Middle East

The Middle East (term originally coined in English language){{NoteTag|Translations of this term in some of the region's major languages include: {{langx|ar|الشرق الأوسط|translit=aš-Šarq al-ʾAwsaṭ}}; {{langx|aii|ܡܕܢܚܐ ܡܨܥܝܬܐ|translit=Madnḥā Miṣʿāyā}}; {{langx|he|הַמִּזְרָח הַתִּיכוֹן|ham-Mizrāḥ hat-Tīḵōn}}; {{langx|ku-Latn|Rojhilata Navîn}}; {{langx|fa|خاورمیانه|translit=Xâvar-e-Miyâne}}; {{langx|azb|اوْرتاشرق}}; {{langx|tr|Orta Doğu}}.}} is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.

The term came into widespread usage by the United Kingdom and western European nations in the early 20th century as a replacement of the term Near East (both were in contrast to the Far East). The term "Middle East" has led to some confusion over its changing definitions. Since the late 20th century, it has been criticized as being too Eurocentric. The region includes the vast majority of the territories included in the closely associated definition of West Asia, but without the South Caucasus. It also includes all of Egypt (not just the Sinai) and all of Turkey (including East Thrace).

Most Middle Eastern countries (13 out of 18) are part of the Arab world. The most populous countries in the region are Egypt, Turkey, and Iran, while Saudi Arabia is the largest Middle Eastern country by area. The history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, and it was long considered the "cradle of civilization". The geopolitical importance of the region has been recognized and competed for during millennia.Cairo, Michael F. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_ukBNxLFNxgC&q=middle+east+of+high+importance+since+ancient+times The Gulf: The Bush Presidencies and the Middle East] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222230823/https://books.google.nl/books?id=_ukBNxLFNxgC&dq=middle+east+of+high+importance+since+ancient+times&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s |date=22 December 2015 }} University Press of Kentucky, 2012 {{ISBN|978-0-8131-3672-1}} p. xi.Government Printing Office. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UOgvZdjOsb0C&dq=middle+east+of+high+importance+since+ancient+times&pg=PA177 History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense: The formative years, 1947–1950] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222230708/https://books.google.nl/books?id=UOgvZdjOsb0C&pg=PA177&dq=middle+east+of+high+importance+since+ancient+times&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CDMQ6AEwA2oVChMIlNGcnPv5yAIVybMUCh2Sag-6 |date=22 December 2015 }} {{ISBN|978-0-16-087640-0}} p. 177Kahana, Ephraim. Suwaed, Muhammad. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xoftt29B4soC&dq=middle+east+of+crucial+importance+since+ancient+times&pg=PR31 Historical Dictionary of Middle Eastern Intelligence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223002634/https://books.google.nl/books?id=Xoftt29B4soC&pg=PR31&dq=middle+east+of+crucial+importance+since+ancient+times&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CFEQ6AEwB2oVChMI-8aUsPr5yAIVxGsUCh3q_wR- |date=23 December 2015 }} Scarecrow Press, 13 April 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8108-6302-6}} p. xxxi. The Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) have their origins in the Middle East.{{cite book|title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation|first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen|year= 2013| isbn=978-1446289761| page =5|publisher=SAGE|quote=The Middle East is the cradle of the three monotheistic faiths of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.}} Arabs constitute the main ethnic group in the region,{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&q=main+ethnic+groups+in+the+middle+east&pg=PA16|title=Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia|access-date=26 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424084425/https://books.google.com/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=main+ethnic+groups+in+the+middle+east&source=bl&ots=uGb8t7Re3p&sig=wlU7EbnyjrI4FHgw5H2WTeJvePI&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=JHCDU_HgMInHOeCGgLgK&ved=0CDAQ6AEwADgU#v=onepage&q=Turks&f=false|archive-date=24 April 2016|isbn=978-1-59884-362-0|last1=Shoup|first1=John A.|year= 2011|publisher=Abc-Clio }} followed by Turks, Persians, Kurds, Azeris, Copts, Jews, Assyrians, Iraqi Turkmen, Yazidis, and Greek Cypriots.

The Middle East generally has a hot, arid climate, especially in the Arabian and Egyptian regions. Several major rivers provide irrigation to support agriculture in limited areas here, such as the Nile Delta in Egypt, the Tigris and Euphrates watersheds of Mesopotamia, and the basin of the Jordan River that spans most of the Levant. These regions are collectively known as the Fertile Crescent, and comprise the core of what historians had long referred to as the cradle of civilization; multiple regions of the world have since been classified as also having developed independent, original civilizations.

Conversely, the Levantine coast and most of Turkey have relatively temperate climates typical of the Mediterranean, with dry summers and cool, wet winters. Most of the countries that border the Persian Gulf have vast reserves of petroleum. Monarchs of the Arabian Peninsula in particular have benefitted economically from petroleum exports. Because of the arid climate and dependence on the fossil fuel industry, the Middle East is both a major contributor to climate change and a region that is expected to be severely adversely affected by it.

Other concepts of the region exist, including the broader Middle East and North Africa (MENA), which includes states of the Maghreb and the Sudan. The term the "Greater Middle East" also includes parts of East Africa, Mauritania, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and sometimes the South Caucasus and Central Asia.

