Brussels Agreement (2013)
{{Short description|Agreement to normalize Serbia and Kosovo relations}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Brussels Agreement
| long_name = First Agreement of Principles Governing the Normalisation of Relations
| image =
| image_width = 200px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type = Treaty
| context = Normalization of Kosovo–Serbia relations
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|4|19}}
| location_signed = Brussels, Belgium
| date_sealed =
| date_effective =
| condition_effective =
| date_expiration =
| date_expiry =
| mediators = *{{Flag|European Union}}
| negotiators =
| original_signatories =
| signatories = *Hashim Thaçi (Kosovo)
- Ivica Dačić (Serbia)
| parties = *{{Flag|Kosovo}}
- {{Flag|Serbia}}
| depositor =
| depositories =
| citations =
| language =
| languages =
| wikisource =
| wikisource1 =
| footnotes =
}}
The First Agreement of Principles Governing the Normalisation of Relations, informally known as the Brussels Agreement ({{langx|sr|Бриселски споразум}} / Briselski sporazum, {{langx|sq|Marrëveshja e Brukselit}}), is an agreement to normalize relations between the governments of Serbia and Kosovo.{{Cite web|last=srbija.gov.rs|title=Brussels Agreement|url=https://www.srbija.gov.rs/specijal/en/120394|access-date=2021-07-15|website=www.srbija.gov.rs|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715172858/https://www.srbija.gov.rs/specijal/en/120394|url-status=live}} The agreement, negotiated and concluded in Brussels under the auspices of the European Union, was signed on 19 April 2013.{{Cite web|title=Republic of Serbia - Government|url=http://www.kim.gov.rs/doc/Finalni%20Izvestaj%20KKiM%20april%202015%20engl.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908072248/http://www.kim.gov.rs:80/doc/Finalni%20Izvestaj%20KKiM%20april%202015%20engl.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-08 }} Negotiations were led by Serbian Prime Minister Ivica Dačić and Kosovo Prime Minister Hashim Thaçi, mediated by EU High Representative Catherine Ashton. The government of Serbia does not recognize Kosovo as a sovereign state, but began normalising relations with the government of Kosovo as a result of the agreement.{{Cite web|url=https://biepag.eu/article/eu-balkans-integration-hand-in-hand-with-kosovo-serbia-dialogue/|title=EU-Balkans Integration, Hand in Hand With Kosovo-Serbia Dialogue|date=July 27, 2021|website=BiEPAG|access-date=September 26, 2021|archive-date=September 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926173649/https://biepag.eu/article/eu-balkans-integration-hand-in-hand-with-kosovo-serbia-dialogue/|url-status=live}} In Belgrade, the agreement was criticized by protestors as a convalidation of Kosovo independence.{{Cite news|url=http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2013&mm=04&dd=06&nav_category=11&nav_id=702497|title=Dveri protiv "briselskog sporazuma" |trans-title=Dveri against the "Brussels Agreement" |publisher=B92 |access-date=2023-05-27 |language=sr}}
Background
{{further|Advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence}}
Following the Kosovo War and the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999, Kosovo (as part of Serbia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) was placed under United Nations administration under UNSC Resolution 1244. Kosovo unilaterally declared independence in 2008, which has been recognised by {{#expr:{{Numrec/Kos|N}}-{{Numrec/Kos|W}}}} countries. However, Serbia maintains that Kosovo continues to be part of its territory.{{Cite web|url=https://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2019&mm=07&dd=27&nav_id=107067|title=Dacic: The Central African Republic has withdrawn recognition of Kosovo's independence|website=B92.net|language=en|access-date=2020-03-16|archive-date=2020-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111201948/https://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2019&mm=07&dd=27&nav_id=107067|url-status=live}} European Union-mediated dialogue between Kosovo and Serbia began in March 2011.{{Cite web|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2013/04/19/kosovo-and-serbia-may-seal-eu-deal/|title=Kosovo and Serbia Reach Historic Deal in Brussels|date=April 19, 2013|access-date=June 28, 2020|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225051932/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/kosovo-and-serbia-may-seal-eu-deal|url-status=live}} Serbia and Kosovo were urged to continue talks in Brussels, but Serbia was not obliged to recognize Kosovo during the process.{{Cite web|url=http://b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2011&mm=06&dd=17&nav_id=74978|title="EU wants results of dialogue, not recognition of Kosovo"|website=Bulevar B92|access-date=2021-09-26|archive-date=2020-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630133342/https://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2011&mm=06&dd=17&nav_id=74978|url-status=live}}
Talks
File:MSC 2014 Dacic-Ashton-Thaci Zwez MSC2014.jpg
Ten rounds of talks were held at the European External Action Service office in Brussels. EU High Representative Catherine Ashton chaired the talks for two years, followed by Federica Mogherini. Normalisation of relations with neighbouring states is a key precondition for states wishing to join the EU; the Brussels Agreement brought Serbia close to EU accession talks and Kosovo to initializing a Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA). The SAA was signed by HR Mogherini and Kosovar Prime Minister Isa Mustafa in October 2015.
United States diplomats have supported the EU-led dialogue. U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton invited Baroness Ashton to travel in the Balkans, and they made joint visits to Belgrade, Pristina, and Sarajevo in October 2012.
The European Commission advised beginning an SAA with Kosovo after the agreement was concluded,{{cite web|title=Serbia and Kosovo reach landmark deal|url=http://eeas.europa.eu/top_stories/2013/190413__eu-facilitated_dialogue_en.htm|publisher=European Union External Action Service|access-date=28 October 2013|archive-date=30 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430071833/http://eeas.europa.eu/top_stories/2013/190413__eu-facilitated_dialogue_en.htm|url-status=live}} and accession negotiations began with Serbia. The agreement was supported by the European Union, NATO, the OSCE, and the United Nations.{{cite web|title=Ban welcomes 'landmark' agreement between Serbia and Kosovo negotiators|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=44708&Cr=kosovo&Cr1#.Um8DpPk5kZw|publisher=UN News Centre|access-date=29 October 2013|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211063828/https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=44708&Cr=kosovo&Cr1#.Um8DpPk5kZw|url-status=live}}
Agreement
File: Zajednica srpskih opstina.png
The two-page agreement has 15 paragraphs. Paragraphs 1–6 concern the establishment, scope, and functions of the planned Community of Serb Municipalities. Paragraphs 7–9 concern police and security, specifying one police force for all of Kosovo (including the north) known as the Kosovo Police. Paragraph 11 stipulates that municipal elections shall be held throughout Kosovo under Kosovo law. Paragraph 12 provides for the creation of an implementation plan and specifies a date (now past) by which the plan would be concluded. Paragraph 13 undertakes to intensify discussions on energy and telecommunications. According to Paragraph 14, "Neither side will block, or encourage others to block, the other side's progress in their respective EU paths." Paragraph 15 envisages the establishment of an implementation committee with EU facilitation.
The document agrees on the integration of Serb-majority municipalities in North Kosovo into the Kosovar legal system, with two guarantees:
- All judicial matters are under the law of Kosovo, but Kosovo Serbs must be a majority of certain judicial panels; a panel (the Mitrovica District Court) must sit in North Mitrovica.
- All policing is to be done by the Kosovo Police, but the police regional commander of the Serb-majority areas must be a Kosovo Serb chosen from a list provided by Kosovo Serb municipalities.{{cite web | url=http://www.rts.rs/upload/storyBoxFileData/2013/04/20/3224318/Originalni%20tekst%20Predloga%20sporazuma.pdf | title=First agreement of principles governing the normalization of relations | publisher=rts.rs | access-date=2015-08-22 | archive-date=2013-05-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502140643/http://www.rts.rs/upload/storyBoxFileData/2013/04/20/3224318/Originalni%20tekst%20Predloga%20sporazuma.pdf | url-status=live }}{{cite web | url=http://blog.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/2013/05/07/the-kosovo-serbia-agreement-why-less-is-more/ | title=The Kosovo-Serbia Agreement: Why Less Is More | publisher=Crisis Group | date=7 May 2013 | access-date=2015-08-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910130101/http://blog.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/2013/05/07/the-kosovo-serbia-agreement-why-less-is-more/ | archive-date=10 September 2015 | url-status=dead }}
Later talks
After the agreement was signed, meetings have been held regularly to implement its provisions. A judicial agreement was reached in February 2015, followed by agreements on energy and telecommunications operators. On 25 August of that year, an agreement was concluded to establish the Association of Serbian Communities.
Concerns existed about how the 2013 local-government elections in Kosovo would be administered, with the government of Serbia objecting to any mention of "the state of Kosovo" on ballot papers;{{cite news|title=Serbia and Kosovo hold talks in Brussels|url=http://www.euronews.com/2013/08/27/serbia-and-kosovo-hold-talks-in-brussels/|access-date=28 October 2013|newspaper=Euronews|date=27 August 2013|archive-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105041333/http://www.euronews.com/2013/08/27/serbia-and-kosovo-hold-talks-in-brussels/|url-status=dead}} however, the Serbian government agreed that it should encourage Serbs in northern Kosovo to participate in the local elections.{{cite news|title=Serbian PM claims Kosovo breaches Brussels agreement: media|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-10/05/c_132772853.htm|access-date=28 October 2013|newspaper=Xinhua|date=5 October 2013|archive-date=26 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126181639/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-10/05/c_132772853.htm|url-status=dead}} That October, arrangements were made for Serbian officials to visit North Kosovo.{{cite news|title=Belgrade, Pristina overcome dispute ahead of Kosovo local polls|url=http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/serbia-kosovo.qs4/|access-date=29 October 2013|newspaper=EUbusiness|date=8 October 2013|archive-date=17 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217035844/http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/serbia-kosovo.qs4|url-status=live}} It was agreed that electoral bodies in Kosovo would include Kosovo Serb representatives,{{cite news|title=Brussels Deal: Serbian Officials Free To Enter Kosovo|url=http://inserbia.info/news/2013/10/brussels-deal-serbian-officials-free-to-enter-kosovo/|access-date=29 October 2013|newspaper=inSerbia|date=8 October 2013|archive-date=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011000842/http://inserbia.info/news/2013/10/brussels-deal-serbian-officials-free-to-enter-kosovo/|url-status=live}} and the international dialing code +383 would be assigned to Kosovo.{{cite news|title=Serbia allocated calling code to Kosovo|url=http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2013&mm=09&dd=09&nav_id=87597|access-date=28 October 2013|newspaper=B92|date=9 September 2013|archive-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517132223/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2013&mm=09&dd=09&nav_id=87597|url-status=live}} After some delay,{{cite web|title=Statement by High Representative/Vice-President Federica Mogherini following the meeting of the EU-facilitated dialogue|url=http://eeas.europa.eu/statements-eeas/2015/150825_02_en.htm|publisher=EEAS - European Union|access-date=25 August 2015|archive-date=26 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826222451/http://eeas.europa.eu/statements-eeas/2015/150825_02_en.htm|url-status=live}} the new geographic phone code was implemented in December 2016.{{cite web|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/383-kosovo-s-dial-code-12-15-2016|title=Kosovo Hails Receipt of Own Telephone Code|website=balkaninsight.com|access-date=2016-12-22|archive-date=2016-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216170346/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/383-kosovo-s-dial-code-12-15-2016|url-status=live}}
{{anchor|Reactions}}Serbian reaction
