Brian O'Rorke

Brian O'Rorke was born at Fendalton, Christchurch, New Zealand, on 14 June 1901, the third son of Edward Dennis O'Rorke (1865–1918), and Amy Clifford Rhodes (1865–1922).{{cite news |title=New Zealanders at Home |work=New Zealand Herald |volume=66 |issue=20204 |date=14 March 1929 |page=12 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19290314.2.109}}{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=Adam |last2=Black |first2=Charles |title=Who was Who: 1971–1980 |year=1981 |volume=7 |publisher=St Martin's Press |location=New York |page=596 |isbn=9780312877460 |url=https://archive.org/details/whowaswho19711980000unse/page/n5/mode/2up}} His father, Dennis, was an expert horseman, particularly in polo, racing and the hunting circles, and had been Reader of the House of Representatives and Record Clerk for several years in the early 1890s.{{cite news |title=Gazette Notices |work=Lyttelton Times |volume=73 |issue=9028 |date=14 February 1890 |page=6 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/LT18900214.2.57}}

Paternal grandfather, Sir Maurice O'Rorke (1830–1916) had served as Member of Parliament for Onehunga and Manukau from 1861 to 1902, as well as Speaker of the House of Representatives from 1879 to 1890.{{cite book |chapter=The Hon. Sir George Maurice O'Rorke |title=The Cyclopedia of New Zealand: Wellington Provincial District |publisher=The Cyclopedia Company Ltd |date=1907 |pages=104–105 |url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc01Cycl-t1-body-d3-d13-d3.html#n131}}{{cite book |last=Laffaye |first=Horace A. |title=The Evolution of Polo |publisher=McFarland Incorporated |date=2009 |page=53 |isbn= 9780786438143}} Maternal grandfather, Robert Heaton Rhodes (1815–1884), had been a South Island sheep farmer, member of the Canterbury Provincial Council from 1853 to 1874, member of the Executive Council from 1869 to 1870, Member of Parliament for Akaroa in the 1870s, and co-founder of the New Zealand Shipping Company and the Kaiapoi Woollen Manufacturing Company.{{cite news |title=Makers of Canterbury |work=The Press |volume=66 |issue=20008 |date=16 August 1930 |page=15 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19300816.2.71}}{{cite web |url=https://www.peelingbackhistory.co.nz/the-rhodes-brothers/ |last=Bulovic |first=Annette |title=The Rhodes Brothers |website=Peeling Back History |date= 18 March 2013|access-date=16 September 2021}}

Having resided in Auckland from about 1902, Dennis, Amy and family moved to England in December 1911.{{cite news |title=Port of Auckland |work=New Zealand Herald |volume=48 |issue=14868 |date=20 December 1911 |page=8 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19111220.2.46}}{{cite news |title=Personal Items |work=New Zealand Herald |volume=48 |issue=14865 |date=16 December 1911 |page=8 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19111216.2.84}} There, O'Rorke attended Wellington College, Berkshire. Whilst at school with younger brother Forbes during the Great War, their brother Captain Dennis Clifford O'Rorke, {{post-nominals|MC}}, King's Royal Rifle Corps, was killed in action in March 1918;{{cite web |url=https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/war-memorial/online-cenotaph/record/C35203 |title=Dennis Clifford O'Rorke |website=Online Centotaph |publisher=Auckland War Memorial Museum}} brother Lieutenant Maurice Heaton O'Rorke, 12th Royal Lancers, suffered severe head wounds whilst carrying out a daring reconnaissance in October; and, soon after armistice, their father Dennis, Superintendent of Remount Depots, died on 9 December from internal injuries caused in a jumping accident at Melton Mowbray.{{cite news |title=Death of Mr. E. D. O'Rorke: Rolled on by a Horse |work=New Zealand Herald |volume=56 |issue=17085 |date=14 February 1919 |page=6 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19190214.2.86}}{{cite news |title=Obituary. Mr E. D. O'Rorke |work=New Zealand Herald |volume=55 |issue=17032 |date=13 December 1918 |page=8 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19181213.2.77}}

The following year, on Wellington College's Speech Day, 21 June 1919, the Duke of Wellington, {{post-nominals|KG}}, presented E B O'Rorke with the Batchelor Drawing Prize for Special Subject.{{cite book |title=The Wellington Year Book, 1919 |publisher=Thomas Hunt |location=Wellington College, Berkshire |date=1920 |page=21 |url=https://memorial.wellingtoncollege.org.uk/Filename.ashx?tableName=ta_yearbooks1914_22&columnName=filename&recordId=6}} Amy, sister Cicely, Maurice, Forbes and other relatives returned to New Zealand, landing in late October.{{cite news |title=Women's World |work=The Dominion |volume=13 |issue=25 |date=24 October 1919 |page=4 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/DOM19191024.2.12}}{{cite news |title=Women's World |work=Auckland Star |volume=50 |issue=265 |date=7 November 1919 |page=9 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19191107.2.140}}

