Boops boops

In the fourth century BCE, Boops boops was documented by Aristotle as {{transl|grc|box}} ({{langx|grc|βῶξ}}) in his Historia Animalium.{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=D'Arcy Wentworth |author-link=D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson |title=A History of Animals |publisher=Clarendon Press |date=1910}} In the early third century CE, Athenaeus, in his Deipnosophistae, also called the fish {{transl|grc|box}} and suggested that the name came from the sound that the fish makes ({{langx|grc|βοή|link=no}}, {{lit|roar}}). The name {{transl|grc|boops}} ({{langx|grc|βόωψ|link=no}}, {{lit|ox-eyed}}) is mentioned due to the fish's large eyes.{{cite book |title=Food in the Ancient World From A to Z |author=Dalby, A. |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=0-415-23259-7 |page=61}}{{Cite web |title=LacusCurtius: Athenaeus — Deipnosophistae |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Athenaeus/home.html |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu |page=289}} The first scientific description comes from Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of Systema Naturae as Sparus boops. It was later reclassified under the genus Boops.{{Cite web |title=CAS - Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes |url=https://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=researcharchive.calacademy.org}}

The species is found off the coasts of Europe, Africa, the Azores and the Canary Islands, from Norway to Angola, and in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. It avoids brackish waters such as the Baltic Sea. A demersal and semi-pelagic feeder, it can generally be found at a depth of {{cvt|100|m}}, and infrequently down to {{cvt|350|m}}.{{FishBase | genus = Boops | species = boops | year = 2023 | month = 7}}

It consumes seaweed, crustaceans, and some plankton, in schools that rise to the surface at night. Individuals can reach {{cvt|36|cm}}, but average {{cvt|20|cm}}.

Sex determination in the bogue is unclear. It has variously been described as a rudimentary intersex organism, with a few intersex individuals, or a protogynous intersex, with individuals starting out life as females, and some becoming male later on.

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The species is commercially fished, with 37,830 tonnes taken in 2008. European Commission standards include three size categories for Boops boops, from size 3, which is between 32 and 70 fish per kilogram, to size 1, which is no more than 5 fish per kilogram.{{cite web | title= Commercial designations: Boops boops| url= https://fish-commercial-names.ec.europa.eu/fish-names/species/boops-boops_en#ecl-accordion-header-market-stands |publisher=European Commission}}

When cleaned and pan fried, broiled or baked fresh, they are good tasting, but when stored their gut flora soon spread unpleasant flavors to their flesh.

Their shelf life is limited, as when stored at freezing (0 °C) for a week, or slightly above freezing for 2 to 4 days, the taste after cooking becomes of "unacceptable quality".{{cite journal |year=1999 |title=Chemical and sensory changes associated with microbial flora of Mediterranean Boque (Boops boops) stored aerobically at 0, 3, 7, and 10 °C |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=698–706 |publisher=American Society for Microbiology |doi= 10.1128/AEM.65.2.698-706.1999|pmid=9925603 |pmc=91082 |last1=Koutsoumanis |first1=K. |last2=Nychas |first2=G. J. |bibcode=1999ApEnM..65..698K }} Much of the catch is used for fishmeal or tuna fishing bait.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}} Boops boops has been used as an indicator of microplastic pollution in the Mediterranean sea.{{Cite journal |last1=Bray |first1=Laura |last2=Digka |first2=Nikoletta |last3=Tsangaris |first3=Catherine |last4=Camedda |first4=Andrea |last5=Gambaiani |first5=Delphine |last6=de Lucia |first6=Giuseppe Andrea |last7=Matiddi |first7=Marco |last8=Miaud |first8=Claude |last9=Palazzo |first9=Luca |last10=Pérez-del-Olmo |first10=Ana |last11=Raga |first11=Juan Antonio |last12=Silvestri |first12=Cecilia |last13=Kaberi |first13=Helen |date=2019-04-01 |title=Determining suitable fish to monitor plastic ingestion trends in the Mediterranean Sea |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749118345883 |journal=Environmental Pollution |volume=247 |pages=1071–1077 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.100 |pmid=30823336 |bibcode=2019EPoll.247.1071B |issn=0269-7491}}{{Cite journal |last1=Tsangaris |first1=Catherine |last2=Digka |first2=Nikoletta |last3=Valente |first3=Tommaso |last4=Aguilar |first4=Alex |last5=Borrell |first5=Asunción |last6=de Lucia |first6=Giuseppe Andrea |last7=Gambaiani |first7=Delphine |last8=Garcia-Garin |first8=Odei |last9=Kaberi |first9=Helen |last10=Martin |first10=Jessica |last11=Mauriño |first11=Elena |last12=Miaud |first12=Claude |last13=Palazzo |first13=Luca |last14=del Olmo |first14=Ana Pérez |last15=Raga |first15=Juan Antonio |date=2020-09-01 |title=Using Boops boops (osteichthyes) to assess microplastic ingestion in the Mediterranean Sea |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X20305154 |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |volume=158 |pages=111397 |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111397 |pmid=32753182 |bibcode=2020MarPB.15811397T |issn=0025-326X}}

The bogue is host to a wide variety of parasites, ranging from metazoans such as monogenean flatworms (e.g. Microcotyle isyebi{{cite journal|last1=Bouguerche|first1=Chahinez|last2=Gey|first2=Delphine|last3=Justine|first3=Jean-Lou|last4=Tazerouti|first4=Fadila|title=Towards the resolution of the Microcotyle erythrini species complex: description of Microcotyle isyebi n. sp. (Monogenea, Microcotylidae) from Boops boops (Teleostei, Sparidae) off the Algerian coast|journal=Parasitology Research|year=2019|volume=118|issue=5|pages=1417–1428|issn=0932-0113|doi=10.1007/s00436-019-06293-y|pmid=30915549|s2cid=85528221|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02080519/file/Bouguerche%20et%20al%20-%20Microcotyle%20isyebi%20-%20ParasitolRes2019%20HAL.pdf}} and Cyclocotyla bellones) acanthocephalan spiny-headed worms, nematode roundworms, isopod and copepod crustaceans and myxozoan cnidarians to the unicellular dinoflagellate Ichthyodinium chabelardi, a parasite lethal to eggs developing in ovaries. At least 67 metazoan parasite species have been reported from the species.{{cite journal |last1=Olmo |first1=Ana Pérez-del |last2= Fernández |first2=Mercedes |last3= Gibson |first3=David I. |last4= Raga |first4= Juan Antonio |last5= Kostadinova |first5=Aneta |year=2007 |title=Descriptions of some unusual digeneans from Boops boops L. (Sparidae) and a complete checklist of its metazoan parasites |journal=Systematic Parasitology |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=137–157 |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/s11230-006-9063-5|pmid=17318367 |s2cid=25844447 }} In the aftermath of the 2002 Prestige oil spill, the community of parasitic species inhabiting bogue caught off the coast of Spain was noticeably altered.{{cite journal |last1=Pérez-del Olmo |first1=A. |last2=Raga |first2=J.A. |last3=Kostadinova |first3=A. |last4=Fernández |first4=M. |year=2007 |title=Parasite communities in Boops boops (L.) (Sparidae) after the Prestige oil-spill: Detectable alterations |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=266–276 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.10.003|pmid=17118407 |bibcode=2007MarPB..54..266P }}

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Category:Sparidae

Category:Commercial fish

Category:Fish of the Atlantic Ocean

Category:Fish of the Mediterranean Sea

Category:Fish of the Black Sea

Category:Fish of the North Sea

Category:Fish described in 1758

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus