Bongal Kheda

File:Rongmon's photo.jpg, an ethnic Bengali Hindu writer of Assamese language teenage literature was forced to leave Assam.]]

Beginning in 1826, the British East India Company gradually brought the entire Northeast India under control and included Assam in the Bengal Presidency."The British East India Company, with its center in Calcutta, gradually extended its control over the entire northeast region and in 1838 Assam was incorporated into the Bengal Presidency." {{harvcol|Weiner|1983|p=282}} Over time educated elite Bengali Hindus began occupying colonial administrative and professional positions, locally they were called as Babus and the emerging Assamese nationalists began looking at both the British as well as this class of Bengalis as outsiders."This migration was accompanied by an influx of educated Bengali Hindus into positions in the administrative services and in the professions. The British dismantled the Ahom ruling structure, made Bengali the official language, and recruited Bengali Hindus to run the administrative services. By the beginning of the twentieth century Assamese nationalists were pitted against the Bengalis as well as against the British, both of whom were seen as alien rulers." {{harvcol|Weiner|1983|p=283}} The concern for rapidly increasing amount of refugees arriving from East Bengal and later newly formed East Pakistan in the 1940s, created tension among the Indigenous Assamese people and many tribes in the state.{{Cite web |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/documents/papers/illegal_migration_in_assam.htm |title=Illegal Migration into Assam |website=www.satp.org |access-date=6 July 2019}} The first influx of Hindu refugees in considerable number was in October 1946 following the Noakhali riots.{{Cite web |url=http://125.22.40.134:8082/jspui/bitstream/123456789/946/1/Sajal_Nag_10June_2015_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016015213/http://125.22.40.134:8082/jspui/bitstream/123456789/946/1/Sajal_Nag_10June_2015_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 October 2017 |title=Nehru and the North East |last=Nag |first=Sajal |year=2015 |publisher=Nehru Memorial Museum and Library |access-date=6 July 2019}} By May 1949 the number of total refugees reached two-and-half lakhs increasing up to 2,740,455.{{Cite book |title=Census of India, 1951, Vol. XII, Part I (I-A), 353.}} In May 1948, ethnic tension escalated between the Assamese people and the Bengali Hindus in the Paan bazaar area of Guwahati, which soon spread to different parts of Assam.{{cite book |last=Nag |first=Sajal |title=Nehru and the North East |url=http://125.22.40.134:8082/jspui/bitstream/123456789/946/1/Sajal_Nag_10June_2015_final.pdf |access-date=15 October 2017 |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-83650-81-1 |page=12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016015213/http://125.22.40.134:8082/jspui/bitstream/123456789/946/1/Sajal_Nag_10June_2015_final.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2017 |url-status=dead}} Bengali-owned shops were looted in Guwahati. Abusive wall graffiti were put out across the streets of Guwahati such as "Who ate all the fish?, the Bengalis! So out with them."{{cite book |title=Internal Displacement in South Asia: The Relevance of the UN's Guiding Principles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=82cDgYceiCYC |year=2005 |publisher=Sage |isbn=0761933131 |pages=150–151}} In 1956, there were widespread disturbances in the erstwhile undivided Goalpara district, when the States Reorganization Commission visited the district to ascertain the feasibility of the district's merger with West Bengal. Sarat Chandra Sinha, the Congress MLA who would later be the Chief minister of Assam, is known to have rallied in different parts of Goalpara district and made provocative speeches against the Bengali Hindus, instigating mob violence against them. Around 250 Bengali medium schools were converted to Assamese medium schools overnight. As per a letter by PM Jawaharlal Nehru to the Assam government, at least one Bengali Hindu was stabbed.{{cite news |url=http://www.anandabazar.com/national/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AD-%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%9D%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%B0-1.181930 |script-title=bn:অসম বাংলাভাষীরও, বুঝতে হবে শাসকদের |last=Bhattacharya |first=Nitish |date=25 July 2015 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |publisher=ABP Group |language=bn |access-date=26 June 2017 |location=Kolkata}}

File:Arrival of Bengali Hindu refugees at Dangi, Alipurduar, West Bengal.jpg refugee child being taken aboard a lorry at Alipurduar.]]

