klipspringer

The scientific name of the klipspringer is Oreotragus oreotragus {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɔr|i|ˈ|ɒ|t|r|ə|ɡ|ə|s}}, from Greek ὄρος (óros), "mountain", and τράγος (trágos), "he-goat". It is the sole member of the genus Oreotragus and subfamily Oreotraginae or tribe Oreotragini,{{Cite web|title=Explore the Database|url=https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#species-id=1006244|access-date=2022-01-31|website=www.mammaldiversity.org}} and is classified under the family Bovidae. The species was first described by German zoologist Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann in 1783, who gave it the scientific name Antilope oreotragus, and it was only given its own separate genus in 1834.{{MSW3 Artiodactyla|id=14200632|page=686}}{{Cite book |last=Gentry |first=Alan W. |title=Cenozoic mammals of Africa |date=2010 |publisher=University of California press |isbn=978-0-520-25721-4 |editor-last=Werdelin |editor-first=Lars |location=Berkeley |chapter=Bovidae |doi=10.1525/california/9780520257214.003.0038}} The vernacular name "klipspringer" is a compound of the Afrikaans words klip ("rock") and springer ("leaper"). Another name for this antelope is "klipbok".{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Klipspringer|access-date=7 April 2016}}

In 1934, South African paleontologist Robert Broom studied a fossilized right maxillary bone from the cave deposits of Taung, South Africa, and believed they represent an extinct genus and species that lived during the Pliocene or Pleistocene epochs, which he assigned the name Palaeotragiscus longiceps.{{Cite journal |last=Broom |first=R. |date=1934 |title=On the fossil remains associated with Australopithecus africanus |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/10.10520/AJA00382353_6455 |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=31 |issue=07 |pages=471–480 |doi=10.10520/AJA00382353_6455}} Later in 1952, another South African paleontologist, Lawrence H. Wells, described an antelope skull found five years earlier in Swartkrans, and believed it represented a prehistoric species related to the klipspringer. He named this species Oreotragus major, believing it was distinguished from the modern klipspringer by its larger size.{{Cite journal |last=Wells |first=Lawrence H. |date=1951 |title=A large fossil klipspringer from Potgietersrust |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=47 |pages=167–168}} However, both Palaeotragiscus longiceps and Oreotragus major were later determined not to differ from the modern klipspringer in any significant aspects, so they are now considered to be junior synonyms of Oreotragus oreotragus.{{Cite journal |last=Watson |first=V. & Plug I. |date=1995 |title=Oreotragus major Wells and Oreotragus oreotragus (Zimmerman) (Mammalia: Bovidae): two species? |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA00411752_66 |journal=Annals of the Transvaal Museum |volume=36 |issue=13 |pages=183–191 |doi=10.10520/AJA00411752_66}}

A 2012 phylogenetic study showed that the klipspringer is closely related to Kirk's dik-dik (Madoqua kirkii) and the suni (Neotragus moschatus). The klipspringer evolved nearly 14 million years ago. The cladogram below is based on this study.{{cite journal |last1=Johnston |first1=A.R |last2=Anthony |first2=N.M |title=A multi-locus species phylogeny of African forest duikers in the subfamily Cephalophinae: evidence for a recent radiation in the Pleistocene |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=2012 |volume=12 |issue=120 |pages=120 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-12-120 |pmid=22823504 |pmc=3523051 |doi-access=free }}

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As many as 11 subspecies have been identified, though zoologists Colin Groves and Peter Grubb treat a few of them as independent species in a 2011 publication:{{cite book |last1=Groves |first1=C. |author1-link=Colin Groves |last2=Grubb |first2=P. |author2-link=Peter Grubb (zoologist) |title=Ungulate Taxonomy |date=2011 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore, US |isbn=978-1-4214-0093-8 |pages=275–9}}

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• O. o. aceratos Noack, 1899 : Noack's or southern Tanzanian klipspringer. Occurs in eastern and southern Africa, between rivers Rufiji and Zambezi.
• O. o. aureus Heller, 1913 : Golden klipspringer. Occurs in Kenya.
• O. o. centralis Hinton, 1921 : Zambian klipspringer. Occurs in central and southern Africa.
• O. o. oreotragus (Zimmermann, 1783) : Cape klipspringer. Occurs in the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa.
• O. o. porteousi Lydekker, 1911 : Occurs in central Africa.
• O. o. saltatrixoides (Temminck, 1853) : Ethiopian klipspringer. Occurs in the highlands of Ethiopia.
• O. o. schillingsi Neumann, 1902 : Maasai klipspringer. Occurs in eastern Africa.
• O. o. somalicus Neumann, 1902 : Somali klipspringer. Occurs in northern Somalia.
• O. o. stevensoni Roberts, 1946 : Stevenson's klipspringer. Occurs in western Zimbabwe.
• O. o. transvaalensis Roberts, 1917 : Transvaal klipspringer. Occurs in South African highlands and Drakensberg.
• O. o. tyleri Hinton, 1921 : Angolan klipspringer. Occurs in Namibia.

