Boy's surface

File:BoysSurfaceKusnerBryant.svg

Boy's surface can be parametrized in several ways. One parametrization, discovered by Rob Kusner and Robert Bryant,{{cite book|contribution=Surfaces in conformal geometry (Robert Bryant)|author=Raymond O'Neil Wells|title=The Mathematical Heritage of Hermann Weyl (May 12–16, 1987, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina)|volume=48|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0MECAAAQBAJ&pg=PA227|year=1988|series=Proc. Sympos. Pure Math.|publisher=American Mathematical Soc.|isbn=978-0-8218-1482-6|pages=227–240|doi=10.1090/pspum/048/974338}} is the following: given a complex number w whose magnitude is less than or equal to one ($\backslash |\; w\; \backslash |\; \backslash le\; 1$), let

:$\backslash begin\{align\}$

g_1 &= -{3 \over 2} \operatorname{Im} \left[ {w \left(1 - w^4\right) \over w^6 + \sqrt{5} w^3 - 1} \right]\\[4pt]

g_2 &= -{3 \over 2} \operatorname{Re} \left[ {w \left(1 + w^4\right) \over w^6 + \sqrt{5} w^3 - 1} \right]\\[4pt]

g_3 &= \operatorname{Im} \left[ {1 + w^6 \over w^6 + \sqrt{5} w^3 - 1} \right] - {1 \over 2}\\

\end{align}

and then set

:$\backslash begin\{pmatrix\}x\backslash \backslash \; y\backslash \backslash \; z\backslash end\{pmatrix\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{1\}\{g\_1^2\; +\; g\_2^2\; +\; g\_3^2\}\; \backslash begin\{pmatrix\}g\_1\backslash \backslash \; g\_2\backslash \backslash \; g\_3\backslash end\{pmatrix\}$

we then obtain the Cartesian coordinates x, y, and z of a point on the Boy's surface.

If one performs an inversion of this parametrization centered on the triple point, one obtains a complete minimal surface with three ends (that's how this parametrization was discovered naturally). This implies that the Bryant–Kusner parametrization of Boy's surfaces is "optimal" in the sense that it is the "least bent" immersion of a projective plane into three-space.

{{Wikibooks|Famous Theorems of Mathematics|Boy's surface}}

If w is replaced by the negative reciprocal of its complex conjugate, $-\{1\; \backslash over\; w^\backslash star\},$ then the functions g₁, g₂, and g₃ of w are left unchanged.

By replacing {{math|w}} in terms of its real and imaginary parts {{math|1=w = s + it}}, and expanding resulting parameterization, one may obtain a parameterization of Boy's surface in terms of rational functions of {{math|s}} and {{math|t}}. This shows that Boy's surface is not only an algebraic surface, but even a rational surface. The remark of the preceding paragraph shows that the generic fiber of this parameterization consists of two points (that is that almost every point of Boy's surface may be obtained by two parameters values).

Let $P(w)\; =\; (x(w),\; y(w),\; z(w))$ be the Bryant–Kusner parametrization of Boy's surface. Then

:$P(w)\; =\; P\backslash left(-\{1\; \backslash over\; w^\backslash star\}\; \backslash right).$

This explains the condition $\backslash left\backslash |\; w\; \backslash right\backslash |\; \backslash le\; 1$ on the parameter: if then $\backslash left\backslash |\; -\; \{1\; \backslash over\; w^\backslash star\}\; \backslash right\backslash |\; >\; 1\; .$ However, things are slightly more complicated for $\backslash left\backslash |\; w\; \backslash right\backslash |\; =\; 1.$ In this case, one has $-\{1\; \backslash over\; w^\backslash star\}\; =\; -w\; .$ This means that, if $\backslash left\; \backslash |\; w\; \backslash right\backslash |\; =\; 1,$ the point of the Boy's surface is obtained from two parameter values: $P(w)\; =\; P(-w).$ In other words, the Boy's surface has been parametrized by a disk such that pairs of diametrically opposite points on the perimeter of the disk are equivalent. This shows that the Boy's surface is the image of the real projective plane, RP² by a smooth map. That is, the parametrization of the Boy's surface is an immersion of the real projective plane into the Euclidean space.

