Biodegradable electronics

Biodegradable electronics are electronic circuits and devices with a limited lifetime owing to their tendency to biodegrade. Such devices are proposed to represent useful medical implant,{{cite journal| journal=Appl. Phys. Lett. |volume=95|issue=26|page= 133701 |doi=10.1063/1.3274132 |pmid=20111628|year=2009 |title=Silicon electronics on silk as a path to bioresorbable, implantable devices |author5-link=David L. Kaplan (engineer) |vauthors=Kim DH, Kim YS, Amsden J, Panilaitis B, Kaplan DL, Omenetto FG, Zakin MR, Rogers JA |pmc=2809667}}{{cite journal | last1 = Rogers | first1 = J. A. | s2cid = 426960 | display-authors = etal | year = 2011 | title = Epidermal Electronics | journal = Science | volume = 333 | issue = 6044| pages = 838–843 | doi = 10.1126/science.1206157 | pmid=21836009| bibcode = 2011Sci...333..838K | osti = 1875151 }} and temporary communication sensors.

Organic electronic devices as compostable material platforms have been fabricated on aluminum foil{{cite journal|vauthors=Yoon MH, Yan H, Facchetti A, Marks TJ |title=Low-Voltage Organic Field-Effect Transistors and Inverters Enabled by Ultrathin Cross-Linked Polymers as Gate Dielectrics|journal=J Am Chem Soc|date=30 June 2005|volume=127|issue=29|pages=10388–95|doi=10.1021/ja052488f|pmid=16028951|bibcode=2005JAChS.12710388Y }} and paper{{cite journal|vauthors=Yong-Hoon K, Dae-Gyu M, Jeong-In H |title=Organic TFT array on a paper substrate|journal=IEEE Electron Device Letters|year=2004|volume=25|issue=10|pages=702–4|doi=10.1109/LED.2004.836502|bibcode=2004IEDL...25..702K }} to accommodate these expanded functionalities. In one embodiment of this idea, paper films were utilized as a combination substrate and gate dielectric for use with pentacene-based active layers. This idea was expanded upon to create complete circuits using foldable paper-based substrates.

Silk coatings could underpin an electronic devices because it melts away when the device is no longer needed. One test device, a heating circuit powered by beaming radio waves at it, was implanted under the skin of a rat with a wound. After the wound had healed, the implant simply melts away. The US military research agency DARPA funded research on building a tiny dissolving camera with this silk coating for use as a disposable spy camera.{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22314-silk-holds-the-key-to-devices-that-dissolve-after-use.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=online-news |title=Silk holds the key to devices that dissolve after use}}

Cable bacteria give insight to how biodegradable electronics could be made.{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-12115-7|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-09-cable-bacteria-electrical-wires.html|title=A highly conductive fibre network enables centimetre-scale electron transport in multicellular cable bacteria|journal=Nature Communications|volume=10|year=2019|last1=Meysman|first1=Filip J. R.|last2=Cornelissen|first2=Rob|last3=Trashin|first3=Stanislav|last4=Bonné|first4=Robin|last5=Martinez|first5=Silvia Hidalgo|last6=Van Der Veen|first6=Jasper|last7=Blom|first7=Carsten J.|last8=Karman|first8=Cheryl|last9=Hou|first9=Ji-Ling|last10=Eachambadi|first10=Raghavendran Thiruvallur|last11=Geelhoed|first11=Jeanine S.|last12=Wael|first12=Karolien De|last13=Beaumont|first13=Hubertus J. E.|last14=Cleuren|first14=Bart|last15=Valcke|first15=Roland|last16=Van Der Zant|first16=Herre S. J.|last17=Boschker|first17=Henricus T. S.|last18=Manca|first18=Jean V.|issue=1|page=4120|pmid=31511526|pmc=6739318|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019NatCo..10.4120M }}

Biodegradable electronic textiles

Biodegradable electronic textiles (e-textiles) are a class of wearable electronics designed with components that naturally decompose in the environment. These textiles aim to reduce the environmental footprint of conventional e-textiles, which contribute to growing electronic and textile waste due to their complex material compositions.

Researchers at the University of the West of England (UWE) developed sustainable alternatives through the SWEET project ("Sustainable, Wearable, and ECO-Friendly Electronic Textiles"). They produced biodegradable EKG heart monitors and temperature sensors using materials like graphene and PEDOT:PSS. Devices were buried in soil for one and four months to assess degradation, including weight loss, microbial growth, and tensile strength. Results showed approximately 50% weight loss over four months, with microbial activity comparable to control samples.{{cite journal | last1 = Dulal | first1 = M. | last2 = Modha | first2 = H. R. M. | last3 = Liu | first3 = J. | last4 = Islam | first4 = M. R. | last5 = Carr | first5 = C. | last6 = Hasan | first6 = T. | last7 = Thorn | first7 = R. M. S. | last8 = Afroj | first8 = S. | last9 = Karim | first9 = N. | title = Sustainable, Wearable, and Eco-Friendly Electronic Textiles | journal = Energy & Environmental Materials | volume = 8 | year = 2025 | issue = 3 | pages = e12854 | doi = 10.1002/eem2.12854 | bibcode = 2025EEMat...841.R1D | doi-access = free }}

At Cornell University, researchers developed "Eco-Threads," a set of biodegradable prototypes including a pH-sensing undergarment, touch sensors, woven heat-responsive lunch containers, and knitted cooling gels. These were fabricated using thread-based methods like wet spinning and coating, incorporating biodegradable conductive materials such as carbon nanotubes, silver nanowires, activated charcoal, and PEDOT:PSS. A co-design workshop with e-textile practitioners produced further innovations, including a stretch sensor, crochet sensor, and pH-sensing picnic blanket.{{cite book | last1 = Zhu | first1 = M. | last2 = Shen | first2 = Y. | last3 = Zhang | first3 = M. | last4 = Kim | first4 = J. | last5 = Ishii | first5 = H. | title = Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems | publisher = Association for Computing Machinery | location = New York, NY, USA | year = 2024 | article = 857 | pages = 1–17 | doi = 10.1145/3613904.3642718 | isbn = 979-8-4007-0330-0 }}

References

Category:Electronics and the environment