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The klipspringer is a small, sturdy antelope reaching {{convert|43|-|60|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} at the shoulder. The head-and-body length is typically between {{convert|75|and|115|cm|in|abbr=on}}. It weighs from {{convert|8|to|18|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. The klipspringer is sexually dimorphic; females are slightly larger and heavier than the males.{{cite book |last1=Castelló |first1=J.R. |title=Bovids of the World: Antelopes, Gazelles, Cattle, Goats, Sheep, and Relatives |date=2016 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, US |isbn=978-1-4008-8065-2 |pages=224–44}}{{cite book |last1=Stuart |first1=C. |last2=Stuart |first2=T. |title=Field Guide to Mammals of Southern Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetomamm00stua |url-access=limited |date=2001 |publisher=Struik Publishers |location=Cape Town, South Africa |isbn=978-1-86872-537-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetomamm00stua/page/n217 214] |edition=3rd}} The tail measures {{convert|6.5|-|10.5|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}}.{{cite book |last1=Kingdon |first1=J. |author-link=Jonathan Kingdon |title=The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals |date=2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London, UK |isbn=978-1-4729-2531-2 |pages=588–9 |edition=2nd}} Prominent facial features include the brown forehead, short ears marked with black, prominent preorbital glands near the eyes, and white lips and chin. The horns, short and spiky, present only on males, typically measure {{convert|7.5|-|9|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}}; the maximum recorded horn length is {{convert|15.9|cm|in|frac=4|abbr=on}}.

The coat of the klipspringer, yellowish gray to reddish brown, acts as an efficient camouflage in its rocky habitat; the underbelly is white.{{cite book |last1=Liebenberg |first1=L. |title=A Field Guide to the Animal Tracks of Southern Africa |date=1990 |publisher=D. Philip |location=Cape Town, South Africa |isbn=978-0-86486-132-0 |pages=273–4 |edition=Illustrated, reprint}} Unlike most other antelopes, the klipspringer has a thick and coarse coat with hollow, brittle hairs.{{cite book |last1=Mills |first1=G. |last2=Hes |first2=L. |title=The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals |url=https://archive.org/details/completebooksout00mill |url-access=limited |date=1997 |publisher=Struik Publishers |location=Cape Town, South Africa |isbn=978-0-947430-55-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/completebooksout00mill/page/n269 264] |edition=1st}} The incisors might even get damaged by the hairs while grooming. However, the coat is a significant adaptation that saves the animal during steep falls and provides effective insulation in the extreme climates characteristic of its mountain habitat. A study showed that ticks occur in larger numbers on the underbelly, where the hair is less coarse.{{cite journal |last1=Hart |first1=L.A. |last2=Hart |first2=B.L. |last3=Wilson |first3=V.J. |title=Grooming rates in klipspringer and steinbok reflect environmental exposure to ticks |journal=African Journal of Ecology |date=1996 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=79–82 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1996.tb00598.x |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230128769}} The hair often turns erect, especially if the animal is ill or if its temperature increases. Another feature unique to the klipspringer is its gait; it walks on the tips of its cylindrical, blunt hooves. This enhances the grip on the ground, enabling the animal to deftly climb and jump over rocky surfaces.

The subspecies vary in coat colour – from golden yellow in the Cape klipspringer, Ethiopian klipspringer, golden klipspringer and Transvaal klipspringer to ochre or rufous in the Maasai klipspringer, Stevenson's klipspringer and Zambian klipspringer. Cape klipspringer populations tend to have the largest males, while Maasai klipspringer exhibit the largest females.

