Bovidae

The name "Bovidae" was given by the British zoologist John Edward Gray in 1821.{{MSW3 Artiodactyla |id=14200485 |heading=Family Bovidae}} The word "Bovidae" is the combination of the prefix bov- (originating from Latin {{Lang|la|bos}}, "ox", through Late Latin {{Lang|la|bovinus}}) and the suffix -idae.{{cite web|title=Bovidae|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bovidae|website=Merriam-Webster online dictionary|access-date=7 October 2014|archive-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011131843/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bovidae|url-status=live}}

{{main|List of bovids}}

The family Bovidae is placed in the order Artiodactyla (which includes the even-toed ungulates). It includes 143 extant species, accounting for nearly 55% of the ungulates, and 300 known extinct species.{{cite web |last1=Gomez |first1=W. |last2=Patterson |first2=T. A. |last3=Swinton |first3=J. |last4=Berini |first4=J. |title=Bovidae: antelopes, cattle, gazelles, goats, sheep, and relatives |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Bovidae/ |website=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=7 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007065046/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Bovidae/ |url-status=live }}

Until the beginning of the 21st century it was understood that the family Moschidae (musk deer) was sister to Cervidae. However, a 2003 phylogenetic study by Alexandre Hassanin (of National Museum of Natural History, France) and colleagues, based on mitochondrial and nuclear analyses, revealed that Moschidae and Bovidae form a clade sister to Cervidae. According to the study, Cervidae diverged from the Bovidae-Moschidae clade 27 to 28 million years ago.{{cite journal | last1=Hassanin | first1=A. | last2=Douzery | first2=E. J. P. | title=Molecular and morphological phylogenies of Ruminantia and the alternative position of the Moschidae | journal=Systematic Biology | date=2003 | volume=52 | issue=2 | pages=206–28 | doi=10.1080/10635150390192726 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10760976 | pmid=12746147| doi-access=free }} The following cladogram is based on the 2003 study.

{{Clade

| style=font-size: 100%; line-height:100%

| label1= Ruminantia

| 1={{clade

| label1= Tragulina

| 1={{clade

| label1=

| 1=Tragulidae 50 px

}}

| label2= Pecora

| 2={{clade

| label1=

| 1=Antilocapridae 50 px

| 2=Giraffidae 50 px

| 3={{clade

| label1=

| 1=Cervidae 50 px

| 2={{clade

| label1=

| 1=Moschidae 50 px

| 2=Bovidae 50px

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

Molecular studies have supported monophyly in the family Bovidae (a group of organisms comprises an ancestral species and all their descendants).{{cite journal |last1=Gatesy |first1=J. |last2=Amato |first2=G. |last3=Vrba |first3=E. |last4=Schaller|first4=G. |title=A cladistic analysis of mitochondrial ribosomal DNA from the Bovidae |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=7|issue=3|year=1997|pages=303–19 |doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0402|pmid=9187090 |doi-access=free |bibcode=1997MolPE...7..303G }}{{cite journal|last1=Fernández |first1=M. H.|last2=Vrba |first2=E. S. |title=A complete estimate of the phylogenetic relationships in Ruminantia: a dated species-level supertree of the extant ruminants |journal=Biological Reviews |date=2005 |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=269–302 |doi=10.1017/S1464793104006670 |pmid=15921052|s2cid=29939520}} The number of subfamilies in Bovidae is disputed, with suggestions of as many as ten and as few as two subfamilies. However, molecular, morphological and fossil evidence indicates the existence of eight distinct subfamilies: Aepycerotinae (consisting of just the impala), Alcelaphinae (bontebok, hartebeest, wildebeest and relatives), Antilopinae (several antelopes, gazelles, and relatives), Bovinae (cattle, buffaloes, bison and other antelopes), Caprinae (goats, sheep, ibex, serows and relatives), Cephalophinae (duikers), Hippotraginae (addax, oryx and relatives) and Reduncinae (reedbuck and kob antelopes). In addition, three extinct subfamilies are known: Hypsodontinae (mid-Miocene), Oiocerinae (Turolian) and the subfamily Tethytraginae, which contains Tethytragus (mid-Miocene).{{cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=T. |title=Paleontology and Geology of Laetoli Human Evolution in Context |date=2011 |publisher=Springer |location=Dordrecht|isbn=978-9048-199-624 |pages=363–465}}{{cite journal |last1=Demiguel |first1=D. |last2=Sánchez |first2=I. M. |last3=Alba |first3=D. M. |last4=Galindo |first4=J. |last5=Robles |first5=J. M. |last6=Moyà-Solà |first6=S. |title=First evidence of Tethytragus Azanza and Morales, 1994 (Ruminantia, Bovidae), in the Miocene of the Vallès-Penedès Basin (Spain) |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=1457–62 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2012.696082|year=2012 |bibcode=2012JVPal..32.1457D |s2cid=86664298 }}

In 1992, Alan W . Gentry of the Natural History Museum, London divided the eight major subfamilies of Bovidae into two major clades on the basis of their evolutionary history: the Boodontia, which comprised only the Bovinae, and the Aegodontia, which consisted of the rest of the subfamilies. Boodonts have somewhat primitive teeth, resembling those of oxen, whereas aegodonts have more advanced teeth like those of goats.{{cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=T. |title=Neogene Paleontology of the Manonga Valley, Tanzania: A Window into the Evolutionary History of East Africa |date=1997 |publisher=Plenum Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-306-45471-4 |page=113}}

A controversy exists about the recognition of Peleinae and Pantholopinae, comprising the genera Pelea and Pantholops respectively, as subfamilies. In 2000, American biologist George Schaller and palaeontologist Elisabeth Vrba suggested the inclusion of Pelea in Reduncinae,{{cite book|last1=Vrba |first1=E. S. |last2=Schaller |first2=G.|title=Antelopes, Deer, and Relatives: Fossil Record, Behavioral Ecology, Systematics, and Conservation |date=2000 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=978-0300-081-428}} though the grey rhebok, the sole species of Pelea, is highly different from kobs and reduncines in morphology.{{MSW3_Artiodactyla |page=719|id = 14200959}} Pantholops, earlier classified in the Antilopinae, was later placed in its own subfamily, Pantholopinae. However, molecular and morphological analysis supports the inclusion of Pantholops in Caprinae.{{MSW3_Artiodactyla |page=699|id = 14200851}}

