Blastocrithidia
{{short description|Genus of parasitic flagellate protist in the Kinetoplastea class}}
{{Automatic_taxobox
| image = Blastocrithidia papi journal.pone.0204467.g003.tif
| image_upright = 0.5
| image_caption = A species of Blastocrithidia, B. papi (vertical scale bar = 10 μm).{{Cite journal|last1=Frolov|first1=Alexander O.|last2=Malysheva|first2=Marina N.|last3=Ganyukova|first3=Anna I.|last4=Yurchenko|first4=Vyacheslav|last5=Kostygov|first5=Alexei Y.|date=2018-09-27|title=Obligate development of Blastocrithidia papi (Trypanosomatidae) in the Malpighian tubules of Pyrrhocoris apterus (Hemiptera) and coordination of host-parasite life cycles|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=13|issue=9|pages=e0204467|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0204467|issn=1932-6203|pmc=6160041|pmid=30261003|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1304467F|doi-access=free}}
| taxon = Blastocrithidia
| type_species = Blastocrithidia gerridis
| type_species_authority = (Patton 1908) Laird 1959
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
}}
Blastocrithidia is a genus of parasitic flagellate protist belonging to the family Trypanosomatidae.{{Cite journal |last=Laird |first=Marshall |date=1959-10-01 |title=Blastocrithidia n.g. (Mastigophora: Protomonadina) for Crithidia (in part), with a subarctic record for B. gerridis (Patton) |journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=749–752 |doi=10.1139/z59-075 |issn=0008-4301}} It is a monoxenous parasite of heteropteran insects,{{Cite journal |last1=Týč |first1=Jiří |last2=Votýpka |first2=Jan |last3=Klepetková |first3=Helena |last4=Šuláková |first4=Hana |last5=Jirků |first5=Milan |last6=Lukeš |first6=Julius |date=2013-10-01 |title=Growing diversity of trypanosomatid parasites of flies (Diptera: Brachycera): Frequent cosmopolitism and moderate host specificity |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790313002327 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=255–264 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.05.024 |pmid=23747522 |issn=1055-7903|url-access=subscription }} mainly inhabiting their hindgut and glands.{{Cite book |last1=Tanada |first1=Yoshinori |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0QAl21IeeGgC&pg=PA397 |title=Insect Pathology |last2=Kaya |first2=Harry K. |date=2012-12-02 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-08-092625-4 |page=397 |language=en}}
Characteristics
In addition to Blastocrithidia, one-host trypanosomatids from hemipteran and dipteran insects have been traditionally placed in genera Crithidia, Leptomonas, Herpetomonas, Rhynchoidomonas, and Wallaceina.{{Cite journal |last1=Merzlyak |first1=Ekaterina |last2=Yurchenko |first2=Vyacheslav |last3=Kolesnikov |first3=Alexander A. |last4=Alexandrov |first4=Kirill |last5=Podlipaev |first5=Sergei A. |last6=Maslov |first6=Dmitri A. |date=2001-03-01 |title=Diversity and Phylogeny of Insect Trypanosomatids Based on Small Subunit rRNA Genes: Polyphyly of Leptomonas and Blastocrithidia |journal=The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |language=en |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=161–169 |doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00298.x |pmid=12095103 |s2cid=13880469 |issn=1066-5234}}{{Cite journal |last1=Yurchenko |first1=Vyacheslav Y. |last2=Lukeš |first2=Julius |last3=Tesařová |first3=Martina |last4=Jirků |first4=Milan |last5=Maslov |first5=Dmitri A. |date=2008-01-01 |title=Morphological Discordance of the New Trypanosomatid Species Phylogenetically Associated with the Genus Crithidia |journal=Protist |language=en |volume=159 |issue=1 |pages=99–114 |doi=10.1016/j.protis.2007.07.003|pmid=17931968 }} Blastocrithidia is characterized by epimastigote morphological forms, whereas opisthomastigotes and endomastigotes are exclusive features of the genera Herpetomonas and Wallaceina, respectively. Blastocrithidia is also able to produce resistant cysts.{{Cite journal |last1=Tieszen |first1=K. |last2=Molyneux |first2=D. H. |last3=Abdel-Hafez |first3=S. K. |date=1985-03-01 |title=Ultrastructure of cyst formation in Blastocrithidia familiaris in Lygaeus pandurus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) |journal=Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde |language=en |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=179–188 |doi=10.1007/BF00926268 |s2cid=30176747 |issn=1432-1955}}
Systematics
The etymology of the genus name Blastocrithidia derives from the two Ancient Greek words {{wikt-lang|grc|βλαστός}} ({{grc-transl|βλαστός}}), meaning "sprout, scion, child or descendant", and {{wikt-lang|grc|κριθίδιον}} ({{grc-transl|κριθίδιον}}), meaning "small grain of barley".{{Cite book |last=Bailly |first=Anatole |title=Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français |date=1981-01-01 |publisher=Hachette |isbn=978-2010035289 |location=Paris |oclc=461974285}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.tabularium.be/bailly/ |title=Greek-french dictionary online |last=Bailly |first=Anatole |date= |website=www.tabularium.be |access-date=April 14, 2020}}
The genus includes the following species.
