Blechnaceae#Subfamilies and genera

Most are ground dwelling, some are climbers, such as Stenochlaena. A characteristic feature of many species is that the young opening fronds are usually tinged with red.

The family was created by Newman in 1844. In 2014, Christenhusz and Chase submerged it as subfamily Blechnoideae within the family Aspleniaceae and included Onocleaceae in it.{{sfn|Christenhusz|Chase|2014}} The PPG I classification of 2016 restored it to family status.{{sfn|PPG I|2016}}

Blechnaceae is a member of the eupolypods II clade (now the suborder Aspleniineae), in the order Polypodiales. It is related to other families in the clade as in the following cladogram:

{{eupolypods II cladogram}}

The number of genera accepted within Blechnaceae (or Blechnoideae when treated as a subfamily) has varied between authors. Christenhusz and Chase (2014), treating the group as a subfamily, describe the situation as follows: "Blechnoideae comprise three major clades, one corresponding to Onoclea sensu lato, a second corresponding to Woodwardia, sister to all other species that can be treated as the single genus Blechnum. However, the subclade sister to the rest of Blechnum sensu lato contains the vining taxa Stenochlaena, Salpichlaena J.Sm. and a few non-vining Blechnum species with long-creeping rhizomes, which may have to be accepted at the generic level pending further studies. Brainea, Doodia, Pteridoblechnum and Sadleria belong to Blechnum sensu lato."{{sfn|Christenhusz|Chase|2014}}

Perrie et al. (2014) retained the family rank and excluded Onoclea as a separate family, Onocleaceae, sister to Blechnaceae. They identified three major clades within the remaining Blechnaceae, which they labelled Woodwardia, super-Stenochlaena and super-Blechnum, with the latter two as sister groups. They did not consider Blechnum as monophyletic and recommended revision of intergeneric boundaries, resulting in seven genera.{{sfn|Perrie et al.|2014}}

Gasper et al. (2016), independently of Christenhusz and Chase, examined the deeper relationships of the

Blechnaceae, retaining its family status and excluding Onocleaceae, and allocated the three major clades of Perrie et al. (2014) to subfamilies: Woodwardioideae, Stenochlaenoideae and Blechnoideae. Their approach to the polyphyletic nature of Blechnum was to create a series of monophyletic segregate genera, resulting in 24 genera in total.{{sfn|Gasper et al.|2016a}}{{sfn|Gasper et al.|2016b}} The relationship between the three subfamilies was found to be as follows:{{sfn|Gasper et al.|2016a}}

{{clade

|label1=Blechnaceae

|1={{clade

|1=Woodwardioideae

|2={{clade

|1=Stenochlaenoideae

|2=Blechnoideae

}}

}}

}}

The approximate relationship between some of the taxa used in the classifications of Christenhusz and Chase (2014){{sfn|Christenhusz|Chase|2014}} and PPG I (2016){{sfn|PPG I|2016}} is shown in the table below.

{{cladogram|title=Phylogeny of Blechnaceae{{cite journal |last1=Nitta |first1=Joel H. |last2=Schuettpelz |first2=Eric |last3=Ramírez-Barahona |first3=Santiago |last4=Iwasaki |first4=Wataru |display-authors=et al. |year=2022 |title=An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=13 |issue= |page= 909768| doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.909768 |pmid= 36092417|pmc= 9449725|bibcode= |doi-access=free}}{{cite web|last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |last4= |first4= |display-authors=et al. |year=2022 |title=Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL |url=https://fernphy.github.io/viewer.html |version=FTOL v1.3.0 |access-date=12 December 2022}}|

{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%;width:450px

|1={{Clade

|1={{Clade

|label1=Woodwardioideae

|1={{Clade

|1=Lorinseria

|2={{Clade

|1=Anchistea

|2=Woodwardia

}}

}}

}}

|2={{Clade

|label1=Stenochlaenoideae

|1={{Clade

|1=Salpichlaena

|2={{Clade

|1=Stenochlaena

|2=Telmatoblechnum

}}

}}

|label2=Blechnoideae

|2={{Clade

|1=Brainea

|2={{Clade

|1={{Clade

|1={{Clade

|1=Blechnidium

|2=Struthiopteris

}}

|2=Spicantopsis

}}

|2={{Clade

|1={{Clade

|1={{Clade

|1=Cleistoblechnum

|2=Blechnopsis

}}

|2=Sadleria

}}

|2={{Clade

|1=Lomaridium

|2={{Clade

|1={{Clade

|label1=Lomarieae

|1=Lomaria

}}

|2={{Clade

|1=Lomariocycas

|2={{Clade

|label1=Blechneae

|1={{Clade

|1=Icarus

|2={{Clade

|1=Cranfillia

|2={{Clade

|1=Blechnum

|2=Austroblechnum

}}

}}

}}

|label2=Doodieae

|2={{Clade

|1={{Clade

|1=Diploblechnum

|2={{Clade

|1={{Clade

|1=Neoblechnum

|2={{Clade

|1=Doodia maxima

|2=Oceaniopteris

}}

}}

|2={{Clade

|1=Oceaniopteris species-group 2

|2=Doodia

}}

}}

}}

|2=Parablechnum

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

In 2016, the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group followed Gasper et al. (2016) in accepting 24 genera, grouped into three subfamilies with approximately 265 species, most of which are placed in the subfamily Blechnoideae.{{sfn|PPG I|2016}}

Subfamily Woodwardioideae Gasper, V.A.O.Dittrich & Salino

• Anchistea C.Presl
• Lorinseria C.Presl
• Woodwardia Sm.