File:Klipspringer pair.jpg

Typically nocturnal (active mainly at night), the klipspringer rests during the midday and at late night; the animal tends to be more active on moonlit nights. It basks in the morning sunlight to warm itself. A gregarious animal, the klipspringer, like the dik-diks and the oribi, exhibits monogamy to a much greater extent than other antelopes; individuals of opposite sexes form pairs that might last until one dies. The mates tend to stay as close as within {{convert|5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} of each other at most times; for instance, they take turns at keeping a lookout for predators while the other feeds, and face any danger together. The klipspringer will hop a few metres away from the danger.{{cite journal |last1=Dunbar |first1=R. |title=The ecology of monogamy |journal=New Scientist |date=1984 |issue=1419 |pages=12–5}}{{cite journal |last1=Dunbar |first1=R.I.M. |last2=Dunbar |first2=E.P. |title=The pairbond in klipspringer |journal=Animal Behaviour |date=1980 |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=219–29 |doi=10.1016/S0003-3472(80)80026-1|s2cid=53204522 }} Other social groups include small family herds of eight or more members or solitary individuals. Klipspringer greet one another by rubbing cheeks at social meetings.{{cite journal |last1=Dunbar |first1=R.I.M. |last2=Dunbar |first2=E.P. |title=Social organization and ecology of the klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus) in Ethiopia |journal=Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie |date=1974 |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=481–93 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0310.1974.tb00462.x|pmid=4456903 }}

Males form territories, {{convert|7.5|–|49|ha|acre|frac=2}} large (the size depends on rainfall patterns), in which they stay with their partners and offspring.{{cite journal |last1=Norton |first1=P.M. |title=The habitat and feeding ecology of the klipspringer Oreotragus Oreotragus (Zimmermann, 1973) in two areas of the Cape Province |journal=MSC Dissertation, University of Pretoria |date=2011 |pages=97–100 |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/27760/dissertation.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322021451/https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/27760/dissertation.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=dead |archive-date=2018-03-22 }} Males are generally more vigilant than females. Klipspringer form large dung heaps, nearly {{convert|1|m|ftin|abbr=on}} across and {{convert|10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} deep, at the borders of territories; another form of marking is the secretion of a thick, black substance, measuring {{convert|5|mm|in|frac=8|abbr=on}} across, from the preorbital glands onto vegetation and rocks in the territories.{{cite book |last1=Apps |first1=P. |title=Wild Ways : Field Guide to the Behaviour of Southern African Mammals |date=2000 |publisher=Struik Publishers |location=Cape Town, South Africa |isbn=978-1-86872-443-7 |pages=157–9 |edition=2nd}} A study revealed that the tick Ixodes neitzi detects and aggregates on twigs marked by the klipspringer.{{cite journal |last1=Rechav |first1=Y. |last2=Norval |first2=R.A.I. |last3=Tannock |first3=J. |last4=Colborne |first4=J. |title=Attraction of the tick Ixodes neitzi to twigs marked by the klipspringer antelope |journal=Nature |date=1978 |volume=275 |issue=5678 |pages=310–1 |doi=10.1038/275310a0|bibcode=1978Natur.275..310R |s2cid=4278781 }} Another study showed that plants near the borders with neighbouring territories are particularly preferred for marking.{{cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=S.C. |last2=Lowen |first2=C. |title=Optimal patterns of scent marks in klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus) territories |journal=Journal of Zoology |date=1997 |volume=243 |issue=3 |pages=565–78 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb02802.x |url=http://www.scraigroberts.com/uploads/1/5/0/4/15042548/1997_jzoology_optimal.pdf}} The main vocalisation is a shrill whistle, given out by the klipspringer pair in a duet, as a means of communication or anti-predator response. Predators include the baboon, black-backed jackal, caracal, crowned eagle, leopard, martial eagle, serval, spotted hyena and Verreaux's eagle. Birds such as familiar chats, pale-winged starlings, red-winged starlings and yellow-bellied bulbuls have been observed feeding on ectoparasites of klipspringer.