Thereafter, O'Rorke studied engineering at Jesus College, University of Cambridge{{cite book |title=The Wellington Year Book, 1921 |publisher=Charles T. Hunt |location=Wellington College, Berkshire |date=1922 |page=50 |url=https://memorial.wellingtoncollege.org.uk/Filename.ashx?tableName=ta_yearbooks1914_22&columnName=filename&recordId=8}}{{cite news |title=Woman's World |work=New Zealand Herald |volume=59 |issue=18182 |date=30 August 1922 |page=12 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19220830.2.138}} graduating with the degree of BA in June 1922.{{cite news |title=At the Universities |work=Otago Witness |issue=3582 |date=7 November 1922 |page=47 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/OW19221107.2.185}} After a return visit home to New Zealand immediately following his mother's death in Christchurch in August,{{cite news |title=Deaths |work=The Star |issue=16823 |date=28 August 1922 |page=1 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TS19220828.2.2.2}}{{cite news |title=Personal Items |work=New Zealand Herald |volume=59 |issue=18218 |date=11 October 1922 |page=10 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19221011.2.110}} he carried on architectural studies in the Architectural Association School of Architecture's five year course, where, in 1926, he was awarded RIBA prizes—Bronze Medal for Recognised Schools, Certificate of Honourable Mention in relation to the Tite Prize (Design), Archibald Dawnay Scholarship—{{cite book |author=RIBA |title=The Kalendar of the Royal Institute of British Architects: 1934–1935 |publisher=The Royal Institute of British Architects |location=London |date=November 1934 |pages=747–748 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105760/page/n755/mode/2up?q=O%27Rorke}}{{cite news |title=New Zealanders at Home |work=New Zealand Herald |volume=64 |issue=19576 |date=3 March 1927 |page=12 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19270303.2.102}} as well as examples of his work published in the Architectural Association's 1928–29 course booklet.{{citation |author=AA |title=The Architectural Association School of Architecture |publisher=The Architectural Association |location=London |date=1928 |pages= |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924016323689/page/n71/mode/2up?q=E.+B.+O%27Rorke}} In 1928 he received the degree of MA from Jesus College, Cambridge.{{cite news |title=New Zealanders at Home |work=New Zealand Herald |volume=65 |issue=20142 |date=31 December 1928 |page=10 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19281231.2.101}}

In early professional practice, O'Rorke worked on the design of small private houses in London and the country, and in 1932 produced the design for a block of modern tenement flats erected in Islington, London.{{cite news |title=New Zealanders Abroad |work=The Press |volume=71 |issue=21563 |date=28 August 1935 |page=5 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19350828.2.21}} He and Kenneth Peacock also submitted a design in the Royal Institute of British Architects' year-long competition for the design of their new headquarters in London, underway from 1931. Of some 284 designs submitted from unidentified architects throughout Britain and the empire, in 1932 George Grey Wornum won the award and commission, with the second award to Verner Owen Rees. O'Rorke and Peacock, won one of three third awards, alongside Percy Thomas and Ernest Prestwich, and Frank Roscoe and Duncan Wylson. Several other New Zealanders received honourable mention.{{cite journal |title=Awards in the R.I.B.A. New Premises Competition |journal=The Journal, Royal Architectural Institute of Canada |volume=9 |issue=6 |date=June 1932 |location=Toronto |pages=144–146 |url=https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/bitstream/handle/10222/74377/RAIC_vol09_no06_access.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}{{cite news |title=Architects' Building |work=New Zealand Herald |volume=69 |issue=21208 |date=14 June 1932 |page=11 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19320614.2.124}}

In April 1933, Fred Mayor and Douglas Cooper, opened The Mayor Gallery, a new modern art gallery designed by O'Rorke and Arundell Clarke, at 18 Cork Street, London. The gallery opened with an exhibition of recent painting by English, French and German artists{{cite web |title=Recent Paintings by English, French and German Artists: Opening Exhibition 1–30 April 1933 |website=The Mayor Gallery |url=https://www.mayorgallery.com/exhibitions/476-recent-paintings-by-english-french-and-german-artists-opening-exhibition/ |access-date=23 September 2021}} and would go on to present the ideas of many modern artists to England for the first time; Max Ernst, Paul Klee and Joan Miró amongst them.