- Blastocrithidia caliroae Lipa, Carl & Valentine 1977
- Blastocrithidia cyrtomeni Caicedo et al. 2011
- Blastocrithidia euschisti Hanson & McGhee
- Blastocrithidia familiaris Tieszen et al. 1986
- Blastocrithidia gerridis (Patton 1908) Laird 1959
- Blastocrithidia largi Maslov and Lukes 2010
- Blastocrithidia leptocoridis (McCulloch 1915)
- Blastocrithidia miridarum Podlipaev & Frolov 1987
- Blastocrithidia papi Frolov and Kostygov, 2016
- Blastocrithidia raabei Lipa 1966
- Blastocrithidia triatomae Cerisola et al. 1971
- Blastocrithidia vagoi Tuzet & Laporte 1965
- Blastocrithidia nonstop Votýpka & Lukeš, sp. nov.
Genomics
= Genetic code =
Blastocrithidia uses in its nuclear genome an alternative genetic code characterized by all three canonical stop codons reassigned to sense codons.{{Cite journal |last1=Záhonová |first1=Kristína |last2=Kostygov |first2=Alexei Y. |last3=Ševčíková |first3=Tereza |last4=Yurchenko |first4=Vyacheslav |last5=Eliáš |first5=Marek |title=An Unprecedented Non-canonical Nuclear Genetic Code with All Three Termination Codons Reassigned as Sense Codons |journal=Current Biology |volume=26 |issue=17 |pages=2364–2369 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.064 |pmid=27593378 |year=2016 |doi-access=free }}
| class="wikitable" style="border: none; text-align: center;"
|+ Table of alternative codons in Blastocrithidia and comparison with the standard genetic code | ||||||||
| style="width: 150px;" | Genetic code | style="width: 25px;" | Translation table | style="width: 50px;" | DNA codon | style="width: 50px;" | RNA codon | colspan="3" style="width: 200px;" | Conditional translation | style="border: none; width: 1px;" | | style="width: 50px;" | Standard translation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rowspan="3" | Blastocrithidia nuclear | rowspan="3" | 31 | TAA | UAA | style="width: 50px; background-color:#B0B0B0;" | Ter (*) | style="width: 10px;" | or | style="width: 50px; background-color:#f8b7d3;" | Glu (E) | style="border: none; width: 1px;" | | style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | Ter (*) |
TAG | UAG | style="width: 50px; background-color:#B0B0B0;" | Ter (*) | style="width: 10px;" | or | style="width: 50px; background-color:#f8b7d3;" | Glu (E) | style="border: none; width: 1px;" | | style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | Ter (*) | ||
TGA | UGA | colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffe75f; | Trp (W) | style="border: none; width: 1px;" | | style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | Ter (*) |
| class="wikitable" style="border: none; text-align: center;"
| style="width: 250px;" | Amino acids biochemical properties | style="background-color:#ffe75f; width: 60px;" | nonpolar | style="background-color:#b3dec0; width: 60px;" | polar | style="background-color:#bbbfe0; width: 60px;" | basic | style="background-color:#f8b7d3; width: 60px;" | acidic | style="border: none; width: 1px;" | | style="background-color:#B0B0B0;" | Termination: stop codon |
References
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