Terminology

The term "Middle East" may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office.{{Sfn | Beaumont | Blake | Wagstaff | 1988 | p = 16}} However, it became more widely known when United States naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902{{cite journal | last =Koppes | first = CR |title = Captain Mahan, General Gordon and the origin of the term "Middle East" |journal=Middle East Studies |volume=12 |pages= 95–98 |year= 1976 |doi = 10.1080/00263207608700307| issn=0026-3206 }} to "designate the area between Arabia and India".{{cite book | last = Lewis | first = Bernard | title= The Middle East and the West |year= 1965 |page=9}}{{cite book | last = Fromkin | first = David | author-link = David Fromkin | title = A Peace to end all Peace | year = 1989 | page = [https://archive.org/details/peacetoendallpea0000from/page/224 224] | isbn = 978-0-8050-0857-9 | title-link = A Peace to End All Peace | publisher = H. Holt }}

During this time the British and Russian empires were vying for influence in Central Asia, a rivalry that would become known as the Great Game. Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region, but also of its center, the Persian Gulf.{{Citation | last = Melman | first = Billie | url = http://cco.cambridge.org/extract?id=ccol052178140x_CCOL052178140XA010 | publisher = Cambridge | title = Companion to Travel Writing | volume = 6 The Middle East/Arabia | series = Collections Online | access-date = 8 January 2006 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110725125839/http://cco.cambridge.org/extract?id=ccol052178140x_CCOL052178140XA010 | archive-date = 25 July 2011 | date = November 2002 }}.Palmer, Michael A. Guardians of the Persian Gulf: A History of America's Expanding Role in the Persian Gulf, 1833–1992. New York: The Free Press, 1992. {{ISBN|0-02-923843-9}} pp. 12–13. He labeled the area surrounding the Persian Gulf as the Middle East. He said that, beyond Egypt's Suez Canal, the Gulf was the most important passage for Britain to control in order to keep the Russians from advancing towards British India.Laciner, Sedat. "[http://www.turkishweekly.net/comments.php?id=2117 Is There a Place Called 'the Middle East'?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220093342/http://www.turkishweekly.net/comments.php?id=2117 |date=2007-02-20 }}", The Journal of Turkish Weekly, 2 June 2006. Retrieved 10 January 2007. Mahan first used the term in his article "The Persian Gulf and International Relations", published in September 1902 in the National Review, a British journal.

{{Blockquote|The Middle East, if I may adopt a term which I have not seen, will some day need its Malta, as well as its Gibraltar; it does not follow that either will be in the Persian Gulf. Naval force has the quality of mobility which carries with it the privilege of temporary absences; but it needs to find on every scene of operation established bases of refit, of supply, and in case of disaster, of security. The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force if occasion arise, about Aden, India, and the Persian Gulf.{{Sfn | Adelson | 1995 | pp = 22–23}}}}

Mahan's article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20-article series entitled "The Middle Eastern Question", written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol. During this series, Sir Ignatius expanded the definition of Middle East to include "those regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India."{{Sfn | Adelson | 1995 | p = 24}} After the series ended in 1903, The Times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the term.{{Sfn | Adelson | 1995 | p = 26}}

Until World War II, it was customary to refer to areas centered around Turkey and the eastern shore of the Mediterranean as the "Near East", while the "Far East" centered on China, India and Japan.{{cite journal | last =Davison | first = Roderic H. |title= Where is the Middle East? |journal= Foreign Affairs | volume = 38 |pages=665–675 |year=1960 |doi=10.2307/20029452 |issue=4| jstor = 20029452 | s2cid = 157454140 }}

The Middle East was then defined as the area from Mesopotamia to Burma; namely, the area between the Near East and the Far East. In the late 1930s, the British established the Middle East Command, which was based in Cairo, for its military forces in the region. After that time, the term "Middle East" gained broader usage in Europe and the United States. Following World War II, for example, the Middle East Institute was founded in Washington, D.C. in 1946.{{cite book | last =Held | first = Colbert C. |title=Middle East Patterns: Places, Peoples, and Politics | url =https://archive.org/details/middleeastpatter00held_0 | url-access =registration |publisher=Westview Press |year=2000 |page=[https://archive.org/details/middleeastpatter00held_0/page/7 7] |isbn= 978-0-8133-8221-0}}

The corresponding adjective is Middle Eastern and the derived noun is Middle Easterner.

While non-Eurocentric terms such as "Southwest Asia" or "Swasia" have been sparsely used, the classificiation of the African country, Egypt, among those counted in the Middle East challenges the usefulness of using such terms.{{Cite journal|jstor=25741178|title=Constructing and naturalizing the Middle Easr|first=Karen|last=Culcasi|journal=Geographical Review|volume=100|issue=4|year=2010|pages=583–597|doi=10.1111/j.1931-0846.2010.00059.x|bibcode=2010GeoRv.100..583C |s2cid=154611116}}

=Usage and criticism=

File:Middle East.ogv

The description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. Before the First World War, "Near East" was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, while "Middle East" referred to the Caucasus, Persia, and Arabian lands,{{cite news| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/05/19/the-modern-middle-east-is-actually-only-100-years-old/| title = How the Middle East was invented | newspaper = The Washington Post}} and sometimes Afghanistan, India and others.{{Cite web|url=https://mideast.unc.edu/where/|title=Where Is the Middle East? | Center for Middle East and Islamic Studies}} In contrast, "Far East" referred to the countries of East Asia (e.g. China, Japan, and Korea).Clyde, Paul Hibbert, and Burton F. Beers. The Far East: A History of Western Impacts and Eastern Responses, 1830-1975 (1975). [https://archive.org/details/lccn_0133029687 online]Norman, Henry. The Peoples and Politics of the Far East: Travels and studies in the British, French, Spanish and Portuguese colonies, Siberia, China, Japan, Korea, Siam and Malaya (1904) [https://archive.org/details/peoplesandpolit05normgoog online]

With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1918, "Near East" largely fell out of common use in English, while "Middle East" came to be applied to the emerging independent countries of the Islamic world. However, the usage "Near East" was retained by a variety of academic disciplines, including archaeology and ancient history. In their usage, the term describes an area identical to the term Middle East, which is not used by these disciplines (see ancient Near East).{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

The first official use of the term "Middle East" by the United States government was in the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine, which pertained to the Suez Crisis. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles defined the Middle East as "the area lying between and including Libya on the west and Pakistan on the east, Syria and Iraq on the North and the Arabian peninsula to the south, plus the Sudan and Ethiopia." In 1958, the State Department explained that the terms "Near East" and "Middle East" were interchangeable, and defined the region as including only Egypt, Syria, Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar.{{cite news |title= 'Near East' is Mideast, Washington Explains |url= http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70E10FC3D59127A93C6A81783D85F4C8585F9&scp=1&sq='Near%20East'%20is%20Mideast,%20Washington%20Explains&st=cse |newspaper= The New York Times |date= 14 August 1958 |access-date= 25 January 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091015044505/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70E10FC3D59127A93C6A81783D85F4C8585F9&scp=1&sq=%27Near%20East%27%20is%20Mideast%2C%20Washington%20Explains&st=cse |archive-date= 15 October 2009 }}{{subscription required}}