Colin Anderson, a director of Orient Steam Navigation Company, had seen opportunity in the future of passenger ships and in the search for an architect who could assist him in his idea of RMS Orion being a truly modern ocean liner of the best contemporary design, had put aside a few modernist notables. He eventually found Brian O'Rorke through his friends Betty and Ralph Rayner. O'Rorke had been working on Ashcombe Tower, their new modern home complete with furnishings, in Devon, and suitably possessed the suite of capability that Anderson had been looking for.{{cite journal |last=Sekules |first=Veronica |title=The Ship-owner as an Art Patron: Sir Colin Anderson and the Orient Line 1930-1960 |journal=The Journal of the Decorative Arts Society 1850 – the Present: British Patrons of Modern Design (1986) |publisher=The Decorative Arts Society 1850 to the Present |volume= |issue=10| date=1986 |pages=22–33 |jstor=41809153 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41809153 |access-date=21 September 2021}}{{rp|22}}

In August 1935, the result of O'Rorke's interior design was an open air layout, making use of removable and folding walls, sliding glass doors, and relatively enormous promenade decks to keep cooling breezes flowing through spaces passengers could relax in. Rooms without access to the deck of the ship were also made to feel breezy by being as light and uncluttered as possible. Furnishings were chosen for their clean lines, wood given matte finishes, and columns left unadorned. Moreover, the chromium and Bakelite used extensively throughout the ship meant surfaces were more resistant to the wearing effects of sea air, a first in liners. This was a new type of functional interior that could be linked to the functionality of a ship's exterior.

RMS Orion proved so successful, O'Rorke designed interiors for many more of Orient's ships.{{cite book |last=Artmonsky |first=Ruth |title=Shipboard Style: Colin Anderson of the Orient Line |publisher=Artmonsky Arts |location=London |date=2010}} One of these was SS Orcades. He knew what talent lay unused in Australasia and included Australians and New Zealanders amongst project artists and designers—Margaret Preston, Douglas Annand, Keith Murray, Paul Pascoe,{{cite news |title=Christchurch Man's Success |work=The Press |volume=72 |issue=21862 |date=15 August 1936 |page=16 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19360815.2.98}} John and Helen Hutton, Frederick Halford Coventry.{{cite news |title=New Liner |work=New Zealand Herald |volume=74 |issue=22832 |date=13 September 1937 |page=6 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19370913.2.23}}{{rp|30–33}} He also may have seen the advantage of employing designers who intimately knew the tropical conditions in which the ship would need to carry people comfortably.

O'Rorke returned from RMS Orion's maiden Mediterranean cruise to Constantinople in August 1935 to begin planning airliner interiors for Imperial Airways, particularly the interior design of the passenger section of the twenty-eight new Short Empire flying boats then under rapid development and manufacture for the Empire Air Mail Scheme.{{cite news |title=S.S. Orion |work=Otago Daily Times |issue=22670 |date=7 September 1935 |page=5 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ODT19350907.2.18}}{{cite news |title=In the Public Eye |work=Evening Post |volume=120 |issue=84 |date=5 October 1935 |page=26 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP19351005.2.177}}{{cite journal |last=Thurston |first=James |title=Outside and Inside the Empire Boat |journal=The Aeroplane |volume= |issue= |date=28 October 1936 |pages=15–16 |url=http://www.seawings.co.uk/images/Empire%20pdfs/The%20Aeroplane%20Mag%20article%20-%2028th%20Oct%201936%20pdf.pdf}} His modern approach intended to set a new standard for aircraft, in contrast to the tendency for ornate passenger transport interiors of recent periods.

His buildings include the Berkeley Hotel, London; The New Royal Observatory (now Herstmonceux Science Centre) at Herstmonceux in Sussex (1951–52, built 1955); a country house, Ashcombe Tower (1935) on Haldon, near Dawlish, Devon; and halls of residence at the University of Nottingham. All are in an abstracted traditional style which is reminiscent of the work of his near-contemporary, Donald McMorran. Unbuilt designs included one for the National Theatre in London.

On 19 January 1929, O'Rorke married illustrator and decorative artist Juliet Mabel Olga Wigan (1903–1988), elder daughter of solicitor Ernest Edward Wigan, MA, of Oakley Lodge, Weybridge, Surrey, and his wife Mabel Helen, daughter of Robert Watson Willis of Hinxton House, East Sheen, Surrey.{{cite book |last=Howard |first=J. J. |title=Visitation of England and Wales (Wigan pedigree)|volume=13 |date=1905 |page=139}} They had four children—a son, Forbes Brian (born 1930),{{cite news |title=Births |work=The Press |volume=66 |issue=20006 |date=14 August 1930 |page=1 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19300814.2.2.1}} and three daughters: Sarah (born 1936), who married the publisher John Letts, owner of the Folio Society from 1971; Virginia (born 1937); and Georgia (born 1942).{{cite book |last=Powell |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Powell |title=Journals 1982–1986 |publisher=William Heinemann Ltd |location=London |date=1995 |page=73 |isbn=9780434001637}} Juliet was at different times romantically linked to the writers Anthony Powell (of whose work she was a fan; their friendship continued until Juliet was in her eighties, when in 1983, as a great-grandmother, she visited Powell and his family) and Malcolm Muggeridge.{{cite book |last=Spurling |first=Hilary |author-link=Hilary Spurling |title=Anthony Powell: Dancing to the Music of Time |publisher=Knopf Publishing Group |location= |date=2018 |pages=128–129, 131–132 |isbn=9780525521341}}{{cite news |title=The Newsletter of the Anthony Powell Society |issue=69 |page=22}}

