Black Hand (extortion)

File:Black Hand Wanted Poster.jpg

The first reported use of the term "Black Hand" to describe extortion rackets among Italians in the United States was the Cappiello case of September 1903 in Brooklyn in New York City, when Nicolo Cappiello, a wealthy contractor, received a letter signed by the “Mano Nera,” demanding $1,000 with the warning that his house would be otherwise dynamited.{{Sfn|Pitkin| Cordasco|1977|p=[https://archive.org/details/blackhandchapter0000pitk/page/3/mode/1up 3]}}{{Sfn|Critchley|2009|p=[https://archive.org/details/originoforganize0000crit/page/22/mode/1up 22]}} Black Hand activities were widespread in every American city with a sizable Italian community, with New York City serving as the primary hub. The label "Black Hand" quickly came to be applied to nearly any violent crime in Italian neighborhoods in New York, Chicago, and other cities. It became the preferred term in American newspapers for describing unsolved crimes involving the Italian community until the early 1920s.{{Sfn|Pitkin| Cordasco|1977|p=[https://archive.org/details/blackhandchapter0000pitk/page/3/mode/1up 3]}}{{Sfn|Critchley|2009|p=[https://archive.org/details/originoforganize0000crit/page/22/mode/1up 22]}} These activities gradually, though inconsistently, declined after 1915, persisting in some parts of Pennsylvania into the 1920s.{{Sfn|Critchley|2009|p=[https://archive.org/details/originoforganize0000crit/page/33/mode/1up 33]}}

In 1907, a Black Hand headquarters was discovered in Hillsville, Pennsylvania, a village located a few miles west of New Castle, Pennsylvania. The Black Hand in Hillsville established a school to train members in the use of the stiletto.Watkins, John, The Big Stunts of Great Detectives: The Scrapbook, Vol. 4, No. 6, New York: Frank A. Munsey (December 1907), p. 1098 Another Black Hand headquarters was later discovered in Boston, Massachusetts.{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90163010/the-north-adams-transcript/ |title=Alleged Blackmailers Taken by Boston Police |date=24 February 1908 |newspaper=The North Adams Transcript |access-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207024215/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90163010/the-north-adams-transcript/ |archive-date=7 December 2021 |url-status=live |agency=North Adams Transcript |location=North Adams, MA |page=1 |via=Newspapers.com}} This headquarters, managed by Antonio Mirabito, allegedly operated from New England to as far south as New York City.{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90164187/fitchburg-sentinel/ |title=Alleged Blackmailers |date=24 February 1908 |newspaper=Fitchburg Sentinel |access-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207025343/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90164187/fitchburg-sentinel/ |archive-date=7 December 2021 |url-status=live |agency=Fitchburg Sentinel |location=Fitchburg, MA |page=9 |via=Newspapers.com}} Police were hopeful that Mirabito's arrest would assist in ending the practice of Black Hand, but it continued in the area for about another decade.{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90161959/the-boston-globe/ |title=Blackhand Plot Against Piscopo |date=24 February 1908 |newspaper=The Boston Globe |access-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207022302/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/90161959/the-boston-globe/ |archive-date=7 December 2021 |url-status=live |agency=Boston Globe |location=Boston, MA |page=2 |via=Newspapers.com}} More successful immigrants were usually targeted, although as many as 90% of Italian immigrants and workmen in New York and other communities were threatened with extortion.

Typical Black Hand tactics involved sending a letter to a victim threatening bodily harm, kidnapping, arson, or murder. The letter demanded a specified amount of money to be delivered to a specific place. It was decorated with threatening symbols such as a smoking gun, hangman's noose, skull, or knife dripping with blood or piercing a human heart, and was frequently signed with a hand, "held up in the universal gesture of warning", imprinted or drawn in thick black ink.{{Sfn|Dash|2009|p=[https://archive.org/details/firstfamilyterro00dash/page/68/mode/1up 68–69]}} Author Mike Dash states "it was this last feature that inspired a journalist writing for The New York Herald to refer to the communications as 'Black Hand' letters{{snd}} a name that stuck, and indeed, soon became synonymous with crime in Little Italy."{{Sfn|Dash|2009|p=[https://archive.org/details/firstfamilyterro00dash/page/68/mode/1up 68–69]}} The term "Black Hand" was readily adopted by the American press and generalized to the idea of an organized criminal conspiracy, which came to be known as "The Black Hand Society."{{Sfn|Pitkin| Cordasco|1977|p=[https://archive.org/details/blackhandchapter0000pitk/page/3/mode/1up 3] and [https://archive.org/details/blackhandchapter0000pitk/page/18/mode/1up 18]}}