Since the late 20th century, scholars and journalists from the region, such as journalist Louay Khraish and historian Hassan Hanafi have criticized the use of "Middle East" as a Eurocentric and colonialist term.{{cite web |last=Khraish |first=Louay |date=16 July 2021 |title=Don't Call Me Middle Eastern |publisher=Raseef 22|url=https://raseef22.net/article/1083546-dont-call-me-middle-eastern}}{{cite web |last=Hanafi |first=Hassan |location=Oslo |year=1998 |title=The Middle East, in whose world? (Primary Reflections) |url=http://www.smi.uib.no/pao/hanafi.html |publisher=Nordic Society for Middle Eastern Studies (The fourth Nordic conference on Middle Eastern Studies: The Middle East in globalizing world Oslo, 13–16 August 1998) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008121436/http://www.smi.uib.no/pao/hanafi.html |archive-date=8 October 2006 }}{{cite web |last=Shohat |first=Ella |title=Redrawing American Cartographies of Asia |url=http://commposite.uqam.ca/videaz/docs/elshen.html |publisher=City University of New York |access-date=12 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312062752/http://commposite.uqam.ca/videaz/docs/elshen.html |archive-date=12 March 2007 }}

The Associated Press Stylebook of 2004 says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones, but that now they are synonymous. It instructs:

Use Middle East unless Near East is used by a source in a story. Mideast is also acceptable, but Middle East is preferred.Goldstein, Norm. The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law. New York: Basic Books, 2004. {{ISBN|0-465-00488-1}} p. 156

=Translations=

European languages have adopted terms similar to Near East and Middle East. Since these are based on a relative description, the meanings depend on the country and are generally different from the English terms. In German the term Naher Osten (Near East) is still in common use (nowadays the term Mittlerer Osten is more and more common in press texts translated from English sources, albeit having a distinct meaning).

In the four Slavic languages, Russian Ближний Восток or Blizhniy Vostok, Bulgarian Близкия Изток, Polish Bliski Wschód or Croatian Bliski istok (terms meaning Near East are the only appropriate ones for the region).

However, some European languages do have "Middle East" equivalents, such as French Moyen-Orient, Swedish Mellanöstern, Spanish Oriente Medio or Medio Oriente, Greek is Μέση Ανατολή (Mesi Anatoli), and Italian Medio Oriente.In Italian, the expression "Vicino Oriente" (Near East) was widely used to refer to Turkey, and Estremo Oriente (Far East or Extreme East) to refer to all of Asia east of Middle East

Perhaps because of the political influence of the United States and Europe, and the prominence of Western press, the Arabic equivalent of Middle East (Arabic: الشرق الأوسط ash-Sharq al-Awsaṭ) has become standard usage in the mainstream Arabic press. It comprises the same meaning as the term "Middle East" in North American and Western European usage. The designation, Mashriq, also from the Arabic root for East, also denotes a variously defined region around the Levant, the eastern part of the Arabic-speaking world (as opposed to the Maghreb, the western part).{{cite book |author1=Anderson, Ewan W. |author2=William Bayne Fisher |title=The Middle East: Geography and Geopolitics |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |pages=12–13}} Even though the term originated in the West, countries of the Middle East that use languages other than Arabic also use that term in translation. For instance, the Persian equivalent for Middle East is خاورمیانه (Khāvar-e miyāneh), the Hebrew is המזרח התיכון (hamizrach hatikhon), and the Turkish is Orta Doğu.{{citation|title=The Middle East in Turkish|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-turkish/the-middle-east|website=dictionary.cambridge.org|access-date=16 February 2025}}

Countries and territory

= Countries and territory usually considered within the Middle East =

Traditionally included within the Middle East are Arabia, Asia Minor, East Thrace, Egypt, Iran, the Levant, Mesopotamia, and the Socotra Archipelago. The region includes 17 UN-recognized countries and one British Overseas Territory.

{| class ="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"

!class="unsortable"| Arms

!class="unsortable"| Flag

! Country

! Area
(km²)

! Population
(2024){{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=419,423,469,429,433,436,439,443,446,449,453,456,463,186,466,487,474,&s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,LP,&sy=2010&ey=2024&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |website=IMF |access-date=24 October 2024 |language=en}}

! Density
(per km²)

! Capital

! Nominal
GDP, {{abbr|bn|billions}} (2024)

! GDP per capita (2024)

! Currency

! Government

! Official
language(s)

!Predominant religion

| {{Coat of arms|United Kingdom|size=30px|text=none}}

| {{flagicon|Akrotiri and Dhekelia|size=45px}}

| Akrotiri and Dhekelia

| style="text-align:right;"| 254

| style="text-align:right;"| 18,195

| style="text-align:right;"| 72

| Episkopi

| N/A

| Euro

| De facto stratocratic dependency under a constitutional monarchy

| English

|Christianity

| {{Coat of arms|Bahrain|size=30px|text=none}}

| {{flagicon|Bahrain|size=45px}}

| Bahrain

| style="text-align:right;"| 780

| style="text-align:right;"| 1,617,000

| style="text-align:right;"| 2,073

| Manama

| $47.812

| $29,573

| Bahraini dinar

| Constitutional monarchy

| Arabic

|Islam (official)

| {{Coat of arms|Cyprus|size=30px|text=none}}

| {{flagicon|Cyprus|size=45px}}

| Cyprus

| style="text-align:right;"| 9,250

| style="text-align:right;"| 921,000

| style="text-align:right;"| 100

| Nicosia

| $34.790

| $37,767

| Euro

| Presidential republic

| Greek,
Turkish

|Christianity

| {{Coat of arms|Egypt|size=30px|text=none}}

| {{flagicon|Egypt|size=45px}}

| Egypt

| style="text-align:right;"| 1,010,407

| style="text-align:right;"| 107,304,000

| style="text-align:right;"| 106

| Cairo

| $380.044

| $3,542

| Egyptian pound

| Semi-presidential republic

| Arabic

|Islam (official)