File:LMS 798 20160504.jpg|LMS Royal coaches: The King's day saloon

File:Royal Greenwich Observatory, Herstmonceux - April 2012.jpg|The Royal Observatory, Herstmonceux

File:University Park MMB V4 Derby Hall.jpg|Derby Hall, University of Nottingham

File:Derby Hall - geograph.org.uk - 909522.jpg|Derby Hall

File:The Berkeley Hotel.jpg|The Berkeley, Knightsbridge

File:Orient Line window, c. 1930s, by Sam Hood (4056437811).jpg|Orient Line Building, Sydney

File:SLNSW 27262 Orient Line.jpg|Orient Line Building, Sydney

{{reflist}}

• {{cite journal |last=Anderson |first=Colin |title=The Interior Design of Passenger Ships |journal=Journal of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce |location=London |volume=114 |issue=5118 |date=1 May 1966 |pages=477–493}}
• {{cite book |last=Artmonsky |first=Ruth |title=Shipboard Style: Colin Anderson of the Orient Line |publisher=Artmonsky Arts |location=London |date=2010}}
• {{cite book |last1=Fawcett |first1=A. Peter |last2=Jackson |first2=Neil |title=Campus critique: the architecture of the University of Nottingham |publisher=University of Nottingham |location=Nottingham |date=1998 |isbn=9780948983054}}
• {{cite journal |last=Findlay |first=Michael |title=Brian O'Rorke: A New Zealand Maritime Modernist |journal=Bearings |volume=5 |issue=4 |publisher=Hobson Wharf: Auckland Maritime Museum |date=1993 |pages=18–23 |url=http://www.nzmaritimeindex.org.nz/izsearchref.php?type=Serial&db=Y&dm=&ds=Y&dh=Y&sd=Y&svp=&tot=348&sourceid=8005018}}
• {{cite web |last=Goossens |first=Reuben |title=Orient Line: RMS Orion Photo Album |website=www.ssmaritime.com |date= |url=http://www.ssmaritime.com/orion2.htm |access-date=14 May 2021}}
• {{cite book |last=Lloyd Jenkins |first=Douglas |title=40 Legends of New Zealand Design |publisher=Godwit |location=Auckland |date=2006}}
• {{cite book |last=Maxtone-Graham |first=John |title=Liners to the Sun |location=New York |publisher=Macmillan |date=1985 |isbn=0025450107}}
• {{cite web |last=Mulliss |first=Steve |title=History |website=RMS Orion Homepage |date=2003 |url=https://www.angelfire.com/on3/rmsorion/history.htm}}
• {{cite web |last=Pearce |first=Elaine |title=Herstmonceux Science Centre: Descriptive entry in the statutory listing for Listed Buildings |website=Internet Archive: waybackmachine |date=2003 |url=http://www.cowbeech.force9.co.uk/HSC.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044416/http://www.cowbeech.force9.co.uk/HSC.htm |archive-date=8 December 2008 }}
• {{cite web |last=Van der Ven |first=Martin |title=RMS Orion |website=Internet Archive: waybackmachine |date=2014 |url=http://www.offshore-radio.de/fleet/orion.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406230751/http://www.offshore-radio.de/fleet/orion.htm |archive-date=6 April 2014 }}

• [http://www.ssmaritime.com/orion2.htm SS Maritime]
• [https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/name/brian-ororke-ra Royal Academy of Arts: Profile]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ororke, Brian}}

Category:1901 births

Category:1974 deaths

Category:Architects from Christchurch

Category:20th-century New Zealand architects

Category:New Zealand interior designers

Category:New Zealand industrial designers

Category:20th-century British architects

Category:British interior designers

Category:Royal Designers for Industry

Category:Royal Academicians

Category:Fellows of the Royal Institute of British Architects

Category:Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge

Category:Alumni of the Architectural Association School of Architecture

Category:New Zealand emigrants to the United Kingdom

Category:Moorhouse–Rhodes family