Below is a cladogram based on Yang et al., 2013 and Calamari, 2021:{{Cite journal|last1=Yang|first1=Chengzhong|last2=Xiang|first2=Changkui|last3=Qi|first3=Wenhua|last4=Xia|first4=Shan|last5=Tu|first5=Feiyun|last6=Zhang|first6=Xiuyue|last7=Moermond|first7=Timothy|last8=Yue|first8=Bisong|date=2013-06-01|title=Phylogenetic analyses and improved resolution of the family Bovidae based on complete mitochondrial genomes|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305197812002670|journal=Biochemical Systematics and Ecology|language=en|volume=48|pages=136–143|doi=10.1016/j.bse.2012.12.005|bibcode=2013BioSE..48..136Y |issn=0305-1978|access-date=2022-01-31|archive-date=2022-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131032745/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305197812002670|url-status=live}}{{Cite journal|last1=Matthee|first1=Conrad A.|last2=Robinson|first2=Terence J.|date=1999-06-01|title=CytochromebPhylogeny of the Family Bovidae: Resolution within the Alcelaphini, Antilopini, Neotragini, and Tragelaphini|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790398905735|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=12|issue=1|pages=31–46|doi=10.1006/mpev.1998.0573|pmid=10222159 |bibcode=1999MolPE..12...31M |issn=1055-7903}}{{Cite journal|last=Calamari|first=Zachary T.|date=June 2021|title=Total Evidence Phylogenetic Analysis Supports New Morphological Synapomorphies for Bovidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla)|url=https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2021/issue-3970/3970.1/Total-Evidence-Phylogenetic-Analysis-Supports-New-Morphological-Synapomorphies-for-Bovidae/10.1206/3970.1.full|journal=American Museum Novitates|issue=3970|pages=1–38|doi=10.1206/3970.1|s2cid=235441087|issn=0003-0082|access-date=2022-02-08|archive-date=2023-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314124448/https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2021/issue-3970/3970.1/Total-Evidence-Phylogenetic-Analysis-Supports-New-Morphological-Synapomorphies-for-Bovidae/10.1206/3970.1.short|url-status=live|hdl=2246/7267|hdl-access=free}}

{{clade

|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%;width:700px;

|label1= Bovidae

|1={{clade

|label1= Boodontia

|sublabel1= (Bovinae)

|1={{clade

|label1=

|1={{clade

|label1=

|1=Bovini (bison, buffalo, cattle, etc.) 50 px

}}

|2={{clade

|label1=

|1=Boselaphini (nilgai and four-horned antelope) 50 px

|2=Tragelaphini (kudus, nyalas etc.) 50 px

}}

}}

|label2= Aegodontia

|2={{clade

|label1=

|1={{clade

|label1=

|1=Aepycerotinae (impala) 50 px

|2=Nesotraginae (suni and bates's antelope)

}}

|2={{clade

|label1=

|1={{clade

|label1=

|1=Antilopinae (gazelles, springbok, dik-dik, royal antelope, saiga, etc.) 50 px

|2={{clade

|label1=

|1=Cephalophinae (duikers etc.) 50 px

|2=Oreotraginae (klipspringer)

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|label1=

|1=Reduncinae (kobs, reedbucks, waterbucks etc.) 50 px

|2={{clade

|label1=

|1=Caprinae (chamois, sheep, ibexes, goats, muskox, etc.) 50 px

|2={{clade

|label1=

|1=Alcelaphinae (hartebeest, topi, wildebeest etc.) 50 px

|2=Hippotraginae (sable antelopes, oryxes etc.) 50 px

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

Alternatively, all members of the Aegodontia can be classified within the subfamily Antilopinae, with the individual subfamilies being tribes in this treatment.

File:Eotragus sansaniensis.JPG

]]

In the early Miocene, bovids began diverging from the cervids (deer) and giraffids. The earliest bovids, whose presence in Africa and Eurasia in the latter part of early Miocene (20 Mya) has been ascertained, were small animals, somewhat similar to modern gazelles, and probably lived in woodland environments. Eotragus, the earliest known bovid, weighed {{convert|18|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and was nearly the same in size as the Thomson's gazelle. Early in their evolutionary history, the bovids split into two main clades: Boodontia (of Eurasian origin) and Aegodontia (of African origin). This early split between Boodontia and Aegodontia has been attributed to the continental divide between these land masses. When these continents were later rejoined, this barrier was removed, and both groups expanded into the territory of the other.{{cite journal | author = Hassanin, D. | year = 1999 | title = The tribal radiation of the family Bovidae (Artiodactyla) and the evolution of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = 227–43 | url = http://www.isem.cnrs.fr/IMG/pdf/Hassanin_1999-MPE.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110720212305/http://www.isem.cnrs.fr/IMG/pdf/Hassanin_1999-MPE.pdf | archive-date = 2011-07-20 | pmid = 10603253 | doi = 10.1006/mpev.1999.0619 | last2 = Douzery | first2 = E.J. | bibcode = 1999MolPE..13..227H }} The tribes Bovini and Tragelaphini diverged in the early Miocene. Bovids are known to have reached the Americas in the Pleistocene by crossing the Bering land bridge.

The present genera of Alcelaphinae appeared in the Pliocene. The extinct Alcelaphine genus Paramularius, which was the same in size as the hartebeest, is believed to have come into being in the Pliocene, but became extinct in the middle Pleistocene. Several genera of Hippotraginae are known since the Pliocene and Pleistocene. This subfamily appears to have diverged from the Alcelaphinae in the latter part of early Miocene. The Bovinae are believed to have diverged from the rest of the Bovidae in the early Miocene.{{cite journal |author=Bibi, F. | date = August 2013 | title = A multi-calibrated mitochondrial phylogeny of extant Bovidae (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia) and the importance of the fossil record to systematics | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 13 | page = 166 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-13-16| pmid = 23339550 | pmc = 3607928 | doi-access = free }} The Boselaphini became extinct in Africa in the early Pliocene; their latest fossils were excavated in Langebaanweg (South Africa) and Lothagam (Kenya).{{cite journal|last1=Geraads|first1=D.|last2=El Boughabi|first2=S.|last3=Zouhri|first3=S.|title=A new caprin bovid (Mammalia) from the late Miocene of Morocco|journal=Palaeontologica Africana|date=2012|issue=47|pages=19–24|issn=0078-8554}}

The middle Miocene marked the spread of the bovids into China and the Indian subcontinent. According to Vrba, the radiation of the subfamily Alcelaphinae began in the latter part of middle Miocene. The Caprinae tribes probably diverged in the early middle Miocene. The Caprini emerged in the middle Miocene, and seem to have been replaced by other bovids and cervids in Eurasia.{{cite book|last1=Kingdon|first1=J.|title=East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa (Volume III, Part C)|date=1989|publisher=University of Chicago press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-43724-8|pages=1–33}} The earliest fossils of the antilopines are from the middle Miocene, though studies show the existence of the subfamily from the early Miocene. Speciation occurred in the tribe Antilopini during the middle or upper Miocene, mainly in Eurasia. Tribe Neotragini seems to have appeared in Africa by the end of Miocene, and had become widespread by the Pliocene.{{cite book|last1=Gilbert|first1=W. H.|last2=Asfaw|first2=B.|title=Homo Erectus: Pleistocene Evidence from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia|date=2008|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-25120-5|pages=45–84}}

By the late Miocene, around 10 Mya, the bovids rapidly diversified, leading to the creation of 70 new genera.{{cite book|last1=Prothero|first1=D. R.|last2=Schoch|first2=R. M.|title=Horns, Tusks, and Flippers: the Evolution of Hoofed Mammals|date=2002|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|isbn=978-0-8018-7135-1|pages=87–90}} This late Miocene radiation was partly because many bovids became adapted to more open, grassland habitats.{{cite book |author1=Savage, R.J.G. |author2=Long, M.R. |year=1986 |title= Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide|url=https://archive.org/details/mammalevolutioni0000sava |url-access=registration |publisher= Facts on File|location=New York|pages= [https://archive.org/details/mammalevolutioni0000sava/page/232 232–5]|isbn= 978-0-8160-1194-0}} The Aepycerotinae first appeared in the late Miocene, and no significant difference in the sizes of the primitive and modern impala has been noted.{{cite book|last1=Stanley|first1=S. M.|last2=Eldredge|first2=N.|title=Living Fossils|date=1984|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1461-382-737|pages=62–79|chapter=Evolutionary Pattern and Process in the Sister-Group Alcelaphini-Aepycerotini (Mammalia: Bovidae)}} Fossils of ovibovines, a tribe of Caprinae, in Africa date back to the late Miocene. The earliest Hippotragine fossils date back to the late Miocene, and were excavated from sites such as Lothagam and Awash Valley. The first African fossils of Reduncinae date back to 6-7 Mya.{{cite book|last1=Vrba|first1=E. S.|last2=Burckle|first2=L. H.|last3=Partridge|first3=T. C.|last4=Denton|first4=G. H.|title=Paleoclimate and Evolution, with Emphasis on Human Origins|date=1995|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|isbn=978-0300-063-486|pages=24–5}} Reduncinae and Peleinae probably diverged in the mid-Miocene.

African bovids continued becoming more adapted to mixed feeding, indicated by dental mesowear evidence, as their palaeoenvironment opened up.{{Cite journal |last1=Greiner |first1=Elliot |last2=El-Shaarawi |first2=Wesam |last3=Orlikoff |first3=Emily |last4=Sherwood |first4=Rowan |last5=O'Brien |first5=Kaedan |last6=Kingston |first6=John |date=1 April 2024 |title=Dental mesowear from the Tugen Hills Succession (Baringo Basin, Kenya) demonstrates increase in mixed-feeding behavior of late Miocene to Plio-Pleistocene Bovidae |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018224000476 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |language=en |volume=639 |pages=112058 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112058 |bibcode=2024PPP...63912058G |access-date=2 January 2025 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}

File:Serengeti Bueffel2.jpg

All bovids have the similar basic form - a snout with a blunt end, one or more pairs of horns (generally present on males) immediately after the oval or pointed ears, a distinct neck and limbs, and a tail varying in length and bushiness among the species.{{cite book |last1=Walton |first1=D.W. |title=Fauna of Australia (Volume 1B) |date=1989 |publisher=Australian Government Publication Service |location=Canberra |isbn=978-0644-060-561 |pages=1–14}} Most bovids exhibit sexual dimorphism, with males usually larger as well as heavier than females. Sexual dimorphism is more prominent in medium- to large-sized bovids. All bovids have four toes on each foot – they walk on the central two (the hooves), while the outer two (the dewclaws) are much smaller and rarely touch the ground.

The bovids show great variation in size: the gaur can weigh more than {{convert|1500|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, and stand {{convert|2.2|m|in|abbr=on}} high at the shoulder.{{cite book |author=Hassanin, A. |chapter=Systematics and Phylogeny of Cattle |pages=1–18 |date=2015 |title=The Genetics of Cattle |edition=Second |editor1=Garrick, D. |editor2=Ruvinsky, A. |publisher=Cabi |location=Oxfordshire, Boston |isbn=978-1-78064-221-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYgXBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |access-date=2021-01-13 |archive-date=2023-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314124448/https://books.google.com/books?id=RYgXBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 |url-status=live }} The royal antelope, in sharp contrast, is only {{convert|25|cm|in|abbr=on}} tall and weighs at most {{convert|3|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.{{cite web |last1=Huffman |first1=B. |title=Royal antelope |url=http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Neotragus_pygmaeus.html |website=Ultimate Ungulate |access-date=8 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216022820/http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Neotragus_pygmaeus.html |archive-date=16 December 2014 }} The klipspringer, another small antelope, stands {{convert|45|-|60|cm|in|abbr=on}} at the shoulder and weighs just {{convert|10|-|20|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.{{cite book |last1=Hildyard |first1=A. |title=Endangered Wildlife and Plants of the World |date=2001 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7614-7200-1 |pages=769–70}}

Differences occur in pelage colouration, ranging from a pale white (as in the Arabian oryx){{EOL|331080| Oryx leucoryx}} to black (as in the black wildebeest).{{cite web |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Connochaetes_gnou/ |title=Connochaetes gnou: black wildebeest |author1=Lundrigan, B. |author2=Bidlingmeyer, J. |year=2000 |work=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=2013-08-21 |archive-date=2013-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005033834/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Connochaetes_gnou/ |url-status=live }} However, only the intermediate shades, such as brown and reddish brown (as in the reedbuck), are commonly observed.{{cite book |last1=Estes |first1=R. D. |title=The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates |date=2004 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-08085-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858/page/7 7–25] |edition=4th |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858/page/7 }} In several species, females and juveniles exhibit a light-coloured coat, while those of males darken with age. As in the wildebeest, the coat may be marked with prominent or faint stripes. In some species such as the addax, the coat colour can vary by the season.{{cite journal |author1=Krausman, P.R. |author2=Casey, A.L. |year=2012 |title=Addax nasomaculatus |journal=Mammalian Species |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1644/807.1 |issue=807|s2cid=198123785 |doi-access= }} Scent glands and sebaceous glands are often present.

