Boundless Informant

Intelligence gathered by the United States government inside the United States or specifically targeting US citizens is legally required to be gathered in compliance with the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 (FISA) and under the authority of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISA court).Dean, John W. [http://writ.corporate.findlaw.com/dean/20051230.html George W. Bush as the New Richard M. Nixon: Both Wiretapped Illegally, and Impeachable; Both Claimed That a President May Violate Congress' Laws to Protect National Security], FindLaw, December 30, 2005[http://www.thenation.com/doc/20060130/holtzman The Impeachment of George W. Bush] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060318101931/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20060130/holtzman |date=March 18, 2006 }} by Elizabeth Holtzman, The Nation, January 11, 2006[http://www.abanet.org/op/greco/memos/aba_house302-0206.pdf Adopted By The House Of Delegates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326213933/http://www.abanet.org/op/greco/memos/aba_house302-0206.pdf |date=March 26, 2009 }} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120722013248/http://apps.americanbar.org/op/greco/memos/aba_house302-0206.pdf Archive]), American Bar Association, February 13, 2006

NSA global data mining projects have existed for decades, but recent programs of intelligence gathering and analysis that include data gathered from inside the United States such as PRISM were enabled by changes to US surveillance law introduced under President Bush and renewed under President Obama in December 2012.{{cite news|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|author-link=Glenn Greenwald|title=NSA taps in to internet giants' systems to mine user data, secret files reveal|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data |access-date=June 6, 2013|date=June 6, 2013|location=London}}

Boundless Informant was first publicly revealed on June 8, 2013, after classified documents about the program were leaked to The Guardian.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/boundless-informant |title=Boundless Informant | World news |work=The Guardian |access-date=June 9, 2013 |location=London |date=June 8, 2013}} This report contained a Top Secret heat map produced by the Boundless Informant program summarizing data records from 504 separate DNR and DNI collection sources or SIGADs. In the map, countries that are under surveillance are assigned a color from green to red (which does not correspond to intensity of surveillance).{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/jun/08/nsa-boundless-informant-data-mining-slides |title=Boundless Informant NSA data-mining tool – four key slides |work=The Guardian |access-date=June 9, 2013 |location=London |date=June 8, 2013}}

File:Boundless Informant data collection - DNI.jpg

As this map shows that almost 3 billion data elements from inside the United States were captured by the NSA over a 30-day period ending in March 2013, Snowden stated that this tool was collecting more information on Americans located within the United States than on Russians in Russia.Gellman, Barton. "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/edward-snowden-after-months-of-nsa-revelations-says-his-missions-accomplished/2013/12/23/49fc36de-6c1c-11e3-a523-fe73f0ff6b8d_story.html Edward Snowden, after months of NSA revelations, says his mission’s accomplished]." The Washington Post. December 23, 2013. Retrieved on February 7, 2014. Snowden stated that he had raised concerns about this with his superiors at the NSA beginning in October 2012, specifically with two superiors in the Hawaii regional base of the NSA Threat Operations Center and two superiors in the Technology Directorate of the NSA. Snowden states that he brought up these concerns through the Dissent Channel.

Snowden added that coworkers often were "astonished to learn" about this detail and did not wish to know any more about the program, and that until April 2012 he often asked these colleagues "What do you think the public would do if this was on the front page?" Vanee Vines, an NSA spokesperson, stated that "After extensive investigation, including interviews with his former NSA supervisors and co-workers, we have not found any evidence to support Mr. Snowden's contention that he brought these matters to anyone's attention."

The first publication about Boundless Informant was followed by screenshots from this program showing charts with details about the data that NSA allegedly collected from several European countries between December 10, 2012 and January 8, 2013. These charts were published by a major news outlet from each of these countries:

File:Boundless Informant Screencap, Germany.jpgs and the most important "tech" in the bottom right section is the XKeyscore program.]]

• July 29, 2013: Germany: a big chart about this country, showing more than 552 million telephony and internet data, alongside four smaller charts about the Netherlands, France, Spain and Italy were published by the magazine Der Spiegel.[http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-105648237.html Daten aus Deutschland], August 5, 2013
• October 20, 2013: France: a chart showing almost 70 million telephony metadata was published by the newspaper Le Monde.
• October 28, 2013: Spain: a chart showing 60 million telephony metadata was published by the newspaper El Mundo.Glenn Greenwald & German Aranda, [http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2013/10/28/526dcbad61fd3d07678b456b.html La NSA espió 60 millones de llamadas en España en sólo un mes], October 28, 2013
• November 19, 2013: Norway: a chart showing 33 million telephony metadata was published by the tabloid paper Dagbladet.Glenn Greenwald & Arne Halvorsen, [http://www.dagbladet.no/2013/11/19/nyheter/pluss/samfunn/politikk/utenriks/30383890/ USA overvåket 33 millioner norske mobilsamtaler], November 19, 2013
• December 6, 2013: Italy: a chart showing almost 46 million telephony metadata was published by the tabloid paper L'Espresso.Glenn Greenwald & Stefania Maurizi, [http://espresso.repubblica.it/inchieste/2013/12/05/news/da-qui-ci-spiano-gli-americani-1.144421 Da qui ci spiano gli americani], December 6, 2013.
• February 8, 2014: Netherlands: a chart showing 1.8 million telephony metadata was published by the newspaper NRC Handelsblad.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2014-02-17 |title=Dutch government tried to hide the truth about metadata collection |url=https://www.electrospaces.net/2014/02/boundlessinformant-metadata-collection.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191203130920/https://www.electrospaces.net/2014/02/dutch-government-tried-to-hide-truth.html |archive-date=2019-12-03 |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Electrospaces.net |language=en}}

Initially, these media wrote that the BoundlessInformant charts showed how many phone calls the NSA intercepted from a particular country. A first correction of this interpretation is that the program doesn't count the content of phone calls, but only the metadata thereof (see below).