Primarily a browser, the klipspringer prefers young plants, fruits and flowers. Grasses, eaten mainly in the wet season, form a minor portion of the diet. Some plants, such as Vellozia, may be preferred seasonally. Klipspringer depend mainly on succulent plants, and not on water bodies, to meet their water requirement. They can stand on their hindlegs to reach tall branches up to {{convert|1.2|m|ftin|abbr=on}} above the ground; some individuals in Namibia were observed climbing Faidherbia albida trees up to a height of {{convert|5.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}}.{{cite book |last1=Skinner |first1=J.D. |last2=Chimimba |first2=C.T. |title=The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0-521-84418-5 |pages=708–11 |edition=3rd}}

The klipspringer is a seasonal breeder; the time when mating occurs varies geographically. Females become sexually mature by the time they are a year old; males take slightly longer to mature. Mating behaviour has not been extensively observed. Gestation lasts around six months, following which a single calf, weighing slightly more than {{convert|1|kg|lb|frac=2|abbr=on}}, is born; births peak from spring to early summer. Births take place in dense vegetation. The newborn is carefully hidden for up to three months to protect it from the view of predators; the mother suckles it three to four times a day, the visits gradually lengthen as the offspring grows. Males are protective of their offspring, keeping a watch for other males and predators. The calf is weaned at four to five months, and leaves its mother when it turns a year old. The klipspringer lives for around 15 years.

File:Oreotragus oreotragus.jpg

The klipspringer inhabits places characterised by rocky terrain and sparse vegetation. It migrates to lowlands at times of food scarcity. The klipspringer occurs at altitudes as high as {{convert|4,500|m|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} on Mount Kilimanjaro.{{cite book |last1=East |first1=R. |last2=IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group |title=African Antelope Database 1998 |date=1999 |publisher=The IUCN Species Survival Commission |location=Gland, Switzerland |isbn=978-2-8317-0477-7 |pages=298–301 |edition=Illustrated}} The klipspringer can occur at high population densities in favourable habitats extending over a large area; 10 to 14 individuals occur per square kilometre in the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia. However, the habitat is typically rocky over long stretches and grassy terrain is discontinuous; consequently the population density is typically between 0.01 and 0.1 individual per square kilometre.

The antelope occurs in significant numbers across eastern and southern Africa; its range extends from northeastern Sudan, Eritrea, northern Somalia and Ethiopia in the east to South Africa in the south, and along coastal Angola and Namibia. Smaller populations occur in the northern and western highlands of Central African Republic, southeastern Democratic Republic of Congo, Jos Plateau and east of Gashaka Gumti National Park in Nigeria. It is feared to be extinct in Burundi.

image:Klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus) feet.jpg

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) classifies the klipspringer as Least Concern. The klipspringer is hunted for its meat, leather and hair.{{cite book |last1=Mares |first1=M.A. |title=Encyclopedia of deserts |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediadese00mare |url-access=limited |date=1999 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman, US |isbn=978-0-8061-3146-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediadese00mare/page/n350 324] |edition=Illustrated}} However, there are no major threats to the survival of the klipspringer, as its habitat is inaccessible and unfavourable for hunting. Moreover, the antelope does not have to compete with livestock, that do not frequent montane areas. However, populations at lower altitudes are more vulnerable to elimination.

In 1999, Rod East of the IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group estimated the total population of klipspringer at 42,000. Significant numbers occur on private farmlands. As of 2008, nearly 25% of the populations occur in protected areas such as the Simien and Bale Mountains National Parks (Ethiopia); Tsavo East and West National Parks (Kenya); North and South Luangwa National Parks (Zambia); Nyika National Park (Malawi); Namib-Naukluft National Park (Namibia); and Matobo National Park (Zimbabwe).

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{{portal|Mammals}}

• {{Commons-inline|Oreotragus oreotragus|Oreotragus oreotragus}}
• {{Wikispecies-inline|Oreotragus oreotragus|Oreotragus oreotragus}}
• {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Klipspringer |volume=15 |short=x}}

{{Artiodactyla|R.5}}

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Category:Dwarf antelopes

Category:Mammals of Botswana

Category:Mammals of South Africa

Category:Mammals of Ethiopia

Category:Mammals of Namibia

Category:Mammals of Sudan

Category:Mammals of Angola

Category:Fauna of East Africa

Category:Mammals of Kenya

Category:Mammals of Tanzania

Category:Mammals of Zambia

Category:Mammals of Uganda

Category:Afrikaans words and phrases

Category:Mammals described in 1783

Category:Mammals of the Central African Republic

Category:Mammals of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Category:Mammals of Djibouti

Category:Mammals of Eritrea

Category:Mammals of Malawi

Category:Mammals of Mozambique

Category:Mammals of West Africa

Category:Mammals of Rwanda

Category:Mammals of Somalia

Category:Mammals of South Sudan

Category:Mammals of Eswatini

Category:Mammals of Zimbabwe

Category:Taxa named by Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann