Bronze mirror#Japan

File:Bronze mirror Louvre with the Judgement of Paris.jpg, 4th–3rd century BCE (Musée du Louvre)]]

Bronze mirrors preceded the glass mirrors of today. This type of mirror, sometimes termed a copper mirror, has been found by archaeologists among elite assemblages from various cultures, from Etruscan Italy to Japan. Typically they are round and rather small, in the West with a handle, in East Asia with a knob to hold at the back, often with a loop for a cord, or silk tassel.Osborne, 174; Dillon, 32 Some were fitted with small stands, and others had a hinged protective cover.Osborne, 570 In surviving ancient examples the surface is too corroded to be reflective, but some bronze mirrors are still made.

File:Aranmula mirror^world's only non glass mirror - panoramio.jpg, Kerala, India]]

They are first-surface mirrors, where the immediate bronze surface is flat, plain and highly polished to be reflective, rather than second-surface mirrors, like modern glass mirrors, where the reflection comes from a backing applied to the glass.

File:Arte greca, pietra tombale di donna con la sua assistente, 100 ac. circa.JPG

They are significantly inferior to modern mirrors in terms of the quality of the reflection,{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} but in older societies were sufficiently impressive to have religious significance in some societies. Examples include the melong in Tibetan Buddhism and the toli in Asian Shamanism. The ancient Greeks and others used mirrors for divining,Osborne, 569–570 and the Chinese believed they stored sunlight, and so could "guide the deceased through the underworld", making them essential grave-goods.Osborne, 174

The back is often highly decorated in various techniques and styles, and may be significant for art history. Chinese styles include the Flower Mirror, TLV mirror and Inscribed mirror, while the Large Flower Mirror and Shinju-kyo are Japanese.Osborne, 174–176 Most ancient images show them being used by women, and figurative imagery on the back, as in Roman mirrors, often reflects female interests.

History

Bronze mirrors were themselves preceded by mirrors made of obsidian (volcanic glass), found across the Middle East. These remained the standard in the Americas until the arrival of Europeans. Iron pyrite was also used.Osborne, 570 Glass mirrors with superior reflectivity began to be made in the Roman Empire in the 1st century CE, but remained very expensive for a long time, as well as easy to break, and initially hardly any more reflective,Osborne, 570 so that bronze mirrors remained common in many parts of the world until the 19th century.

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Speculum metal is a very hard high-tin bronze-type alloy, with about 30% tin rather than the typical 12–15%. It polishes well to give very good reflectivity, and was important in Early Modern telescopes and other uses. Its use in mirrors may date back more than 2000 years in China{{cite book|author1=Joseph Needham|author2=Gwei-djen Lu|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Magisteries of Gold and Immortality. Chemistry and chemical technology. Spagyrical discovery and invention|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYixSmXUCuMC&pg=PA238|volume=5|year=1974|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-08571-7|page=238}} although it could also be an invention of western civilizations.{{cite book|title=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ab_NAAAAMAAJ|volume=64|year=1934|publisher=Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|page=71}} There seem to be references to it by Pliny the Elder.Meeks, 63–64 It was certainly in use by the European Middle Ages, giving better reflectivity than the usual bronze, and tarnishing more slowly. However, tin was expensive, and the composition of the alloy had to be controlled precisely. Confusingly, mirrors made of speculum metal were known at the time, and often later, as "steel mirrors", although they had no steel in them.Osborne, 570; Meeks, 65

=Egypt and Near East=

Polished bronze mirrors were made by the Egyptians from 2900 BCE onwards.Z. Y. Saad: The Excavations at Helwan. Art and Civilization in the First and Second Egyptian Dynasties, University of Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma 1969, p.54

These Egyptian mirrors are spoken of in biblical Book of Exodus (1500 BCE), and used by Moses in the construction of the Tabernacle.