| {{Seal|Iran|size=30px|text=none}}

| {{flagicon|Iran|size=45px}}

| Iran

| style="text-align:right;"| 1,648,195

| style="text-align:right;"| 86,626,000

| style="text-align:right;"| 53

| Tehran

| $434.243

| $5,013

| Iranian rial

| Islamic republic

| Persian

|Islam (official)

| {{Coat of arms|Iraq|size=30px|text=none}}

| {{flagicon|Iraq|size=45px}}

| Iraq

| style="text-align:right;"| 438,317

| style="text-align:right;"| 44,415,000

| style="text-align:right;"| 101

| Baghdad

| $264.149

| $5,947

| Iraqi dinar

| Parliamentary republic

| Arabic,
Kurdish

|Islam (official, expect in autonomous Kurdistan Region)

| {{Coat of arms|Israel|size=30px|text=none}}

| {{flagicon|Israel|size=45px}}

| Israel

| style="text-align:right;"| 20,770

| style="text-align:right;"| 9,943,000

| style="text-align:right;"| 479

| Jerusalem{{ref|israel|a}}

| $528.067

| $53,111

| Israeli shekel

| Parliamentary republic

| Hebrew

|Judaism

| {{Coat of arms|Jordan|size=30px|text=none}}

| {{flagicon|Jordan|size=45px}}

| Jordan

| style="text-align:right;"| 92,300

| style="text-align:right;"| 11,385,000

| style="text-align:right;"| 123

| Amman

| $53.305

| $4,682

| Jordanian dinar

| Constitutional monarchy

| Arabic

|Islam (official)

| {{Coat of arms|Kuwait|size=30px|text=none}}

| {{flagicon|Kuwait|size=45px}}

| Kuwait

| style="text-align:right;"| 17,820

| style="text-align:right;"| 5,012,000

| style="text-align:right;"| 282

| Kuwait City

| $161.822

| $32,290

| Kuwaiti dinar

| Constitutional monarchy

| Arabic

|Islam (official)

| style="background-color:#c8ccd1; text-align:center;"|

| {{flagicon|Lebanon|size=45px}}

| Lebanon

| style="text-align:right;"| 10,452

| style="text-align:right;"| 5,354,000 (2023)

| style="text-align:right;"| 512

| Beirut

| $24.023 (2023)

| $4,487 (2023)

| Lebanese pound

| Parliamentary republic

| Arabic

|Islam, large minority for Christianity

| {{Seal|Oman|size=30px|text=none}}

| {{flagicon|Oman|size=45px}}

| Oman

| style="text-align:right;"| 309,500

| style="text-align:right;"| 5,331,000

| style="text-align:right;"| 17

| Muscat

| $109.993

| $20,631

| Omani rial

| Absolute monarchy

| Arabic

|Islam (official)

| {{Coat of arms|Palestine|size=30px|text=none|link=State of Palestine}}

| {{flagicon|Palestine|size=45px}}

| Palestine

| style="text-align:right;"| 6,220

| style="text-align:right;"| 5,477,000 (2023)

| style="text-align:right;"| 881

| Jerusalem
Ramallah{{ref|palestine|a}}

| $17.421 (2023)

| $3,181 (2023)

| Israeli shekel,
Jordanian dinar

| Semi-presidential republic

| Arabic

|Islam (official)

| {{Seal|Qatar|size=30px|text=none}}

| {{flagicon|Qatar|size=45px}}

| Qatar

| style="text-align:right;"| 11,437

| style="text-align:right;"| 3,094,000

| style="text-align:right;"| 271

| Doha

| $221.406

| $71,568

| Qatari riyal

| Constitutional monarchy

| Arabic

|Islam (official)

| {{Seal|Saudi Arabia|size=30px|text=none}}

| {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia|size=45px}}

| Saudi Arabia

| style="text-align:right;"| 2,149,690

| style="text-align:right;"| 33,475,000

| style="text-align:right;"| 16

| Riyadh

| $1,100.706

| $32,881

| Saudi riyal

| Absolute monarchy

| Arabic

|Islam (official)

| {{Coat of arms|Syria|size=30px|text=none}}

| {{flagicon|Syria|size=45px}}

| Syria

| style="text-align:right;"| 185,180

| style="text-align:right;"| 21,393,000 (2010)

| style="text-align:right;"| 116

| Damascus

| $60.043 (2010)

| $2,807 (2010)

| Syrian pound

| Presidential republic

| Arabic

|Islam

| style="background-color:#c8ccd1; text-align:center;"|

| {{flagicon|Turkey|size=45px}}

| Turkey

| style="text-align:right;"| 783,562

| style="text-align:right;"| 85,811,000

| style="text-align:right;"| 110

| Ankara

| $1,344.318

| $15,666

| Turkish lira

| Presidential republic

| Turkish

|Islam

| {{Coat of arms|United Arab Emirates|size=30px|text=none}}

| {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates|size=45px}}

| United Arab Emirates

| style="text-align:right;"| 82,880

| style="text-align:right;"| 11,000,000

| style="text-align:right;"| 133

| Abu Dhabi

| $545.053

| $49,550

| Emirati dirham

| Federal constitutional monarchy

| Arabic

|Islam (official)

| {{Coat of arms|Yemen|size=30px|text=none}}

| {{flagicon|Yemen|size=45px}}

| Yemen

| style="text-align:right;"| 527,970

| style="text-align:right;"| 34,829,000

| style="text-align:right;"| 66

| Sanaa{{ref|sanaa|b}}
Aden (provisional)

| $16.192

| $465

| Yemeni rial

| Provisional presidential republic

| Arabic

|Islam (official)

:a. {{note|israel}}{{note|palestine}}Jerusalem is the proclaimed capital of Israel, which is disputed, and the actual location of the Knesset, Israeli Supreme Court, and other governmental institutions of Israel. Ramallah is the actual location of the government of Palestine, whereas the proclaimed capital of Palestine is East Jerusalem, which is disputed.