File:Oryx gazella male 8054 b.jpg has conspicuous markings on its face, which conceal the eye, and on its legs. These may have a role in communication.]]

Some species, such as the gemsbok, sable antelope, and Grant's gazelle, are camouflaged with strongly disruptive facial markings that conceal the highly recognisable eye.{{cite book |author=Cott, H. B. |author-link=Hugh B. Cott |year=1940 |title=Adaptive Coloration in Animals |publisher=Methuen |location=London |pages=88 and plate 25|title-link=Adaptive Coloration in Animals }} Many species, such as gazelles, may be made to look flat, and hence to blend into the background, by countershading.{{cite journal |title=Countershading: Universally deceptive or deceptively universal? |author=Kiltie, R.A. |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |date=January 1998 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=21–23 |doi=10.1016/0169-5347(88)90079-1|pmid=21227055 }} The outlines of many bovids are broken up with bold disruptive colouration, the strongly contrasting patterns helping to delay recognition by predators.{{cite book |author=Cott, H. B. |author-link=Hugh B. Cott |year=1940 |title=Adaptive Coloration in Animals |publisher=Methuen |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/adaptivecolorati00cott/page/53 53]|title-link=Adaptive Coloration in Animals }} However, all the Hippotraginae (including the gemsbok) have pale bodies and faces with conspicuous markings. The zoologist Tim Caro describes this as difficult to explain, but given that the species are diurnal, he suggests that the markings may function in communication. Strongly contrasting leg colouration is common only in the Bovidae, where for example Bos, Ovis, bontebok and gemsbok have white stockings. Again, communication is the likely function.{{cite journal |last1=Caro |first1=Tim |author1-link=Tim Caro |title=Contrasting colouration in terrestrial mammals |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B |date=2009 |volume=364 |issue=1516 |pages=537–548 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0221 |pmc=2674080 |pmid=18990666 }}

Excepting some domesticated forms, all male bovids have horns, and in many species, females, too, possess horns. The size and shape of the horns vary greatly, but the basic structure is a pair of simple bony protrusions without branches, often having a spiral, twisted, or fluted form, each covered in a permanent sheath of keratin. Although horns occur in a single pair on almost all bovid species, there are exceptions such as the four-horned antelope{{cite journal |last1=Leslie |first1=D. M. |last2=Sharma |first2=K. |title=Tetracerus quadricornis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae) |journal=Mammalian Species |date=25 September 2009 |issue=843 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1644/843.1|doi-access=free }} and the Jacob sheep.{{cite book |last1=E.C. |first1=Mungall |title=Exotic Animal Field Guide: Nonnative Hoofed Mammals in the United States |date=2007 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |location=College Station |isbn=978-1-58544-555-4 |page=197 |edition=1st}}{{cite web |title=Jacob Sheep |author=American Livestock Breeds Conservancy |author-link=American Livestock Breeds Conservancy |publisher=American Livestock Breeds Conservancy |location=Pittsboro, North Carolina |year=2009 |url=http://www.albc-usa.org/cpl/jacob.html |access-date=2011-05-05 |archive-date=2011-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810165333/http://www.albc-usa.org/cpl/jacob.html |url-status=live }} The unique horn structure is the only unambiguous morphological feature of bovids that distinguishes them from other pecorans.{{cite journal |last=Bibi |first=F. |author2=Bukhsianidze, M. |author3=Gentry, A. |author4=Geraads, D. |author5=Kostopoulos, D. |author6=Vrba, E. |year=2009 |title=The fossil record and evolution of Bovidae: state of the field |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |url=http://palaeo-electronica.org/2009_3/169/index.html |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=10A |access-date=2010-11-14 |archive-date=2011-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616141150/http://palaeo-electronica.org/2009_3/169/index.html |url-status=live }}{{cite journal |last=Gatesy |first=J. |author2=Yelon, D. |author3=DeSalle, R. |author4=Vrba, E. |year=1992 |title=Phylogeny of the Bovidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia), based on mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=433–446 |pmid=1584013|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040734 |doi-access=free }} A high correlation exists between horn morphology and fighting behaviour of the individual. For instance, long horns are intended for wrestling and fencing, whereas curved horns are used in ramming.{{cite journal |last1=Lundrigan |first1=B. |title=Morphology of horns and fighting behavior in the family Bovidae |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=462–75 |doi=10.2307/1382822|jstor=1382822 |year=1996 |doi-access=free }} Males with horns directed inwards are monogamous and solitary, while those with horns directed outwards tend to be polygynous. These results were independent of body size.{{cite journal |last1=Caro |first1=T. M. |last2=Graham |first2=C. M. |last3=Stoner |first3=C. J. |last4=Flores |first4=M. M. |title=Correlates of horn and antler shape in bovids and cervids |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |date=2003 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=32–41 |doi=10.1007/s00265-003-0672-6|bibcode=2003BEcoS..55...32C |s2cid=12030618 }}