=China=

File:Mirror (Jing) with 'TLV' Design LACMA AC1998.251.29.jpg-period TLV mirror, 25–220 CE]]

Bronze mirrors were produced in China from Neolithic times{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} until Western glass mirrors were brought to China. Bronze mirrors were usually circular, with one side polished bright, to give a reflection, and the reverse side normally decorated in cast relief in early examples, later on sometimes inlaid in precious metal. They generally had a knob or loop in the center of the back so that they could be easily held in the hand, and sometimes attached to clothing. In the Tang and Song dynasties some examples were larger and more variable in shape. Other examples are so small, about 5 cm across, that they may have been mainly intended for ritual use, as "charms to ward off evil spirits".Dillon, 32; Osborne, 175–176, 176 quoted

Some of the earliest examples of Chinese bronze mirrors belonged to the late Neolithic Qijia culture from around 2000 BCE (some use of bronze is found before the Bronze Age,{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} when it became general for some types of objects). However, until Warring States times, bronze mirrors were not common with approximately only twenty having been discovered. During the Warring States period, mirrors became particularly popular.Dillon, 32 During the Han dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE) mirrors started to be mass-produced in standardised designs, including the TLV mirror. Some Western Han dynasty mirrors featured intricate inlays using silver, gold, glass, and lead–barium silicates, a synthetic material resembling jade, to enhance visual appeal and symbolic value.{{Cite journal |last=Zhao |first=Fengyan |last2=Sun |first2=Manli |last3=Tie |first3=Fude |last4=Wu |first4=Chen |last5=Zhang |first5=Xiaoli |last6=Mu |first6=Xiaojun |date=August 2020 |title=Inlaid materials and techniques of an ancient Chinese bronze mirror |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1140/epjp/s13360-020-00634-y |journal=The European Physical Journal Plus |language=en |volume=135 |issue=8 |doi=10.1140/epjp/s13360-020-00634-y |issn=2190-5444}} Both Han and Tang mirrors are considered to be the most technically advanced. Both the quantity and quality of finds in graves declined after the Tang dynasty,Osborne, 176 but bronze mirrors continued to remain popular up through the Song dynasty, but then gradually lost their popularity and ceased to be produced after the arrival of Western mirrors during the Ming and Qing dynasties.Dillon, 32

Specific types include the inscribed mirror, Flower Mirror and Large Flower Mirror.

File:Bronze Mirror, Qijia Culture, GansuNational Museum,Beijing.jpg|Early mirror, Qijia culture, before c. 1800 BCE

File:Han Bronze Mirror - 8.jpg| Han dynasty, 202 BC – 9 AD, 25–220 AD

File:Dinastia tang, specchio con animali e uva, 690 dc ca.jpg|The "animals and grapes design", c. 690, Tang dynasty

File:Jin dynasty double fish mirror.jpg|The "double fish design", popular in the Jin dynasty (1115-1234)

File:Song Bronze Mirror 08.jpg|Song dynasty

File:Chinese numismatic charms - Scott Semans 53.jpg|Very small hand mirror

=Europe=

File:Romano-Celtic mirror (Desborough).jpg, English, c. 50 BCE — 50 CE]]

The Bronze Age Minoan civilization produced hand-mirrors in the 2nd millennium BCE, followed by the Myceneans. They were no doubt following the Egyptian or Near Eastern precedents. After disappearing in the Greek Dark Ages, they returned in Archaic Greece, including some mirrors on elaborate stands (already an Egyptian type), as well as hand-mirrors with handles. The stands most often featured a standing female figure, often with putti. These are called "caryatid mirrors".

Folding mirrors, also called "box mirrors", from about 400 BCE, typically had relief designs on the outside of the lid, and engraved decoration on the inside. Most were still round, and lacked handles, presumably as they were meant to be held by a maid. Eros/Cupid is often shown holding up a mirror for Aphrodite/Venus.

In the early periods, designs were typically engraved on the back, but luxury Greco-Roman mirrors often had figurative designs in relief.

Mirrors from the Iron Age have been discovered across most of Europe, generally as grave-goods. The Greeks were the earliest makers; the Etruscans imported Greek mirrors, and then began making their own, passing the practice on to their Roman conquerors.Osborne, 570

In the 1st century CE Seneca mentioned large wall mirrors; it may have been in front of one of these that Demosthenes used to practise his speeches in the 4th century BCE. The rich had silver or silver-plated mirrors.Osborne, 570

Celtic mirrors in Britain were produced up until the Roman conquest.{{Cite book|title='Mirrors in Roman Britain', in J. Munby and M. Henig (eds), Roman Life and Art in Britain|last=Lloyd-Morgan|first=Glenys|author-link=Glenys Lloyd-Morgan|publisher=BAR|year=1977|pages=231–52}} Notable examples include the Desborough Mirror, and those found in Birdlip and Langton Herring.{{cite journal |author1=Russell, M. |date=2019 |title=The girl with the chariot medallion: a well-furnished, Late Iron Age Durotrigian burial from Langton Herring, Dorset |journal=Archaeological Journal |volume=176 |issue=2 |pages=196–230 |doi=10.1080/00665983.2019.1573551|doi-access=free }}

File:Bronze mirror with a support in the form of a draped woman MET DP266227 (cropped).jpg|Greek caryatid mirror, mid-5th century BCE

File:7279 - 3rd century BC mirror - Museo archeologico nazionale, Taranto, room XII - Photo by Giovanni Dall'Orto, October 11 2015 (cropped).jpg|Greek folding mirror (found in Italy), 3rd century BCE, with Eros playing for Aphrodite

File:Pompéi (Nîmes) 45.jpg|Front of silver Roman mirror from Pompeii

File:MirrorDSCF6602.jpg|An Iron Age bronze mirror with Celtic decoration from 120 to 80 BCE. Found in St Keverne, England

File:Specchio in argento con mito di frisso ed elle, da vellerano, tomba 2, 150-200 ca..JPG|Silver, Roman, 150-200 CE, with unusually high relief

File:Espejo (16745524072).jpg|Cupid with mirror on a mirror-back, Spain

File:Fresco showing a woman looking in a mirror as she dresses (or undresses) her hair, from the Villa of Arianna at Stabiae (Castellammare di Stabia), Naples National Archaeological Museum (17392924485).jpg|Fresco from Pompeii

File:Villa dei Misteri IX - 1.jpg|Cupid holding up a rectangular mirror, Villa of the Mysteries

=India=

File:Aranmula Mirrors.jpg for sale]]

In the Indus valley civilization, manufacture of bronze mirrors goes back to the time between 2800 and 2500 BCE.Richard Corson: Fashions in Makeup: From Ancient to Modern Times, 1972, {{ISBN|0-7206-0431-1}}, p.32 Bronze mirrors are usually circular.

With excavations in Adichanallur and Keeladi in Tamil Nadu, India, it is confirmed that communities lived around the Vaigai river valley in the Bronze Age. The excavations done in Adichanallur in 1899 by Alexander Rea, the then Superintendent of the Archeological Survey of India, Southern circle brought out two bronze circular items.Alexander Rea: Catalogue of the Prehistoric Antiquities,1915, Item 15,23, Plate II They are bronze mirrors similar to ones found in other civilisations. Carbon dating of samples tested resulted in the age of such items to be before 1500 BC.B SASISEKARAN et al: ADICHANALLUR: A PREHISTORIC MINING SITE, Indian Journal of History of Science, 45.3 (2010) 369–394

Aranmula kannadi are still made on a small scale in Kerala, South India, using a type of speculum metal, an extra reflective alloy of copper and tin.

=Japan=

File:Japan, Kamakura Period - Mirror - 1917.640 - Cleveland Museum of Art (cropped).tif, with chrysanthemum relief and silk tassel]]

Japanese bronze mirrors were adopted from China, and are similar in form and, initially, style. Many had red silk tassels through the knob on the back. Mirrors in Shinto have ritual uses. The c. 5th-century Suda Hachiman Shrine Mirror is a National Treasure of Japan, largely for the linguistic importance of its cast characters. According to its relief inscription it was made for a prince. {{Nihongo||八咫鏡|Yata no Kagami}} is a sacred mirror that is part of the Imperial Regalia of Japan.{{Cite book|last1=Cali|first1=Joseph|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1gEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA214|title=Shinto Shrines: A Guide to the Sacred Sites of Japan's Ancient Religion|last2=Dougill|first2=John|date=2012-11-30|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3775-4|pages=218|language=en}}

Notes

References

Dillon, Michael O. (ed.), China: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary, 1998, Curzon Press, {{ISBN|9780700704392}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=VA5tKw11K8YC&pg=PA32 google books]
Osborne, Harold (ed), The Oxford Companion to the Decorative Arts, 1975, OUP, {{ISBN|0198661134}}

External links

[https://sites.google.com/site/100objectsbritishmuseum/home/japanese-bronze-mirror "Japanese bronze mirror"], A History of the World in 100 Objects, British Museum
[http://australianmuseum.net.au/Chinese-Bronze-Mirrors Chinese Bronze Mirrors – Australian Museum]

Category:Bronze Age

Category:Archaeological artefact types

Category:Mirrors

Category:Bronze mirrors

Category:Ancient art in metal