:b. {{note|sanaa}}Controlled by the Houthis due to the ongoing civil war. Seat of government moved to Aden.

=Other definitions of the Middle East=

Various concepts are often paralleled to the Middle East, most notably the Near East, Fertile Crescent, and Levant. These are geographical concepts, which refer to large sections of the modern-day Middle East, with the Near East being the closest to the Middle East in its geographical meaning. Due to it primarily being Arabic speaking, the Maghreb region of North Africa is sometimes included.

"Greater Middle East" is a political term coined by the second Bush administration in the first decade of the 21st century{{Cite news|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FC04Ak06.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040407112015/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FC04Ak06.html|url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2004|access-date=21 August 2008|title=Concocting a 'Greater Middle East' brew|work=Asia Times|date=3 March 2004|first=Safa|last=Haeri}} to denote various countries, pertaining to the Muslim world, specifically Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey.Ottaway, Marina & Carothers, Thomas (29 March 2004), [https://web.archive.org/web/20040915010150/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=1480 The Greater Middle East Initiative: Off to a False Start], Policy Brief, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 29, pp. 1–7 Various Central Asian countries are sometimes also included.[http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/me.htm Middle East] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415014006/http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/me.htm |date=15 April 2016 }} What Is The Middle East And What Countries Are Part of It? worldatlas.com. Retrieved 16 April 2016.

History

{{further|Neolithic#Western Asia|Ancient Near East|Mesopotamia|Uruk period|Kish civilization|Ancient Egypt|History of the ancient Levant|History of Anatolia|History of Iran|Middle Eastern Empires|Pre-Islamic Arabia|List of modern conflicts in the Middle East}}

File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg in Egypt. Built during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom of ancient Egypt, between c. 2600 – c. 2500 BC. ]]

File:Göbekli Tepe, Urfa.jpgs at Göbekli Tepe were erected as far back as 9600 BC, predating those of Stonehenge, England, by over seven millennia. The site of the oldest known religious structure created by humans.{{cite web|url=http://www.archaeology.org/0811/abstracts/turkey.html|title=The World's First Temple|work= Archaeology magazine |date=November–December 2008|page=23}}]]

File:Westernwall2.jpg and Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem]]

File:Jerusalem-Grabeskirche-14-vom Erloeserkirchturm-2010-gje.jpg in Jerusalem]]

File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg, located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia]]

The Middle East lies at the juncture of Africa and Eurasia and of the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea (see also: Indo-Mediterranean). It is the birthplace and spiritual center of religions such as Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Manichaeism, Yezidi, Druze, Yarsan, and Mandeanism, and in Iran, Mithraism, Zoroastrianism, Manicheanism, and the Baháʼí Faith. Throughout its history the Middle East has been a major center of world affairs; a strategically, economically, politically, culturally, and religiously sensitive area. The region is one of the regions where agriculture was independently discovered, and from the Middle East it was spread, during the Neolithic, to different regions of the world such as Europe, the Indus Valley and Eastern Africa.

Prior to the formation of civilizations, advanced cultures formed all over the Middle East during the Stone Age. The search for agricultural lands by agriculturalists, and pastoral lands by herdsmen meant different migrations took place within the region and shaped its ethnic and demographic makeup.

The Middle East is widely and most famously known as the cradle of civilization. The world's earliest civilizations, Mesopotamia (Sumer, Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia), ancient Egypt and Kish in the Levant, all originated in the Fertile Crescent and Nile Valley regions of the ancient Near East. These were followed by the Hittite, Greek, Hurrian and Urartian civilisations of Asia Minor; Elam, Persia and Median civilizations in Iran, as well as the civilizations of the Levant (such as Ebla, Mari, Nagar, Ugarit, Canaan, Aramea, Mitanni, Phoenicia and Israel) and the Arabian Peninsula (Magan, Sheba, Ubar). The Near East was first largely unified under the Neo Assyrian Empire, then the Achaemenid Empire followed later by the Macedonian Empire and after this to some degree by the Iranian empires (namely the Parthian and Sassanid Empires), the Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire. The region served as the intellectual and economic center of the Roman Empire and played an exceptionally important role due to its periphery on the Sassanid Empire. Thus, the Romans stationed up to five or six of their legions in the region for the sole purpose of defending it from Sassanid and Bedouin raids and invasions.

From the 4th century CE onwards, the Middle East became the center of the two main powers at the time, the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire. However, it would be the later Islamic Caliphates of the Middle Ages, or Islamic Golden Age which began with the Islamic conquest of the region in the 7th century AD, that would first unify the entire Middle East as a distinct region and create the dominant Islamic Arab ethnic identity that largely (but not exclusively) persists today. The 4 caliphates that dominated the Middle East for more than 600 years were the Rashidun Caliphate, the Umayyad caliphate, the Abbasid caliphate and the Fatimid caliphate. Additionally, the Mongols would come to dominate the region, the Kingdom of Armenia would incorporate parts of the region to their domain, the Seljuks would rule the region and spread Turko-Persian culture, and the Franks would found the Crusader states that would stand for roughly two centuries. Josiah Russell estimates the population of what he calls "Islamic territory" as roughly 12.5 million in 1000 – Anatolia 8 million, Syria 2 million, and Egypt 1.5 million.{{Setton-A History of the Crusades|last=Russell|first=Josiah C.|chapter=The Population of the Crusader States|pages=295–314|volume=5|p=298}}

From the 16th century onward, the Middle East came to be dominated, once again, by two main powers: the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid dynasty.

The modern Middle East began after World War I, when the Ottoman Empire, which was allied with the Central Powers, was defeated by the British Empire and their allies and partitioned into a number of separate nations, initially under British and French Mandates. Other defining events in this transformation included the establishment of Israel in 1948 and the eventual departure of European powers, notably Britain and France by the end of the 1960s. They were supplanted in some part by the rising influence of the United States from the 1970s onwards.

In the 20th century, the region's significant stocks of crude oil gave it new strategic and economic importance. Mass production of oil began around 1945, with Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait, Iraq, and the United Arab Emirates having large quantities of oil.Goldschmidt (1999), p. 8 Estimated oil reserves, especially in Saudi Arabia and Iran, are some of the highest in the world, and the international oil cartel OPEC is dominated by Middle Eastern countries.

