diane Middlebrook |title=Suits me : the double life of Billy Tipton |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |year=1998 |isbn=9780395957899 |oclc=607072271 |url=https://archive.org/details/suitsmedoublelif00middl |access-date=December 26, 2018 |chapter=Born Naked |chapter-url=http://movies2.nytimes.com/books/first/m/middlebrook-suits.html}}
As George Meyer's band became more successful, they began getting more work, performing at the Boulevard Club in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, sharing the bill with others such as The Ink Spots, the Delta Rhythm Boys, and Billy Eckstine.
= Bandleader =
Tipton began playing piano alone at the Elks Club in Longview, Washington, in 1951. In Longview, he started the Billy Tipton Trio, which included Dick O'Neil on drums, and Kenny Richards (and later Ron Kilde) on bass. The trio gained local popularity.
File:Press photo of the Billy Tipton Trio, c. 1966.jpg
In 1956, while on tour performing at King's Supper Club in Santa Barbara, California, a talent scout from Tops Records heard them play and got them a contract. The Billy Tipton Trio recorded two albums of jazz standards for Tops: Sweet Georgia Brown and Billy Tipton Plays Hi-Fi on Piano, both released early in 1957. Among the pieces performed were "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man", "Willow Weep for Me", "What'll I Do", and "Don't Blame Me". In 1957, the albums sold 17,678 copies, a "respectable" sum for a small independent record label.
In 1958, after the success of both albums, the Billy Tipton Trio was offered a position as house band at the Holiday Hotel casino in Reno, Nevada, as well as opening for fellow musician Liberace. Tops Records also invited the trio to record four more albums.{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Dinitia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/library/books/060298tipton-biography.html |title=Billy Tipton Is Remembered With Love, Even by Those Who Were Deceived|work=The New York Times |date=June 2, 1998 |access-date=February 1, 2007}} Tipton declined both offers, choosing instead to move to Spokane, Washington, where he worked as a talent broker and the trio performed weekly.
In the late 1970s, worsening arthritis forced Tipton to retire from music.{{Cite book |title=Suits Me: The Double Life of Billy Tipton |first=Diane |last=Middlebrook |author-link=Diane Middlebrook |pages=252–255 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-395-95789-9 }}
Personal life
Tipton was never legally married, but five women called themselves Mrs. Tipton during his life. In 1934, Tipton began living with a woman named Non Earl Harrell. The relationship ended in 1942.{{cite news |last=Adams |first=Cecil |url=http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a5_009.html |title=What's the story on the female jazz musician who lived as a man?|website=The Straight Dope |date=June 5, 1998 |access-date=February 1, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218172937/http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a5_009.html |archive-date=February 18, 2007}}{{cite news|last=Susannah |first=Francesca |url=http://www.mountainpridemedia.com/oitm/issues/2003/03mar2003/col05_likethat.htm |title=Women Like That: The Transformation of Dorothy Tipton |publisher=Out in the Mountains |access-date=February 1, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928084633/http://www.mountainpridemedia.com/oitm/issues/2003/03mar2003/col05_likethat.htm |archive-date=September 28, 2007 }} Tipton's sex was reportedly concealed from the four women who would later call themselves "Mrs. Tipton". Tipton kept the secret of his extrinsic sexual characteristics from them by telling them he had been in a serious car accident that resulted in damaged genitals and broken ribs.
Tipton's next relationship, with a singer known only as "June", lasted for several years. For seven years, Tipton lived with Betty Cox, who was 18 or 19 years old when they first met, and eventually became involved. Cox remembered Tipton as "the most fantastic love of my life".{{cite news |last=Vollers |first=Maryanne |url=http://www.salon.com/books/sneaks/1998/05/18sneaks.html |title=Suits Me: The Double Life of Billy Tipton |work=Salon.com |date=May 18, 1998 |access-date=February 1, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516002031/http://www.salon.com/books/sneaks/1998/05/18sneaks.html |archive-date=May 16, 2007 }} In 1954, Tipton's relationship with Cox ended, and he then entered a relationship with a woman named Maryann. The pair moved to Spokane, Washington, in 1958. Maryann later stated that in 1960, she discovered that Tipton had become involved with nightclub dancer Kathleen "Kitty" Kelly.
Tipton and Kelly settled down together in 1961. They adopted three sons, John, Scott, and William; the adoptions were not legally recognised. After they separated around 1977, Tipton resumed a relationship with Maryann. Maryann reportedly discovered Tipton's birth certificate and asked Tipton about it once, but was given no reply other than a "terrible look".