The attacks on the Bengali Hindus started in June 1960. It first started at the Cotton College in Guwahati and then spread to the rest of the state.{{cite news |url=http://www.tripurainfoway.com/column-details/173/a-taste-of-british-judiciary-amp-infamous-bongal-kheda.html |title=A Taste of British Judiciary & infamous 'Bongal Kheda' |last=Datta |first=Rathin |work=TripuraINFOWAY.com |publisher=Tripura Infoway News |access-date=15 October 2017}} Assamese mob attacked Bengali Hindu settlements in the Brahmaputra Valley. There were reports of stone-throwing by Assamese in a Bengali neighbourhood called Das Colony in Maligaon area. A petrol pump on the main road between Maligaon and Guwahati, the largest city in Assam, was set on fire. The Assamese people felt that the fewer Bengalis within their territory, the better. The 1979 agitation witnessed frequent curfews and strikes called by the All Assam Students Union (AASU) and other organisations belonging to the local community. At least two young Bengali men in Maligaon were murdered. One incident that happened where a young Assamese man, a school dropout in his early 20s, who used to reside in Maligaon locality. He stabbed his own childhood Bengali friend, who had just joined the Indian Air Force, to death in the middle of the street.{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/2/26/we-foreigners-what-it-means-to-be-bengali-in-indias-assam |title=We foreigners: What it means to be Bengali in India's Assam \PUblisher=Al Jazeera}} Violence took place in 25 villages of Goreswar in Kamrup district. A one-man enquiry commission was set up under Justice Gopal Mehrotra. According to the report nine Bengali were killed and more than one hundred were injured. There was at least one incident of attack on women. 4,019 huts and 58 houses belonging to the Bengalis were vandalised and destroyed. The District Magistrate of Guwahati who happened to be a Bengali Hindu was attacked by a mob of around 100 people inside his residence and stabbed.{{harvtxt|Chakravarti|1960}} The Deputy Inspector General of Police, also a Bengali Hindu was also stabbed. The Bengali students of Guwahati University, Dibrugarh Medical College and Assam Medical College were forcibly expelled from the institutions.{{cite news |url=http://www.ittefaq.com.bd/print-edition/vino-chikhe/2016/02/19/102987.html |script-title=bn:যে আগুন ছড়িয়ে গেল... |last=Chowdhury |first=Anwar |date=19 February 2016 |work=Daily Ittefaq |language=bn |access-date=26 June 2017 |location=Dhaka}} In Dibrugarh, the Bengali Hindus were attacked in the mixed localities. Bengali Hindu houses were looted, burnt and the occupants were beaten up, knifed and driven out. On 31 August 2019, the names of more than 13 lakh Bengalis were removed from the final list of N. R. C. based on 1971. In this situation, the Bengalis all over India, including Assam, is living with anxiety today.{{Cite news |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |script-title=bn:এনআরসি-তে ১২ লক্ষ হিন্দুর নাম বাদ, অসমে প্যাঁচে বিজেপি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/india/over-12-lakh-hindu-left-out-from-nrc-1.1044352 |access-date=2021-05-10 |work=Anandabazar Patrika}}

Thousands of Bengali Hindus were displaced from the Brahmaputra Valley and they subsequently migrated to West Bengal. According to one estimate 500,000 Bengalis were displaced from Assam.{{cite book |last=Bhaumik |first=Subir |editor=Samir Kumar Das |title=Blisters on their Feet |url=http://203.128.31.71/articles/076193653X.pdf |access-date=5 March 2014 |year=2008 |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-81-7829-819-1 |page=303 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305182014/http://203.128.31.71/articles/076193653X.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2014 |url-status=dead}} In West Bengal, thousands of refugees arrived in phases. The first batch of around 4,000 refugees arrived between 5 and 11 July 1960. The next batch of 447 arrived between 12 and 20 July. The rest arrived after 31 July. During July – September, around 50,000 Bengalis took shelter in West Bengal.