During the Cold War, the Middle East was a theater of ideological struggle between the two superpowers and their allies: NATO and the United States on one side, and the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact on the other, as they competed to influence regional allies. Besides the political reasons there was also the "ideological conflict" between the two systems. Moreover, as Louise Fawcett argues, among many important areas of contention, or perhaps more accurately of anxiety, were, first, the desires of the superpowers to gain strategic advantage in the region, second, the fact that the region contained some two-thirds of the world's oil reserves in a context where oil was becoming increasingly vital to the economy of the Western world [...]Louise, Fawcett. International Relations of the Middle East. (Oxford University Press, New York, 2005) Within this contextual framework, the United States sought to divert the Arab world from Soviet influence. Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the region has experienced both periods of relative peace and tolerance and periods of conflict particularly between Sunnis and Shiites.

Demographics

File:Maunsell's map, Pre-World War I British Ethnographical Map of eastern Turkey in Asia, Syria and western Persia 01.jpg

=Ethnic groups=

Arabs constitute the largest ethnic group in the Middle East, followed by various Iranian peoples and then by Turkic peoples (Turkish, Azeris, Syrian Turkmen, and Iraqi Turkmen). Native ethnic groups of the region include, in addition to Arabs, Arameans, Assyrians, Baloch, Berbers, Copts, Druze, Greek Cypriots, Jews, Kurds, Lurs, Mandaeans, Persians, Samaritans, Shabaks, Tats, and Zazas. European ethnic groups that form a diaspora in the region include Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians (including Kabardians), Crimean Tatars, Greeks, Franco-Levantines, Italo-Levantines, and Iraqi Turkmens. Among other migrant populations are Chinese, Filipinos, Indians, Indonesians, Pakistanis, Pashtuns, Romani, and Afro-Arabs.

=Migration=

"Migration has always provided an important vent for labor market pressures in the Middle East. For the period between the 1970s and 1990s, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf in particular provided a rich source of employment for workers from Egypt, Yemen and the countries of the Levant, while Europe had attracted young workers from North African countries due both to proximity and the legacy of colonial ties between France and the majority of North African states."{{cite journal|last1=Hassan|first1=Islam|last2=Dyer|first2=Paul|title=The State of Middle Eastern Youth.|journal=The Muslim World|date=2017|volume=107|issue=1|pages=3–12|url=https://www.academia.edu/31029084|hdl=10822/1042998|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403002800/http://www.academia.edu/31029084/The_Muslim_World_CIRS_Special_Issue_The_State_of_Middle_Eastern_Youth|archive-date=3 April 2017|doi=10.1111/muwo.12175}}

According to the International Organization for Migration, there are 13 million first-generation migrants from Arab nations in the world, of which 5.8 reside in other Arab countries. Expatriates from Arab countries contribute to the circulation of financial and human capital in the region and thus significantly promote regional development. In 2009 Arab countries received a total of US$35.1 billion in remittance in-flows and remittances sent to Jordan, Egypt and Lebanon from other Arab countries are 40 to 190 per cent higher than trade revenues between these and other Arab countries.{{cite web |url=http://www.egypt.iom.int/Doc/IOM%20Intra%20regional%20labour%20mobility%20in%20Arab%20region%20Facts%20and%20Figures%20(English).pdf |title=IOM Intra regional labour mobility in Arab region Facts and Figures (English) |access-date=31 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430010601/http://www.egypt.iom.int/Doc/IOM%20Intra%20regional%20labour%20mobility%20in%20Arab%20region%20Facts%20and%20Figures%20%28English%29.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2011 }} In Somalia, the Somali Civil War has greatly increased the size of the Somali diaspora, as many of the best educated Somalis left for Middle Eastern countries as well as Europe and North America.

Non-Arab Middle Eastern countries such as Turkey, Israel and Iran are also subject to important migration dynamics.

A fair proportion of those migrating from Arab nations are from ethnic and religious minorities facing persecution and are not necessarily ethnic Arabs, Iranians or Turks.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} Large numbers of Kurds, Jews, Assyrians, Greeks and Armenians as well as many Mandeans have left nations such as Iraq, Iran, Syria and Turkey for these reasons during the last century. In Iran, many religious minorities such as Christians, Baháʼís, Jews and Zoroastrians have left since the Islamic Revolution of 1979.{{cite book|title=The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity| first=Christoph |last=Baumer|year= 2016| isbn= 978-1838609344| page =276|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|quote= Although the Christians of Iran, unlike their Iraqi brothers, were not called up for military service in the Iran–Iraq War ... was so radical that a genuine exodus took place – more than half the 250,000 Christians left Iran after 1979.}}{{cite book|title=Iranian Jews in Israel: Between Persian Cultural Identity and Israeli Nationalism| first=Alessandra |last=Cecolin|year= 2015| isbn= 978-0857727886| page =138|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|quote= }}

=Religions=

File:Mosque.jpg during prayer in a mosque.]]

The Middle East is very diverse when it comes to religions, many of which originated there. Islam is the largest religion in the Middle East, but other faiths that originated there, such as Judaism and Christianity,{{cite book|title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East|first=Philip |last=Jenkins|year= 2020| isbn=978-1538124185| page =xlviii |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=The Middle East still stands at the heart of the Christian world. After all, it is the birthplace, and the death place, of Christ, and the cradle of the Christian tradition.}} are also well represented. Christian communities have played a vital role in the Middle East,{{cite book|title=Jews, Antisemitism, and the Middle East|first=Michael |last=Curtis|year= 2017| isbn=978-1351510721| page =173|publisher=Routledge|quote=Christian communities and individuals have played a vital role in the Middle East, the cradle of Christianity as of other religions.}} and they represent 78% of Cyprus population,{{Cite web |title=Population: demographic situation, languages and religions |url=https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-education-systems/cyprus/population-demographic-situation-languages-and-religions |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu}} and 40.5% of Lebanon, where the Lebanese president, half of the cabinet, and half of the parliament follow one of the various Lebanese Christian rites. There are also important minority religions like the Baháʼí Faith, Yarsanism, Yazidism,{{cite book |author1=Nelida Fuccaro |title=The Other Kurds: Yazidis in Colonial Iraq |date=1999 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |location=London & New York |isbn=1860641709 |page=9}} Zoroastrianism, Mandaeism, Druze,{{cite book|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics| first=Colbert|last= C. Held|year= 2008| isbn= 978-0429962004| page =109|publisher=Routledge|quote= Worldwide, they number 1 million or so, with about 45 to 50 percent in Syria, 35 to 40 percent in Lebanon, and less than 10 percent in Israel. Recently there has been a growing Druze diaspora.}} and Shabakism, and in ancient times the region was home to Mesopotamian religions, Canaanite religions, Manichaeism, Mithraism and various monotheist gnostic sects.