Subfamily Stenochlaenoideae (Ching) J.P.Roux

• Salpichlaena J.Sm.
• Stenochlaena J.Sm.
• Telmatoblechnum Perrie, D.J.Ohlsen & Brownsey

Subfamily Blechnoideae Gasper, V.A.O.Dittrich & Salino

• Austroblechnum Gasper & V.A.O.Dittrich
• Blechnidium T.Moore
• Blechnopsis C.Presl
• Blechnum L.
• Brainea J.Sm.
• Cleistoblechnum Gasper & Salino
• Cranfillia Gasper & V.A.O.Dittrich
• Diploblechnum Hayata
• Doodia R.Br.
• Icarus Gasper & Salino
• Lomaria Willd.
• Lomaridium C.Presl
• Lomariocycas (J.Sm.) Gasper & A.R.Sm.
• Neoblechnum Gasper & V.A.O.Dittrich
• ×Oceanidoodia Liu, Schuettp. & H. Schneid.
• Oceaniopteris Gasper & Salino
• Parablechnum C.Presl
• Sadleria Kaulf.
• Struthiopteris Scop.

Subfamily incertae sedis

• {{extinct}}Trawetsia {{small|Smith et al}} Ypresian, Princeton Chert{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=S. Y. |last2=Stockey |first2=R. A. |last3=Nishida |first3=H. |last4=Rothwell |first4=G. W. |year=2006 |title=Trawetsia princetonensis gen. et sp. nov.(Blechnaceae): a permineralized fern from the Middle Eocene Princeton Chert |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=167 |issue=3 |pages=711–719|doi=10.1086/501034 |s2cid=85160532}}

{{Reflist|30em|refs=

{{cite journal

|author=Samuli Lehtonen

|year=2011

|title=Towards Resolving the Complete Fern Tree of Life

|journal=PLOS ONE

|volume=6

|issue=10

|pages=e24851

|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024851

|pmid=22022365

|pmc=3192703

|bibcode=2011PLoSO...624851L

|editor1-last=Steinke

|editor1-first=Dirk

|doi-access=free

}}

{{cite journal

|author1=Carl J. Rothfels |author2=Anders Larsson |author3=Li-Yaung Kuo |author4=Petra Korall |author5=Wen- Liang Chiou |author6=Kathleen M. Pryer |year=2012

|title=Overcoming Deep Roots, Fast Rates, and Short Internodes to Resolve the Ancient Rapid Radiation of Eupolypod II Ferns

|journal=Systematic Biology |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=490–509

|pmid=22223449

|doi=10.1093/sysbio/sys001|doi-access=free }}

}}

{{refbegin|30em}}

• {{cite journal

|author=Maarten J. M. Christenhusz

|author2=Xian-Chun Zhang

|author3=Harald Schneider

|name-list-style=amp

|year=2011

|title=A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns

|journal=Phytotaxa|volume=19|pages=7–54

|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2

|url=http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p054.pdf}}

• {{Cite journal|last1=Christenhusz |first1=Maarten J.M.|authorlink1=Maarten J. M. Christenhusz |last2=Chase|first2=Mark W.|authorlink2=Mark W. Chase |year=2014|title=Trends and concepts in fern classification|journal=Annals of Botany|volume=113

|issue=9|pages=571–594|name-list-style=amp|doi=10.1093/aob/mct299 |pmid=24532607 |pmc=3936591}}

• {{cite journal|last1=Gasper|first1=André L. de|last2=Almeida|first2=Thaís E.|last3=Dittrich|first3=Vinícius A. de O.|last4=Smith|first4=Alan R.|last5=Salino|first5=Alexandre|title=Molecular phylogeny of the fern family Blechnaceae (Polypodiales) with a revised genus-level treatment|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309285163|journal=Cladistics|date=October 2016|volume=33|issue=4|pages=429–446|doi=10.1111/cla.12173|pmid=34715732 |s2cid=88680078|ref={{harvid|Gasper et al.|2016a}}|doi-access=free}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Gasper|first1=André Luís de|last2=Dittrich|first2=Vinícius Antonio de Oliveira|last3=Smith|first3=Alan Reid|last4=Salino|first4=Alexandre|title=A classification for Blechnaceae (Polypodiales: Polypodiopsida): New genera, resurrected names, and combinations|journal=Phytotaxa|date=21 September 2016|volume=275|issue=3|pages=191|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.275.3.1|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308389609|ref={{harvid|Gasper et al.|2016b}}}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Perrie|first1=Leon R.|last2=Wilson|first2=Ruby K.|last3=Shepherd|first3=Lara D.|last4=Ohlsen|first4=Daniel J.|last5=Batty|first5=Erin L.|last6=Brownsey|first6=Patrick J.|last7=Bayly|first7=Michael J.|title=Molecular phylogenetics and generic taxonomy of Blechnaceae ferns|journal=Taxon|date=28 August 2014|volume=63|issue=4|pages=745–758|doi=10.12705/634.13|ref={{harvid|Perrie et al.|2014}}}}
• {{cite journal |author=Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group I |year=2016 |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229|s2cid=39980610 |ref={{harvid|PPG I|2016}}|doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Alan R.|last2=Pryer|first2=Kathleen M.|last3=Schuettpelz|first3=Eric|last4=Korall|first4=Petra|last5=Schneider|first5=Harald|last6=Wolf|first6=Paul G.|title=A Classification for Extant Ferns|journal=Taxon|date=1 January 2006|volume=55|issue=3|pages=705–731|url=https://www.idigbio.org/wiki/images/9/95/Smith_et_al_2006.pdf|jstor=25065646|doi=10.2307/25065646|ref={{harvid|Smith et al.|2006}} }}

{{refend}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20001101213011/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?1221 Germplasm Resources Information Network: Blechnaceae]

{{Plant classification}}

{{Fern classification}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q932153}}

Category:Fern families

Category:Taxa named by Edward Newman