American newspapers in the first half of the twentieth century sometimes made reference to an organized "Black Hand Society", a criminal enterprise composed of Italians, mainly Sicilian Neapolitan and Calabrian immigrants. However, many Sicilians disputed its existence and objected to the associated negative ethnic stereotype,{{cite periodical |last= D'Amato |first= Gaetano|date=April 1908 |title=The "Black Hand" Myth |journal= The North American Review|volume=187 |pages=543–549|publisher=University of Northern Iowa|jstor= 25106116| url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/25106116}} but this was not the only viewpoint among Italian-Americans. Il Telegrafo: The Evening Telegraph, a newspaper for the Italian American community in New York City, printed an editorial on 13 March 1909 in response to Joseph Petrosino's assassination, which read in part, "The assassination of Petrosino is an evil day for the Italians of America, and none of us can any longer deny that there is a Black Hand Society in the United States."{{cite news |date=14 March 1909 |title=Petrosino Slain Assassins Gone |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/03/14/issue.html|work=The New York Times|access-date=17 July 2020}}

Tenor Enrico Caruso received a Black Hand letter on which were drawn a black hand and dagger, demanding $2,000. He decided to pay, "and, when this fact became public knowledge, was rewarded for his capitulation with 'a stack of threatening letters a foot high,' including another from the same gang for $15,000."Dash, The First Family (Chapter 3, page 26) He reported the incident to the police who arranged for him to drop off the money at a prearranged spot, then arrested two Italian businessmen who retrieved the money.{{fact|date=September 2022}}

The Black Hand rackets were the first type of organized crime operations by immigrant Sicilians in the United States. In some cases, gangsters involved in Black Hand operations were the predecessors of what would later become the crime families spread across the country. The Black Hand gangs lost strength in the early 20th century and ceased to exist around the 1920s, during the period when the first Mafia families in the U.S. —more organized and structured— started to emerge.{{Cite web |date=2025-04-05 |title=Black Hand {{!}} Italian Mafia, Sicilian Immigrants & Crime Syndicate {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Hand-American-criminal-organization |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=Lombardo |first1=Robert M. |title=The Black Hand: Terror by Letter in Chicago |journal=Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice |date=November 2002 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=394–409 |doi=10.1177/104398602237685 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006185840/http://www.sagepub.com/lippmanstudy/articles/Lombardo.pdf |access-date=11 April 2025 |publisher=Sage Publications}}

• Black Hand (Chicago)

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite book| last=Critchley | first=David | author-link= | title=The Origin of Organized Crime in America: The New York City Mafia, 1891-1931 | publisher=Routledge | location=New York | year=2009 | url=https://archive.org/details/originoforganize0000crit | isbn=978-0-415-99030-1}}
• {{Cite book| last=Dash | first=Mike | author-link=Mike Dash | title=The First Family: Terror, Extortion, Revenge, Murder, and the Birth of the American Mafia | publisher=Random House | location=New York | year=2009 | url=https://archive.org/details/firstfamilyterro00dash | isbn=978-1-4000-6722-0}}
• {{cite news|author=Lombardo, Robert M. |title=The Black Hand: A Study in Moral Panic|journal=Global Crime|issue= 6:3–4 |year=2004}}
• {{Cite book| last1=Pitkin | first1=Thomas M. | last2=Cordasco | first2=Francesco | author-link= | title=The Black Hand: A Chapter in Ethnic Crime | publisher=Littlefield, Adams | location=Totowa (NJ) | year=1977 | url=https://archive.org/details/blackhandchapter0000pitk/ | isbn= 9780822603337}}
• {{cite news|url=http://www.chitowndailynews.org/Chicago+news/2007/7/3/In_Little_Italy_mums_the_word_about_mob|author=Wallin, Geoff|title=In Little Italy, Mum's the Word About Mob|journal=Chi-Town Daily News|date=July 3, 2007|access-date=December 19, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423213722/http://www.chitowndailynews.org/Chicago+news/2007/7/3/In_Little_Italy_mums_the_word_about_mob|archive-date=April 23, 2008|url-status=dead}}
• {{cite news|author=White, Frank Marshall|url=https://archive.org/stream/centurymagazine95newyrich#page/330/mode/2up |title=The Passing of the Black Hand|journal= The Century Magazine|volume=XCV|date= November 1917 – April 1918}}
• {{cite book|url=https://www.same-old.com/collections/all/products/secret-societies |title=Secret Societies|isbn=9781527268074|last1=Black|first1=Jon|date=October 2020}}

• [http://www.gangrule.com/gangs/the-black-hand The Black Hand], article by Jon Black at GangRule.com
• [https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/black-hand The Black Hand], organized Crime in Queensland, Australia.

{{American Mafia}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Black Hand (Extortion)}}

Category:American Mafia

Category:Italian-American history