=Languages=

The six top languages, in terms of numbers of speakers, are Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Kurdish, Modern Hebrew and Greek. About 20 minority languages are also spoken in the Middle East.

Arabic, with all its dialects, is the most widely spoken language in the Middle East, with Literary Arabic being official in all North African and in most West Asian countries. Arabic dialects are also spoken in some adjacent areas in neighbouring Middle Eastern non-Arab countries. It is a member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages. Several Modern South Arabian languages such as Mehri and Soqotri are also spoken in Yemen and Oman. Another Semitic language is Aramaic and its dialects are spoken mainly by Assyrians and Mandaeans, with Western Aramaic still spoken in two villages near Damascus, Syria. There is also an Oasis Berber-speaking community in Egypt where the language is also known as Siwa. It is a non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic sister language.

Persian is the second most spoken language. While it is primarily spoken in Iran and some border areas in neighbouring countries, the country is one of the region's largest and most populous. It belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch of the family of Indo-European languages. Other Western Iranic languages spoken in the region include Achomi, Daylami, Kurdish dialects, Semmani, Lurish, amongst many others.

The close third-most widely spoken language, Turkish, is largely confined to Turkey, which is also one of the region's largest and most populous countries, but it is present in areas in neighboring countries. It is a member of the Turkic languages, which have their origins in East Asia. Another Turkic language, Azerbaijani, is spoken by Azerbaijanis in Iran.

The fourth-most widely spoken language, Kurdish, is spoken in the countries of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey, Sorani Kurdish is the second official language in Iraq (instated after the 2005 constitution) after Arabic.

Hebrew is the official language of Israel, with Arabic given a special status after the 2018 Basic law lowered its status from an official language prior to 2018. Hebrew is spoken and used by over 80% of Israel's population, the other 20% using Arabic. Modern Hebrew only began being spoken in the 20th century after being revived in the late 19th century by Elizer Ben-Yehuda (Elizer Perlman) and European Jewish settlers, with the first native Hebrew speaker being born in 1882.

Greek is one of the two official languages of Cyprus, and the country's main language. Small communities of Greek speakers exist all around the Middle East; until the 20th century it was also widely spoken in Asia Minor (being the second most spoken language there, after Turkish) and Egypt. During the antiquity, Ancient Greek was the lingua franca for many areas of the western Middle East and until the Muslim expansion it was widely spoken there as well. Until the late 11th century, it was also the main spoken language in Asia Minor; after that it was gradually replaced by the Turkish language as the Anatolian Turks expanded and the local Greeks were assimilated, especially in the interior.

File:1911 Ottoman Calendar.jpg

English is one of the official languages of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.{{cite web |title=Europe :: Akrotiri – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/akrotiri/ |publisher=CIA |date=25 October 2021 }}{{cite web |title=Europe :: Dhekelia – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/dhekelia/ |publisher=CIA |date=25 October 2021 }} It is also commonly taught and used as a foreign second language, in countries such as Egypt, Jordan, Iran, Iraq, Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates and Kuwait.{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jordan/ |title= World Factbook – Jordan |date= 20 October 2021 }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kuwait/|title=Kuwait|date=19 October 2021|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov}} It is also a main language in some Emirates of the United Arab Emirates. It is also spoken as native language by Jewish immigrants from Anglophone countries (UK, US, Australia) in Israel and understood widely as second language there.

French is taught and used in many government facilities and media in Lebanon, and is taught in some primary and secondary schools of Egypt and Syria. Maltese, a Semitic language mainly spoken in Europe, is used by the Franco-Maltese diaspora in Egypt. Due to widespread immigration of French Jews to Israel, it is the native language of approximately 200,000 Jews in Israel.

Armenian speakers are to be found in the region. Georgian is spoken by the Georgian diaspora.

Russian is spoken by a large portion of the Israeli population, because of emigration in the late 1990s.{{cite book|last=Dowty|first=Alan|title=Critical issues in Israeli society|year=2004|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=9780275973209|page=95}} Russian today is a popular unofficial language in use in Israel; news, radio and sign boards can be found in Russian around the country after Hebrew and Arabic. Circassian is also spoken by the diaspora in the region and by almost all Circassians in Israel who speak Hebrew and English as well.

The largest Romanian-speaking community in the Middle East is found in Israel, where {{as of|1995|lc=on}} Romanian is spoken by 5% of the population.According to the 1993 Statistical Abstract of Israel there were 250,000 Romanian speakers in Israel, at a population of 5,548,523 (census 1995).{{cite web |url=http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article=110 |title=Reports of about 300,000 Jews that left the country after WW2 |website=Eurojewcong.org |access-date=7 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813205116/http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article=110 |archive-date=13 August 2010 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.evz.ro/article.php?artid=185041 |title=Evenimentul Zilei |website=Evz.ro |access-date=7 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224113558/http://www.evz.ro/article.php?artid=185041 |archive-date=24 December 2007 }}

Bengali, Hindi and Urdu are widely spoken by migrant communities in many Middle Eastern countries, such as Saudi Arabia (where 20–25% of the population is South Asian), the United Arab Emirates (where 50–55% of the population is South Asian), and Qatar, which have large numbers of Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Indian immigrants.