Male horn development has been linked to sexual selection,{{cite journal |last=Bro-Jørgensen |first=J. |year=2007 |title=The intensity of sexual selection predicts weapon size in male bovids |journal=Evolution |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=1316–1326 |pmid=17542842 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00111.x|s2cid=24278541 |doi-access= }}{{Cite Q|Q55899859|author=Ezenwa, V.|author2=Jolles, A|author-link=Vanessa Ezenwa}} Horns are small spikes in the monogamous duikers and other small antelopes, whereas in the polygynous, they are large and elaborately formed (for example in a spiral structure, as in the giant eland). Thus, to some extent, horns depict the degree of competition among males in a species. However, the presence of horns in females is likely due to natural selection.{{cite journal |last=Stankowich |first=T. |author2=Caro, T. |year=2009 |title=Evolution of weaponry in female bovids |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=276 |issue=1677 |pages=4329–34 |pmc=2817105 |pmid=19759035 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.1256}} The horns of females are usually smaller than those of males, and are sometimes of a different shape. The horns of female bovids are believed to have evolved for defence against predators or to express territoriality, as non-territorial females, which are able to use crypsis for predator defence, often do not have horns. Females possess horns only in half of the bovid genera, and females in these genera are heavier than those in the rest. Females use horns mainly for stabbing.{{cite journal |last1=Packer |first1=C. |title=Sexual Dimorphism: The Horns of African Antelopes |journal=Science |date=1983 |volume=221 |issue=4616 |pages=1191–3 |doi=10.1126/science.221.4616.1191 |pmid=17811523|bibcode=1983Sci...221.1191P |s2cid=37000507 }}

{{See also|Foregut fermentation}}

File:American Bison skeleton.jpg)]]

In bovids, the third and fourth metapodials are combined into the cannon bone. The ulna and fibula are reduced, and fused with the radius and tibia, respectively. Long scapulae are present, whereas the clavicles are absent. Being ruminants, the stomach is composed of four chambers: the rumen (80%), the omasum, the reticulum, and the abomasum. The ciliates and bacteria of the rumen ferment the complex cellulose into simpler fatty acids, which are then absorbed through the rumen wall. Bovids have a long small intestine; the length of the small intestine in cattle is {{convert|29|-|49|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Body temperature fluctuates through the day; for instance, in goats the temperature can change slightly from nearly {{convert|37|C|F}} in the early morning to {{convert|40|C|F}} in the afternoon. Temperature is regulated through sweating in cattle, whereas goats use panting for the same. The right lung, consisting of four to five lobes, is around 1.5 times larger than the left, which has three lobes.

File:Dental pad 001.jpg

Most bovids bear 30 to 32 teeth. While the upper incisors are absent, the upper canines are either reduced or absent. Instead of the upper incisors, bovids have a thick and tough layer of tissue, called the dental pad, that provides a surface to grip grasses and foliage. They are hypsodont and selenodont, since the molars and premolars are low-crowned and crescent-shaped cusps. The lower incisors and canines project forward. The incisors are followed by a long toothless gap, known as the diastema.{{cite book |editor=Macdonald, D. |author1=Janis, C. |author2=Jarman, P. |year=1984 |title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals |publisher=Facts on File |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/498 498–9] |isbn=978-0-87196-871-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/498 }} The general dental formula for bovids is {{DentalFormula |upper=0.0.2-3.3 |lower=3.1.3.3}}. Most members of the family are herbivorous, but most duikers are omnivorous. Like other ruminants, bovids have four-chambered stomachs, which allow them to digest plant material, such as grass, that cannot be used by many other animals. Ruminants (and some others like kangaroos, rabbits, and termites) are able to use micro-organisms living in their guts to break down cellulose by fermentation.

File:Blackbuck male female.jpg antelopes]]

File:Gayal.jpg bull from India and Burma]]

The bovids have various methods of social organisation and social behaviour, which are classified into solitary and gregarious behaviour. Further, these types may each be divided into territorial and non-territorial behaviour. Small bovids such as the klipspringer, oribi, and steenbok are generally solitary and territorial. They hold small territories into which other members of the species are not allowed to enter. These antelopes form monogamous pairs. Many species such as the dik-dik use pheromone secretions from the preorbital glands and sometimes dung, as well, to mark their territories.{{cite book|last1=Wyatt|first1=T. D.|title=Pheromones and Animal Behaviour: Communication by Smell and Taste|url=https://archive.org/details/pheromonesanimal0000wyat|url-access=registration|date=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-48526-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/pheromonesanimal0000wyat/page/97 97]}} The offspring disperse at the time of adolescence, and males must acquire territories prior to mating. The bushbuck is the only bovid that is both solitary and not territorial. This antelope hardly displays aggression, and tends to isolate itself or form loose herds, though in a favourable habitat, several bushbuck may be found quite close to one another.{{cite web|last1=Ciszek|first1=D.|title=Bushbuck|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Tragelaphus_scriptus/|website=Animal Diversity Web|publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-date=28 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728082809/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Tragelaphus_scriptus/|url-status=live}}

Excluding the cephalophines (duikers), tragelaphines (spiral-horned antelopes) and the neotragines, most African bovids are gregarious and territorial. Males are forced to disperse on attaining sexual maturity, and must form their own territories, while females are not required to do so. Males that do not hold territories form bachelor herds. Competition takes place among males to acquire dominance, and fights tend to be more rigorous in limited rutting seasons. With the exception of migratory males, males generally hold the same territory throughout their lives. In the waterbuck, some male individuals, known as "satellite males", may be allowed into the territories of other males and have to wait till the owner grows old so they may acquire his territory.{{cite web |last1=T. L. |first1=Newell |title=Waterbuck |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Kobus_ellipsiprymnus/ |website=Animal Diversity Web |publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology |access-date=28 October 2014 |archive-date=28 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928024341/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Kobus_ellipsiprymnus/ |url-status=live }} Lek mating, where males gather together and competitively display to potential mates, is known to exist among topis, kobs, and lechwes.{{cite book|author=Lott, Dale F.|year=1991|title=Intraspecific Variation in the Social Systems of Wild Vertebrates|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/intraspecificvar0000lott/page/37 37]|isbn=978-0-521-37024-0|url=https://archive.org/details/intraspecificvar0000lott/page/37}} The tragelaphines, cattle, sheep, and goats are gregarious and not territorial. In these species, males must gain absolute dominance over all other males, and fights are not confined to territories. Males, therefore, spend years in body growth.