File:Surface_de_Boy.stl of Boy's surface]]

Boy's surface has 3-fold symmetry. This means that it has an axis of discrete rotational symmetry: any 120° turn about this axis will leave the surface looking exactly the same. The Boy's surface can be cut into three mutually congruent pieces.

Boy's surface can be used in sphere eversion as a half-way model. A half-way model is an immersion of the sphere with the property that a rotation interchanges inside and outside, and so can be employed to evert (turn inside-out) a sphere. Boy's (the case p = 3) and Morin's (the case p = 2) surfaces begin a sequence of half-way models with higher symmetry first proposed by George Francis, indexed by the even integers 2p (for p odd, these immersions can be factored through a projective plane). Kusner's parametrization yields all these.

Image:Boyflaeche.JPG]]

The Oberwolfach Research Institute for Mathematics has a large model of a Boy's surface outside the entrance, constructed and donated by Mercedes-Benz in January 1991. This model has 3-fold rotational symmetry and minimizes the Willmore energy of the surface. It consists of steel strips representing the image of a polar coordinate grid under a parameterization given by Robert Bryant and Rob Kusner. The meridians (rays) become ordinary Möbius strips, i.e. twisted by 180 degrees. All but one of the strips corresponding to circles of latitude (radial circles around the origin) are untwisted, while the one corresponding to the boundary of the unit circle is a Möbius strip twisted by three times 180 degrees — as is the emblem of the institute {{harv|Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut Oberwolfach|2011}}.

A model was made in glass by glassblower Lucas Clarke, with the cooperation of Adam Savage, for presentation to Clifford Stoll. It was featured on Adam Savage's YouTube channel, Tested. All three appeared in the video discussing it.{{cite web |last1=Adam |first1=Savage |title=This Object Should've Been Impossible to Make |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMPrlvlUIMc |website=YouTube |date=21 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023}}

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{citation |last=Kirby|first=Rob|author-link=Robion Kirby|date=November 2007|title=What is Boy's surface?|url = https://www.ams.org/notices/200710/tx071001306p.pdf |journal=Notices of the AMS |volume =54 |issue = 10 |pages=1306–1307 }} This describes a piecewise linear model of Boy's surface.
• {{citation |last=Casselman|first=Bill|date=November 2007|title=Collapsing Boy's Umbrellas |url = https://www.ams.org/notices/200710/200710-about-the-cover.pdf |journal=Notices of the AMS |volume = 54 |issue = 10 |page = 1356 }} Article on the cover illustration that accompanies the Rob Kirby article.
• {{citation |author = Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut Oberwolfach |title=The Boy surface at Oberwolfach |url = https://www.mfo.de/about-the-institute/history/boy-surface/karcher_pinkallboy_surface.pdf |year=2011 }}.
• Sanderson, B. [http://www.maths.warwick.ac.uk/~bjs/proj.pdf Boy's will be Boy's], (undated, 2006 or earlier).
• {{MathWorld|urlname=BoySurface|title=Boy's Surface}}

{{refend}}

{{Commons}}

• [https://mathcurve.com/surfaces.gb/boy/boy.shtml Boy's surface] at MathCurve; contains various visualizations, various equations, useful links and references
• [http://plus.maths.org/issue27/features/mathart/BoyUnfold.html A planar unfolding of the Boy's surface] – applet from Plus Magazine.
• [http://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/~aar/surgery/notes.htm Boy's surface resources], including the [http://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/~aar/surgery/boy.pdf original article], and an [http://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/~aar/surgery/boyinboy.jpg embedding] of a topologist in the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160712171217/http://www.mfo.de/about-the-institute/history/Boy-Surface/the-boy-surface-at-oberwolfach Oberwolfach Boy's surface].
• [http://www.andrewlipson.com/boys.htm A LEGO Boy's surface]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20160827051210/http://teach.hilderbuild.com/tiki-index.php?page=Paper%20Boy%27s A paper model of Boy's surface] – pattern and instructions
• [http://www.math.univ-toulouse.fr/~cheritat/boy-surface/index.html A model of Boy's surface] in Constructive Solid Geometry together with assembling instructions
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gRx66xKXek Boy's surface] visualization video from the Mathematical Institute of the Serbian Academy of the Arts and Sciences
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMPrlvlUIMc This Object Should've Been Impossible to Make] Adam Savage making a museum stand for a glass model of the surface

{{Compact topological surfaces}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boy's Surface}}

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