Death, post-mortem outing, and aftermath
In 1989, Tipton had symptoms which he attributed to the emphysema he had contracted from heavy smoking and refused to call a doctor. He was actually suffering from a hemorrhaging peptic ulcer which, left untreated, was fatal. On January 21, 1989, his son William called emergency services. While paramedics were trying to save Tipton's life, they, alongside Tipton's son William, discovered he was born female. This information "came as a shock to nearly everyone, including the women who had considered themselves his wives, as well as his sons and the musicians who had traveled with him". Later, following financial offers from the media, Kelly and one of their sons went public with the story. The first newspaper article was published the day after Tipton's funeral and it was quickly picked up by wire services. Stories about him appeared in a variety of papers, including tabloids such as National Enquirer{{Cite book |title=Suits Me: The Double Life of Billy Tipton |first=Diane |last=Middlebrook |author-link=Diane Middlebrook |page=309 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-395-95789-9 }} and Star{{cite web|last=Boss|first=Kit|title=The Strange Story of Billy Tipton|url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1989-04-06-8901180335-story.html|website=Sun Sentinel|date= 6 April 1989|access-date=22 July 2020}} as well as People,{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20119615,00.html|title=Death Discloses Billy Tipton's Strange Secret: He Was a She – Vol. 31 No. 7|date=February 20, 1989|work=People|access-date=February 20, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710161809/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20119615,00.html|archive-date=July 10, 2015}}{{cite news|last=Brubach|first=Holly|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/06/28/reviews/980628.28brub.html|title=Swing Time|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 28, 1998|access-date=February 1, 2007}} The New York Times{{cite news|author=AP Staff|title=Musician's Death at 74 Reveals He was a Woman|newspaper=The New York Times|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/02/us/musician-s-death-at-74-reveals-he-was-a-woman.html |date=2 February 1989|access-date=22 July 2020}} and The Seattle Times.{{cite web|author=Karen Dorn Steele|title= Judge: Billy Tipton's "Sons" can inherit their "Mother's" Estate|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/judge-billy-tiptons-sons-can-inherit-their-mothers-estate/|website=The Seattle Times|date=10 December 2008|access-date=22 July 2020}} Members of Tipton's family made talk show appearances as well.{{cite news|last=Clark|first=Doug|url=http://www.spokesmanreview.com/breaking/story.asp?ID=15236 |title=Billy Tipton's Estate|work=The Spokesman-Review|date=March 5, 1989|access-date=December 9, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728170013/http://www.spokesmanreview.com/breaking/story.asp?ID=15236|archive-date=July 28, 2009}}Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/Nw-NDom1Fxc Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190331202103/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nw-NDom1Fxc Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Nw-NDom1Fxc|title=Billy Tipton...the Truth Behind the Man|via=YouTube |publisher=Video Disorder|date=21 February 2018|access-date=July 22, 2020}}{{cbignore}}
Tipton left wills: one handwritten and not notarized that left everything to William Jr.; and the second, notarized, leaving everything to John Clark, the first child the Tiptons adopted. A court upheld the first will, and William inherited almost everything, with John and Scott receiving one dollar each.{{cite web|last=Yiannis|first=John|url=https://gaycultureland.blogspot.com/2016/07/billy-tipton.html?m=1|title=Billy Tipton|website=GayCultureLand|date=July 30, 2016|access-date=July 23, 2020}} According to a 2009 episode of the documentary program The Will: Family Secrets Revealed, which featured interviews with all three sons, it was revealed that a final court judgment awarded all three sons an equal share of his wife Kitty Tipton's estate (not Billy Tipton's), which, after lawyers' fees, amounted to $35,000 for each son.{{cite web|url=http://investigation.discovery.com/videos/the-will-family-secrets-revealed-death-reveals-secret.html|title=Family Secrets Revealed: Death Reveals Secret|work=discovery.com|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-date=May 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502011947/http://investigation.discovery.com/videos/the-will-family-secrets-revealed-death-reveals-secret.html|url-status=dead}} Two of his adopted sons changed their names not long after learning of Tipton's assigned gender, as they felt Tipton behaved deceptively.
Works inspired by Tipton
- Stevie Wants to Play the Blues was a play based on Tipton's life written by Eduardo Machado and performed in Los Angeles, directed by Simon Callow and starring Amy Madigan and Paula Kelly.{{cite web|last1=Drake|first1=Sylvie|title=Stage Review: 'Stevie' Has Jazz and Drama, but Lacks a Subtext|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-02-19-ca-747-story.html|website=Los Angeles Times|access-date=August 15, 2017|date=February 19, 1990}}{{cite web|author=TV News Desk Staff|title=Stage and Screen Actress Paula Kelly Dies at 77|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Stage-and-Screen-Actress-Paula-Kelly-Dies-at-77-20200211|website=Broadway World|date=11 February 2020|access-date=22 July 2020}}
- "The Legend of Billy Tipton", by the punk band The Video Dead, is about the story of Billy Tipton.{{cite news|url=http://www.bovineclub.com/gasoline/REV20.php?offset=8&entry_id=20 |title=The Video Dead: Brotherhood of the Dead |work=Gasoline Magazine |access-date=April 11, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927062413/http://www.bovineclub.com/gasoline/REV20.php?offset=8&entry_id=20 |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}
- Soita minulle Billy (Call me Billy), a Finnish play with Joanna Haartti playing Tipton, presented at Theatre Jurka in 2011{{Cite web|url=http://www.jurkka.fi/index.php?k=224967|title=Soita minulle Billy|website=www.jurkka.fi|language=fi|access-date=February 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220171539/http://www.jurkka.fi/index.php?k=224967|archive-date=February 20, 2017|url-status=dead}} and again at the 2012 Helsinki Festival.{{Cite news|url=http://www.korjaamo.fi/fi/event/stage-kotimainen-ohjelmisto-soita-minulle-billy|title=Stage / Kotimainen ohjelmisto: Soita minulle Billy|access-date=February 20, 2017|language=fi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806215302/http://korjaamo.fi/fi/event/stage-kotimainen-ohjelmisto-soita-minulle-billy|archive-date=August 6, 2012|url-status=dead}}
- The Slow Drag (1996), by Carson Kreitzer, a "jazz cabaret" with a live band onstage featuring the character, Johnny Christmas, based on Tipton.{{cite journal |last=Middlebrook |first=Diane |author-link=Diane Middlebrook |title=The Double Life of Billy Tipton |via=Local 802 AFM |date=2013-04-11 |journal=Allegro |volume=113 |issue=4 |url=https://www.local802afm.org/allegro/articles/the-double-life-of-billy-tipton/ |access-date=2020-12-08 |issn=0002-5704 |oclc=3952697}}{{cite AV media |last1=Tipton |first1=Billy |last2=Kreitzer |first2=Carson |last3=Criswell |first3=Kim |last4=Sadovy |first4=Liza |last5=Colquhoun |first5=Christopher |last6=Pearson |first6=James |last7=Englishby |first7=Paul |title=The slow drag : [a jazz musical] : original London cast |publisher=JAY Productions Ltd. |year=1998 |oclc=40522449 }}{{cite web |first=Darren |last=Dalglish |title=The Slow Drag |website=London Theatre Guide |date=1997-11-15 |url=https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/reviews/the-slow-drag |access-date=2020-12-08}}
- Trumpet, a 1998 novel by Jackie Kay, tells the story of fictional Scottish jazz musician Joss Moody, inspired by Tipton.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jan/16/rereading-trumpet-jackie-kay-ali-smith|title=Ali Smith on Trumpet by Jackie Kay: a jazzy call to action|last=Smith|first=Ali|date=2016-01-16
|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=2020-02-02}}
- The Tiptons Sax Quartet, previously known as The Billy Tipton Memorial Saxophone Quartet, is a jazz saxophone quartet from Seattle, Washington. The name of the quartet was inspired by Tipton.
- A cabaret musical called A Girl Named Bill, starring Nellie McKay, tells the story of Tipton.{{cite news |last=Bream |first=Jon |url= https://www.startribune.com/review-cabaret-darling-mckay-sings-tells-odd-tale-of-jazz-musician-billy-tipton/412240183/ |title=Review: Cabaret darling McKay sings/tells odd tale of jazz musician Billy Tipton |work=Star Tribune |date=January 31, 2017 |access-date=March 2, 2019}}
- No Ordinary Man, a documentary film about Tipton by Aisling Chin-Yee and Chase Joynt, premiered at the 2020 Toronto International Film Festival.{{cite magazine|last=Mullen|first=Pat|url=http://povmagazine.com/blog/view/inconvenient-indian-new-corporation-no-ordinary-man-rep-canadian-docs-in-ti|title='Inconvenient Indian', 'New Corporation', 'No Ordinary Man' Rep Canadian Docs in TIFF Line-up|magazine=Point of View|date=July 30, 2020}}
Discography
- {{Cite AV media |last=Tipton |first=Billy |display-authors=0 |others=Billy Tipton Trio |location=Los Angeles |title=Sweet Georgia Brown |publisher=Tops Records |id=L1522 |year=1957 |oclc=55858361 |medium=LP |ref=none}}
- {{Cite AV media |last=Tipton |first=Billy |display-authors=0 |title=Hi-Fi on Piano |publisher=Tops Records |year=1957 |id=L1534 |oclc=15877358 |location=New York |medium=LP |ref=none}}
References
{{reflist|2}}
External links
{{Portal|Biography}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20021224035304/http://www.dianemiddlebrook.com/tipton/timeline/frames.html Billy Tipton photo timeline]
- {{Discogs artist|Billy Tipton}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tipton, Billy}}
Category:20th-century American male musicians
Category:20th-century American pianists
Category:20th-century American saxophonists
Category:American male jazz pianists
Category:American jazz saxophonists
Category:American male saxophonists
Category:Jazz musicians from Missouri
Category:Jazz musicians from Oklahoma
Category:American transgender men
Category:LGBTQ people from Oklahoma
Category:Musicians from Oklahoma City
Category:Musicians from Spokane, Washington
Category:Musicians from Kansas City, Missouri
Category:Transgender male musicians