Robin Dey, the Bengali-born creator of teenage adventure series of Dasyu Bhaskar in Assam was forced to leave Assam and settle in Kolkata.{{cite news |last=Ray |first=Biswajit |date=21 February 2014 |script-title=bn:বাংলার বাইরে বাংলার খোঁজে কয়েক দিন |language=bn |work=Anandabazar Patrika |publisher=ABP Group |location=Kolkata |url=http://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1140221/21edit3.html |access-date=26 June 2017}} In 1959, Sukomal Purakayastha, who was later martyred during the Bengali Language Movement in 1961, was forced to wind up his business in Dibrugarh and flee to Barak Valley.{{cite news |date=19 May 2015 |script-title=bn:তোমরা ছিলে তাই লেখার সাহস পাই |language=bn |work=Ei Samay |publisher=Bennett Coleman |location=Kolkata |url=http://eisamay.indiatimes.com/nation/bengali-language-movement-in-barak-valley/articleshow/47347283.cms |access-date=26 June 2017}}

{{main|Assamese Language Movement}}

In 1972, large scale ethnic riots erupted in Assam again when Assamese groups demanded for making Assamese the sole language for writing examinations under the prestigious Gauhati university, where as usual the Bengali Hindus were mostly targeted. This time the violence remained concentrated mostly in the lower Assam districts with minor outbreaks reported in Sibsagar and Dibrugarh.{{cite book|last=Sekhawat|first=Vibhuti Singh|title=Assam: From Accord to ULFA|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LW2x76MPOhoC|access-date=6 March 2014|year=2007|publisher=Anamika Publishers|isbn=9788179751695|page=88}} Around 14,000 Bengali Hindus fled to West Bengal and elsewhere in the North East.

[[File:Anti-Bengali graffiti, Assam Agitation.jpg|thumb|right|

Assamese mob drawing wall graffiti where Jyoti Basu, the then Chief Minister of West Bengal is described as the Bastard son of West Bengal and Bengalis as Indian dogs .]]

{{Main|Assam Movement}}

During the first phase of the Assam Agitation, Bengali settlements were attacked throughout the Brahmaputra Valley. The killing of Rabi Mitra, an ethnic Bengali technical officer at Oil India's headquarters in Duliajan caused widespread panic among the Bengalis. In 1983, the Bengali Hindus were attacked again during the anti-foreign agitation. In Dhemaji district, the Bengali houses were vandalised by rioting Assamese mobs in Silapathar. Cases have been reported when tribals (Mishing people) were instigated to attack government sanctioned Bengali Hindu refugee settlements in the Lakhimpur district, resulting in horrendous massacres where Bengali babies were snatched from their mothers and thrown to fire, alive. Extremely abusive graffiti targeting Bengali Hindus became a common hate spreading mechanism for the Assamese rioters. "If you see a snake and a Bengali, kill the Bengali first", "Assam for Assamese", etc. were easily seen written on the graffitied walls across the Brahmaputra valley.{{cite book |title='Bearing Witness': The Impact of Conflict on Women in Nagaland and Assam |year=2011 |publisher=Centre for North East Studies and Policy Research |page=42}} The Khasi tribals of Meghalaya, under the banner of Khasi Students Union (KSU) and under active collaboration and patronage of the Assamese rioters started targeting domicile Bengalis in Meghalaya, resenting their dominance in jobs and business. The attacks mostly restricted to Shillong. In 1980, a Bengali legislator was killed and the Bengali localities came under systematic attack repeatedly.

• Bongal
• Beh Dkhar
• Mayang Halo
• Discrimination against Bengalis in India
• Operation Roukhala
• D voter
• Nellie Massacre
• Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)
• Bengali Hindus in Assam

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• {{cite journal |last=Chakravarti |first=K.C. |date=30 July 1960 |title=Bongal Kheda Again |journal=The Economic Weekly |publisher=Sameeksha Trust|location=Mumbai|pages=1193–95|issn=0012-9976 |url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1960_12/31/assam_disturbances_ibongal_kheda_again.pdf |access-date=5 September 2014}}
• {{cite journal |title=The Political Demography of Assam's Anti-Immigrant Movement |first=Myron |last=Weiner |author-link=Myron Weiner |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=9 |pages=279–292 |number=2 |year=1983 |publisher=Population Council |jstor=1973053 |doi=10.2307/1973053 }}

{{refend}}

{{Violence against Bengali Hindus in Assam}}

Category:Massacres of Bengali Hindus

Category:History of Assam

Category:1960s in India

Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia

Category:Illegal immigration to India

Category:Anti-immigration politics in India