File:2012-wildebeest-fight.jpg fighting for dominance]]

Most bovids are diurnal, although a few such as the buffalo, bushbuck, reedbuck, and grysbok are exceptions. Social activity and feeding usually peak during dawn and dusk. The bovids usually rest before dawn, during midday, and after dark. Grooming is usually by licking with the tongue. Rarely do antelopes roll in mud or dust. Wildebeest and buffalo usually wallow in mud, whereas the hartebeest and topi rub their heads and horns in mud and then smear it over their bodies. Bovids use different forms of vocal, olfactory, and tangible communication. These involve varied postures of neck, head, horns, hair, legs, and ears to convey sexual excitement, emotional state, or alarm. One such expression is the flehmen response. Bovids usually stand motionless, with the head high and an intent stare, when they sense danger. Some like the impala, kudu, and eland can even leap to heights of a few feet. Bovids may roar or grunt to caution others and warn off predators. Bovids such as gazelles stot or pronk in response to predators, making high leaps on stiff legs, indicating honestly both that the predator has been seen, and that the stotting individual is strong and not worth chasing.{{cite journal | author = Bigalke, R.C. | year = 1972 | title = Observations on the behaviour and feeding habits of the springbok Antidorcas marsupialis | journal = Zoologica Africana | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 333–359| doi = 10.1080/00445096.1972.11447448 | hdl = 10499/AJ19390 | doi-access = free }}

File:Springbok pronk.jpg or pronking by a young springbok signals to predators such as cheetahs that it is a fit and fast individual, not worth chasing.]]

In the mating season, rutting males bellow to make their presence known to females. Muskoxen roar during male-male fights, and male saigas force air through their noses, producing a roar to deter rival males and attract females. Mothers also use vocal communication to locate their calves if they get separated. During fights over dominance, males tend to display themselves in an erect posture with a level muzzle.{{cite book|last1=Czaplewski|first1=N. J.|last2=Ryan|first2=J. M.|last3=Vaughan|first3=T. A.|title=Mammalogy|date=2011|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|location=Sudbury|isbn=978-0-7637-6299-5|edition=5th}}

Fighting techniques differ amongst the bovid families and also depend on their build. While the hartebeest fight on knees, others usually fight on all fours. Gazelles of various sizes use different methods of combat. Gazelles usually box, and in serious fights may clash and fence, consisting of hard blows from short range. Ibex, goat and sheep males stand upright and clash into each other downwards. Wildebeest use powerful head butting in aggressive clashes. If horns become entangled, the opponents move in a circular manner to unlock them. Muskoxen will ram into each other at high speeds. As a rule, only two bovids of equal build and level of defence engage in a fight, which is intended to determine the superior of the two. Individuals that are evidently inferior to others would rather flee than fight; for example, immature males do not fight with the mature bulls. Generally, bovids direct their attacks on the opponent's head rather than its body. The S-shaped horns, such as those on the impala, have various sections that help in ramming, holding, and stabbing. Serious fights leading to injury are rare.{{cite book |last1=Parker |first1=S.P. |title=Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals (Volume 5) |date=1990 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-0-07-909508-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/grzimeksencyclop0005unse/page/288 288–324, 338–9, 354–5, 432–3, 444–5, 460–1, 482–3] |edition=1st |url=https://archive.org/details/grzimeksencyclop0005unse/page/288 }}{{cite journal |last1=Post |first1=E. |last2=Forchhammer |first2=M. C |title=Climate change reduces reproductive success of an Arctic herbivore through trophic mismatch |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=July 2008 |volume=363 |issue=1501 |pages=2367–2373 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2207 |pmid=18006410 |pmc=2606787}}

File:Tatanka.jpg

Most bovids alternately feed and ruminate throughout the day. While those that feed on concentrate feed and digest in short intervals, the roughage feeders take longer intervals. Only small species such as the duiker browse for a few hours during day or night. Feeding habits are related to body size; while small bovids forage in dense and closed habitat, larger species feed upon high-fiber vegetation in open grasslands.

Subfamilies exhibit different feeding strategies. While Bovinae species graze extensively on fresh grass and diffused forage, Cephalophinae species (with the exception of Sylvicapra) primarily consume fruits. Reduncinae and Hippotraginae species depend on unstable food sources, but the latter are specially adapted to arid areas. Members of Caprinae, being flexible feeders, forage even in areas with low productivity. Tribes Alcelaphini, Hippotragini, and Reduncini have high proportions of monocots in their diets. On the contrary, Tragelaphini and Neotragini (with the exception of Ourebia) feed extensively on dicots.{{cite journal |last1=Gagnon |first1=M. |last2=Chew |first2=A.E. |title=Dietary preferences in extant African Bovidae |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |date=May 2000 |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=490–511 |doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0490:DPIEAB>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free }} No conspicuous relationship exists between body size and consumption of monocots.{{cite journal |last1=Sponheimer |first1=M.|last2=Lee-Thorp |first2=J.A.|last3=DeRuiter|first3=D.J.|last4=Smith |first4=J.M. |last5=van der Merwe|first5=N.J. |last6=Reed|first6=K.|last7=Grant |first7=C.C. |last8=Ayliffe |first8=L.K. |last9=Robinson |first9=T.F. |title= Diets of Southern African Bovidae: Stable Isotope Evidence |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |date=2003 |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=471–9 |doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0471:DOSABS>2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free }}

File:2011 får 03.JPG

Most bovids are polygynous. In a few species, individuals are monogamous, resulting in minimal male-male aggression and reduced selection for large body size in males. Thus, sexual dimorphism is almost absent. Females may be slightly larger than males, possibly due to competition among females for the acquisition of territories. This is the case in duikers and other small bovids. The time taken for the attainment of sexual maturity by either sex varies broadly among bovids. Sexual maturity may even precede or follow mating. For instance, the impala males, though sexually mature by a year, can mate only after four years of age.{{cite book |last1=Estes |first1=R. D. |title=The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates |date=2004 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-08085-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858/page/158 158–66] |edition=4th |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858/page/158 }} On the contrary barbary sheep females may give birth to offspring even before they have gained sexual maturity.{{Cite journal |jstor = 3504009|title = Ammotragus lervia|journal = Mammalian Species|issue = 144|pages = 1–7|last1 = Gray|first1 = Gary G.|last2 = Simpson|first2 = C. David|year = 1980|doi = 10.2307/3504009}} The delay in male sexual maturation is more visible in sexually dimorphic species, particularly the reduncines, probably due to competition among males. For instance, the blue wildebeest females become capable of reproduction within a year or two of birth, while the males become mature only when four years old.