Culture

= Sport =

The Middle East has recently become more prominent in hosting global sport events due to its wealth and desire to diversify its economy.{{Cite web |date=2024-08-22 |title=How the Middle East became the sports industry's go-to destination |url=https://gis.sport/news/how-the-middle-east-became-the-sports-industrys-go-to-destination/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=gis.sport |language=en}}

The South Asian diaspora is a major backer of cricket in the region.{{Cite journal |last=Kanchana |first=Radhika |date=2020-06-29 |title=Cricket, an oddity in the Arab-Gulf lands or a mirror of an enduring South Asian diaspora? |url=https://revistas.uam.es/reim/article/view/reim2020_28_007 |journal=Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos |language=en |issue=28 |pages=121–135 |doi=10.15366/reim2020.28.007 |issn=1887-4460|doi-access=free }}

Economy

{{Main|Economy of the Middle East|Middle East economic integration}}

File:Oil and Gas Infrastructure Persian Gulf (large).gif and gas pipelines in the Middle-East]]

Middle Eastern economies range from being very poor (such as Gaza and Yemen) to extremely wealthy nations (such as Qatar and UAE). Overall, {{as of|2007|lc=on}}, according to the CIA World Factbook, all nations in the Middle East are maintaining a positive rate of growth.

According to the International Monetary Fund,{{cite web |author=International Monetary Fund |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April |publisher=International Monetary Fund}} the three largest Middle Eastern economies in nominal GDP in 2023 were Saudi Arabia ($1.062 trillion), Turkey ($1.029 trillion), and Israel ($539 billion). Regarding nominal GDP per capita, the highest ranking countries are Qatar ($83,891), Israel ($55,535), the United Arab Emirates ($49,451) and Cyprus ($33,807). Turkey ($3.573 trillion), Saudi Arabia ($2.301 trillion), and Iran ($1.692 trillion) had the largest economies in terms of GDP PPP. When it comes to GDP PPP per capita, the highest-ranking countries are Qatar ($124,834), the United Arab Emirates ($88,221), Saudi Arabia ($64,836), Bahrain ($60,596) and Israel ($54,997). The lowest-ranking country in the Middle East, in terms of GDP nominal per capita, is Yemen ($573).

The economic structure of Middle Eastern nations are different in the sense that while some nations are heavily dependent on export of only oil and oil-related products (such as Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Kuwait), others have a highly diverse economic base (such as Cyprus, Israel, Turkey and Egypt). Industries of the Middle Eastern region include oil and oil-related products, agriculture, cotton, cattle, dairy, textiles, leather products, surgical instruments, defence equipment (guns, ammunition, tanks, submarines, fighter jets, UAVs, and missiles). Banking is also an important sector of the economies, especially in the case of UAE and Bahrain.

With the exception of Cyprus, Turkey, Egypt, Lebanon and Israel, tourism has been a relatively undeveloped area of the economy, in part because of the socially conservative nature of the region as well as political turmoil in certain regions of the Middle East. In recent years,{{when|date=February 2023}} however, countries such as the UAE, Bahrain, and Jordan have begun attracting greater numbers of tourists because of improving tourist facilities and the relaxing of tourism-related restrictive policies.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}

Unemployment is notably high in the Middle East and North Africa region, particularly among young people aged 15–29, a demographic representing 30% of the region's total population. The total regional unemployment rate in 2005, according to the International Labour Organization, was 13.2%,{{cite web |url=http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=108&subsecID=900003&contentID=254026 |title=Unemployment Rates Are Highest in the Middle East |publisher=Progressive Policy Institute |date=30 August 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714042307/http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=108&subsecID=900003&contentID=254026 |archive-date=14 July 2010 |access-date=31 July 2008 }} and among youth is as high as 25%,{{cite web |author1=Navtej Dhillon |author2=Tarek Yousef |url=http://shababinclusion.org/content/document/detail/623/1 |title=Inclusion: Meeting the 100 Million Youth Challenge |publisher=Shabab Inclusion |year=2007 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109191428/http://www.shababinclusion.org/content/document/detail/623/1 |archive-date=9 November 2008 }} up to 37% in Morocco and 73% in Syria.{{cite web |url=http://www.shababinclusion.org/content/document/detail/558/1 |author=Hilary Silver |title=Social Exclusion: Comparative Analysis of Europe and Middle East Youth |work=Middle East Youth Initiative Working Paper |date=12 December 2007 |publisher=Shabab Inclusion |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820065906/http://www.shababinclusion.org/content/document/detail/558/1 |archive-date=20 August 2008 |access-date=31 July 2008 }}

Climate change

Notes

References

Sources

{{cite book | last = Adelson | first = Roger | title = London and the Invention of the Middle East: Money, Power, and War, 1902–1922. | publisher = Yale University Press | year = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-300-06094-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/londoninventiono00adel }}
{{cite book | last1 =Beaumont | first1 = Peter | first2 = Gerald H | last2 = Blake | first3 = J. Malcolm | last3 = Wagstaff |title=The Middle East: A Geographical Study |publisher=David Fulton |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-470-21040-6 }}

External links

{{Spoken Wikipedia|Wikipedia_-_Middle_East.ogg|date=28 March 2008}}

[http://www.cfr.org/region/397/middle_east.html "Middle East – Articles by Region"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209155728/http://www.cfr.org/region/397/middle_east.html |date=9 February 2014 }} – Council on Foreign Relations: "A Resource for Nonpartisan Research and Analysis"
[http://www.cfr.org/publication/13850/?cid=080416a "Middle East – Interactive Crisis Guide"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130145259/http://www.cfr.org/publication/13850/?cid=080416a |date=30 November 2009 }} – Council on Foreign Relations: "A Resource for Nonpartisan Research and Analysis"
[https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/mideast/ Middle East Department] University of Chicago Library
[http://www.meed.com/ Middle East Business Intelligence since 1957]: "The leading information source on business in the Middle East" – meed.com
[http://www.carboun.com/ Carboun] – advocacy for sustainability and environmental conservation in the Middle East
[https://news.yahoo.com/i/736 Middle East News] from Yahoo! News
[http://www.arabianbusiness.com/ Middle East Business, Financial & Industry News] – ArabianBusiness.com