A second correction is about by whom and where these data were collected. On August 5, a week after the publication of a chart from BoundlessInformant in Germany, the German intelligence agency (BND) said that they collected these data from foreign communications, related to military operations abroad.{{Cite news |last=Gude |first=Hubert |last2=Poitras |first2=Laura |last3=Rosenbach |first3=Marcel |date=2013-08-05 |title=German Intelligence Sends Massive Amounts of Data to the NSA |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/german-intelligence-sends-massive-amounts-of-data-to-the-nsa-a-914821.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230711084853/https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/german-intelligence-sends-massive-amounts-of-data-to-the-nsa-a-914821.html |archive-date=2023-07-11 |access-date=2024-07-05 |work=Der Spiegel |language=en |issn=2195-1349}}Marcel Rosenbach & Holger Stark, Der NSA Komplex, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, München 2014, p. 235 and 326. A similar statement was made by the Norwegian Intelligence Service, after a chart about Norway was published on November 19.{{Cite web|last=Greenwald|first=Glenn|date=2013-11-22|title=NSA-files repeatedly show collection of data «against countries» - not «from»|url=https://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/nsa-files-repeatedly-show-collection-of-data-against-countries---not-from/61855244|access-date=2021-04-28|website=dagbladet.no|language=no}} On February 4, 2014, the Dutch government revealed that the 1.8 million metadata in the chart about the Netherlands were not collected by NSA, but instead by the Dutch Military Intelligence and Security Service (MIVD), also to support military operations, which almost led to the resignation of the Dutch interior minister.Top Level Telecommunications, [http://electrospaces.blogspot.nl/2014/02/dutch-government-tried-to-hide-truth.html Dutch government tried to hide the truth about metadata collection], February 17, 2014

On October 29, 2013, NSA-director Keith B. Alexander declared that accusations in French, Spanish and Italian media about NSA intercepting millions of phone calls from these countries are "completely false". He added that "This is not information that we collected on European citizens. It represents information that we and our NATO allies have collected in defense of our countries and in support of military operations."Reuters.com, [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-nsa-idUSBRE99S03N20131029 NSA chief defends agency amid U.S. spy rift with Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924190334/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/29/us-usa-security-nsa-idUSBRE99S03N20131029 |date=September 24, 2015 }}, October 29, 2013

Although the initial reports in European media stated that the various charts presented the numbers of phone calls intercepted by NSA, a PowerPoint presentation and a FAQ document published by The Guardian{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/jun/08/boundless-informant-nsa-full-text |title=Boundless Informant: NSA explainer – full document text |work=The Guardian |access-date=June 12, 2013 |location=London |date=June 8, 2013}} say that BoundlessInformant is counting and analysing DNI (internet) and DNR (telephony) metadata records passing through the NSA's signals intelligence systems, and are therefore not showing how much content of internet and telephone communications is intercepted.Top Level Telecommunications, [http://electrospaces.blogspot.com/2013/10/boundlessinformant-only-shows-metadata.html BOUNDLESSINFORMANT only shows metadata], October 22, 2013.

Data analyzed by Boundless Informant includes electronic surveillance program records and telephone call metadata records stored in an NSA data archive called GM-PLACE. It does not include FISA data, according to the FAQ memo. PRISM, a government codename for a collection effort known officially as US-984XN, which was revealed at the same time as Boundless Informant, is one source of DNR data.

According to published slides, Boundless Informant leverages Free and Open Source Software—and is therefore "available to all NSA developers"—and corporate services hosted in the cloud. The tool uses HDFS, MapReduce, and Accumulo (formerly Cloudbase){{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2012/07/nsa-accumulo-google-bigtable/ |title=NSA Mimics Google, Pisses Off Senate, Cade Metz |magazine=Wired |date= July 17, 2012}} for data processing.{{cite web|url=http://www.documentcloud.org/documents/710559-doc01187820130608104742.html#document/p4 |title=Boundless Informant slides |publisher=Documentcloud.org |access-date=June 9, 2013}}

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{{Commons category|Boundless Informant}}

• [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/08/nsa-boundless-informant-global-datamining Boundless Informant: the NSA's secret tool to track global surveillance data]
• [http://electrospaces.blogspot.com/2013/10/boundlessinformant-only-shows-metadata.html Article about how BOUNDLESSINFORMANT only shows metadata]
• [http://nsa.gov1.info/dni/boundless-informant.html All BoundlessInformant documents, slides and screenshots]

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