All bovids mate at least once a year, and smaller species may even mate twice. Mating seasons occur typically during the rainy months for most bovids. As such, breeding might peak twice in the equatorial regions. The sheep and goats exhibit remarkable seasonality of reproduction, in the determination of which the annual cycle of daily photoperiod plays a pivotal role. Other factors that have a significant influence on this cycle include the temperature of the surroundings, nutritional status, social interactions, the date of parturition and the lactation period. A study of this phenomenon concluded that goats and sheep are short-day breeders. Mating in most sheep breeds begins in summer or early autumn.{{cite journal|last1=Rosa|first1=H.J.D.|last2=Bryant|first2=M.J.|title=Seasonality of reproduction in sheep|journal=Small Ruminant Research|date=2003|volume=48|issue=3|pages=155–71|doi=10.1016/S0921-4488(03)00038-5}} Mating in sheep is also affected by melatonin, that advances the onset of the breeding season;{{cite journal|last1=Chemineau|first1=P.|last2=Pelletier|first2=J.|last3=Guérin|first3=Y.|last4=Colas|first4=G.|last5=Ravault|first5=J.P.|last6=Touré|first6=G.|last7=Almeida|first7=G.|last8=Thimonier|first8=J.|last9=Ortavant|first9=R.|title=Photoperiodic and melatonin treatments for the control of seasonal reproduction in sheep and goats|journal=Reproduction, Nutrition, Development|date=1988|volume=28|issue=2B|pages=409–22|pmid=3413339|doi=10.1051/rnd:19880307|doi-access=free}} and thyroxine, that terminates the breeding season.{{cite journal|last1=Prendergast|first1=B. J.|last2=Mosinger|first2=B.|last3=Kolattukudy|first3=P. E.|last4=Nelson|first4=R. J.|title=Hypothalamic gene expression in reproductively photoresponsive and photorefractory Siberian hamsters|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=2002|volume=99|issue=25|pages=16291–6|doi=10.1073/pnas.232490799|pmid=12456888|pmc=138604|bibcode=2002PNAS...9916291P|doi-access=free}} Estrus lasts for at most a day in bovids, with the exception of bovines and tragelaphines. Except for the hartebeest and the topi, all bovids can detect estrus in females by testing the urine using the vomeronasal organ. Once the male is assured that the female is in estrus, he begins courtship displays; these displays vary greatly from the elaborate marches among gregarious species to the fervent licking of female genitalia among solitary species. Females, initially not receptive, ultimately mates with the male which has achieved dominance over others. Receptiveness is expressed by permission for mounting by the male and setting aside the tail by the female. Copulation generally takes a few seconds.

Gestational period varies among bovids - while duiker gestation ranges from 120 to 150 days, gestation in African buffalo ranges from 300 to 330 days. Usually, a single offspring is born (twins are less frequent), and it is able to stand and run by itself within an hour of birth. In monogamous species, males assist in defending their young, but that is not the case in polygynous species. Most newborn calves remain hidden for a week to two months, regularly nursed by their mothers. In some bovid species, the neonates start following about their mothers immediately or within a few days, as in the impala. Different bovids have different strategies for the defence of juveniles. For instance, while wildebeest mothers solely defend their young, buffaloes exhibit collective defence. Weaning might occur as early as two months (as in royal antelope) or as late as a year (as in muskox).{{cite book|last1=Krebs|first1=J.R.|last2=Davies|first2=N.B.|title=Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach|date=1997|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-0-86542-731-0|edition=4th}}

Most wild bovids live for 10 to 15 years. Larger species tend to live longer; for instance, American bison can live up to 25 years and gaur up to 30 years. The mean lifespan of domesticated individuals is nearly ten years. For example, domesticated goats have an average lifespan of 12 years.

Usually males, mainly in polygynous species, have shorter lifespans than females. This can be attributed to several reasons: early dispersal of young males, aggressive male-male fights, vulnerability to predation (particularly when males are less agile, as in kudu), and malnutrition (being large in size, the male body has high nutritional requirements which may not be satisfied).{{cite journal|last1=Owen-Smith |first1=N. |title=Comparative mortality rates of male and female kudus: the costs of sexual size dimorphism |journal=Journal of Animal Ecology |date=1993 |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=428–40 |doi=10.2307/5192|jstor=5192 |bibcode=1993JAnEc..62..428O |s2cid=87280870 }}{{cite journal |last1=Toigo |first1=C. |last2=Gaillard |first2=J.M. |title=Causes of Sex-Biased Adult Survival in Ungulates: Sexual Size Dimorphism, Mating Tactic or Environment Harshness? |journal=Oikos |date=2003 |volume=101 |issue=2 |pages=376–84 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12073.x|bibcode=2003Oikos.101..376T }} Richard Despard Estes suggested that females mimic male secondary sexual characteristics like horns to protect their male offspring from dominant males. This feature seems to have been strongly selected to prevent male mortality and imbalanced sex ratios due to attacks by aggressive males and forced dispersal of young males during adolescence.{{cite journal |last1=Estes |first1=R.D. |title=The significance of horns and other male secondary sexual characters in female bovids |journal=Applied Animal Behaviour Science |date=1991 |volume=29 |issue=1–4 |pages=403–51 |doi=10.1016/0168-1591(91)90264-X}}

File:Eland (Taurotragus oryx) male (32300677481).jpg

Most of the diverse bovid species occur in Africa. The maximum concentration is in the savannas of eastern Africa. Depending on their feeding habits, several species have radiated over large stretches of land, and hence several variations in dental and limb morphology are observed. Duikers inhabit the equatorial rainforests, sitatunga and lechwe occur near swamps, eland inhabit grasslands, springbok and oryx occur in deserts, bongo and anoa live in dense forests, and mountain goats and takin live at high altitudes. A few bovid species also occur in Europe, Asia, and North America. Sheep and goats are found primarily in Eurasia, though the Barbary sheep and the ibex form part of the African fauna. The muskox is confined to the arctic tundra. Several bovid species have been domesticated by human beings. The domestication of goats and sheep began 10 thousand years ago, while cattle were domesticated about 7.5 thousand years ago.

{{Further|Domestication}}

File:India.Mumbai.04.jpg oxen in Mumbai]]

The domestication of bovids has contributed to shifting the dependence of human beings from hunting and gathering to agriculture. The Bovidae includes three domesticated species whose use has spread around the world: cattle, sheep, and goats; all are from Eurasia. Other large bovids that have been domesticated but which have less ubiquitous distributions include the domestic buffalo (from the wild water buffalo), domestic yak (from the wild yak), zebu (from the Indian aurochs), gayal (from the gaur) and Bali cattle (from the banteng).{{cite book |last1=Feldhamer |first1=George A. |last2=Drickamer |first2=Lee C. |last3=Vessey |first3=Stephen H. |last4=Merritt |first4=Joseph F. |last5=Krajewski |first5=Carey |title=Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology |date=2007 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-8695-9 |pages=519–522 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udCnKce9hfoC&pg=PA519 |access-date=2016-11-07 |archive-date=2023-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314124448/https://books.google.com/books?id=udCnKce9hfoC&pg=PA519 |url-status=live }} Some antelopes have been domesticated including the oryxes, addax, elands and the extinct bubal hartebeest. In Ancient Egypt oryxes, addaxes and bubal hartebeests are depicted in carved walls.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

The earliest evidence of cattle domestication is from 8000 BC, suggesting that the process began in Cyprus and the Euphrates basin.{{cite book |last1=Zeder |first1=M. A. |title=Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms |date=2006 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, California |isbn=978-0-520-24638-6 |page=317}}

File:Merino sheep.png is the most valued, with great fineness and softness.]]

Dairy products such as milk, butter, ghee, yoghurt, buttermilk and cheese are manufactured largely from domestic cattle, though the milk of sheep, goat, yak, and buffalo is also used in some parts of the world and for gourmet products. For example, buffalo milk is used to make mozzarella in Italy and gulab jamun dessert in India,{{cite web |last1=Phelan |first1=Benjamin |author2=Phelan, Benjamin |title=Others' Milk |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/food/2012/07/why_don_t_we_drink_other_animals_milk_the_dairy_of_camels_buffalo_pigs_sheep_and_goats_.html |publisher=Slate.com |access-date=10 October 2014 |date=24 July 2013 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006124353/http://www.slate.com/articles/life/food/2012/07/why_don_t_we_drink_other_animals_milk_the_dairy_of_camels_buffalo_pigs_sheep_and_goats_.html |url-status=live }} while sheep milk is used to make blue Roquefort cheese in France.{{cite book |title=Gastronomie!: Food Museums and Heritage Sites of France |last1=Hughes |first1=Tom |last2=Hughes |first2=Meredith Sayles |year=2005 |publisher=Bunker Hill Publishing |isbn= 978-1-59373-029-1 |page=19}}

Beef is a food source high in zinc, selenium, phosphorus, iron, and B vitamins.{{cite web |url=http://whfoods.org/genpage.php?pfriendly=1&tname=foodspice&dbid=141 |title=Beef, lean organic |publisher=WHFoods |date=18 October 2004 |access-date=1 April 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402172427/http://whfoods.org/genpage.php?pfriendly=1&tname=foodspice&dbid=141 |url-status=live }} Bison meat is lower in fat and cholesterol than beef, but has a higher protein content.{{cite web|url=http://www.bisoncentral.com/index.php?s=&c=67&d=99&a=1056&w=2&r=Y |title=National Bison Association |publisher=Bisoncentral.com |access-date=1 April 2015| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110120234037/http://bisoncentral.com/index.php?s=&c=67&d=99&a=1056&w=2&r=Y| archive-date= January 20, 2011| url-status= live}}

Bovid leather is tough and durable, with the additional advantage that it can be made into leathers of varying thicknesses - from soft clothing leather to hard shoe leather. While goat and cattle leather have a wide variety of use, sheepskin is suited only for clothing purposes.{{cite book|last1=Veldmeijer|first1=A. J.|last2=Harris|first2=S.|title=Why Leather?: The Material and Cultural Dimensions of Leather|date=2014|publisher=Sidestone Press|isbn=978-90-8890-261-1|pages=31–6}} Wool from Merino hoggets is the finest and most valuable. Merino wool is {{convert|3|-|5|in|cm|abbr=on}} long and very soft. Coarse wools, being durable and resistant to pilling, are used for making tough garments{{cite web |title = Merino Sheep in Australia | url=http://www.merinos.com.au/history.asp| access-date = 1 April 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061105005633/http://www.merinos.com.au/history.asp |archive-date = 2006-11-05}} and carpets.

File:Drinking Horn - Brynjólfur Jónsson of Skarð, South Iceland - 1598.jpg made by Brynjólfur Jónsson of Skarð, Iceland, 1598]]

Bone meal is an important fertilizer rich in calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, effective in removing soil acidity.{{cite book|last1=Kolay |first1=A. K. |title=Manures and fertilizers |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-269-0810-3|page=98}} Bovid horns have been used as drinking vessels since antiquity.{{Cite journal |last=Evison |first=Vera I. |date=1975 |title=Germanic Glass Drinking Horns |journal=Journal of Glass Studies |volume=17 |pages=74–87 |issn=0075-4250 |jstor=24188063}}

===In human culture===

Bovidae have featured in stories since at least the time of Aesop's fables from Ancient Greece around 600 BC. Fables by Aesop include The Crow and the Sheep, The Frog and the Ox, and The Wolf and the Lamb.{{cite web|url=http://www.aesops-fables.com/|website=Aesop's Fables|title=Aesop's Fables|access-date=10 October 2014|archive-date=16 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016062054/http://www.aesops-fables.com/|url-status=usurped}} The mythological creature Chimera, depicted as a lion, with the head of a goat arising from its back, and a tail that might end with a snake's head, was one of the offspring of Typhon and Echidna and a sibling of such monsters as Cerberus and the Lernaean Hydra.{{cite web|last1=Peck|title=Entry:Chimaera|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=chimaera-harpers|access-date=31 March 2015|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011181119/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=chimaera-harpers|url-status=live}} The sheep, synonymous with the goat in Chinese mythology, is the eighth animal of the Chinese zodiac, and a symbol of filial piety.{{cite book|last1=Eberhard, W.|title=A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and Thought|year=1986|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-00228-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofchin00wolf|author1-link=Wolfram Eberhard}}

{{Reflist|28em}}

• {{Commons category-inline|Bovidae|Bovidae}}
• {{Wikispecies-inline|Bovidae|Bovidae}}
• {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Bovidae |short=x}}
• {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Bovidæ|year=1921 |short=x}}

{{Artiodactyla|R.2}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q25497}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Mammal families

Category:Extant Burdigalian first appearances

Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray

Category:Bovoidea