Scholars Smilja Avramov and Elena Guskova maintain that the agreement violates the Constitution of Serbia and the United Nations Charter, and is an indirect recognition of Kosovar independence.{{cite news|title=Смиља Аврамов: Споразум Београда и Приштине индиректно признање самопроглашеног Косова|url=http://www.novinar.de/2013/04/20/smilja-avramov-sporazum-beograda-i-pristine-indirektno-priznanje-samoproglasenog-kosova.html|access-date=30 October 2013|newspaper=Novinar Online|agency=SRNA|quote=Српски експерт за међународно право Смиља Аврамов оцијенила је да споразум између Београда и Приштине представља индиректно признање самопроглашеног Косова и поручила да је њиме погажена Повеља УН која Србији гарантује територијални интегритет....Јелена Гускова: Споразум Београда и Приштине је уговор о признању независности Косова|archive-date=2 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102002720/http://www.novinar.de/2013/04/20/smilja-avramov-sporazum-beograda-i-pristine-indirektno-priznanje-samoproglasenog-kosova.html|url-status=live}} The Assembly of Kosovo has ratified the agreement, incorporated it into law, and treats it as an "international agreement."http://www.kuvendikosoves.org/common/docs/ligjet/Zakon%20o%20ratifikaciji%20sporazuma%20normalizacija%20odnosa%20Kosova%20-%20Serbije.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092430/http://www.kuvendikosoves.org/common/docs/ligjet/Zakon%20o%20ratifikaciji%20sporazuma%20normalizacija%20odnosa%20Kosova%20-%20Serbije.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}]
The National Assembly of Serbia has not treated the agreement as international and has not ratified it, the Serbian procedure for approving an international agreement;{{Cite web|url=http://www.parlament.gov.rs/upload/archive/files/lat/pdf/zakoni/2013/299-13Lat.pdf|title=Zakon o zakljucivanju i izvrsenju medjunarodnih ugovora|access-date=2014-12-15|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924064936/http://www.parlament.gov.rs/upload/archive/files/lat/pdf/zakoni/2013/299-13Lat.pdf|url-status=live}} however, it has accepted the government report about the "hitherto process of political and technical dialogue with the temporary institutions in Pristina with the mediation of EU, including the process of implementation of the achieved agreements."{{Cite web|url=http://www.parlament.gov.rs/upload/archive/files/lat/pdf/ostala_akta/2013/RS21-13Lat.pdf|title=O PRIHVATANjU IZVEŠTAJA O DOSADAŠNjEM PROCESS POLITIČKOG I TEHNIČKOG DIJALOGA SA PRIVREMENIM INSTITUCIJAMA SAMOUPRAVE U PRIŠTINI UZ POSREDOVANjE EVROPSKE UNIJE, UKLjUČUJUĆI PROCES IMPLEMENTACIJE POSTIGNUTIH DOGOVORA|access-date=2014-12-15|archive-date=2014-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216010521/http://www.parlament.gov.rs/upload/archive/files/lat/pdf/ostala_akta/2013/RS21-13Lat.pdf|url-status=live}} The constitutional court in Belgrade did not answer a question about the constitutionality of the agreement, saying in December 2014 that the issue was a political question and not a legal one.{{Cite news|url=http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2014&mm=12&dd=14&nav_category=12&nav_id=936315|title="Briselski sporazum Je politički" - B92.net|work=B92.net|access-date=2017-03-20|language=sr-Latn-RS|archive-date=2018-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111164905/https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2014&mm=12&dd=14&nav_category=12&nav_id=936315|url-status=live}}
Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić said in 2018 that the agreement is a difficult compromise for Serbia, which Vučić said had met all of its obligations.{{Cite web|url=https://rs.n1info.com/english/news/a444538-president-vucic-says-he-will-and39tell-the-truthand39-at-un-security-council-session/|title=President Vucic says he will tell the truth at UN Security Council session|website=N1 info Serbia|language=en|access-date=2018-12-16|archive-date=2021-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419150716/https://rs.n1info.com/english/news/a444538-president-vucic-says-he-will-and39tell-the-truthand39-at-un-security-council-session/|url-status=live}}
On 24 March 2022, Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić claimed that the Brussels Agreement "no longer exists", citing the suspension of court president of Mitrovica Ljiljana Stevanović by the Kosovo Judicial Council and alleged plans to remove all Serb commanders from the Kosovo police force as the primary reason.{{Cite web |date=24 March 2022 |title=Vučić poručio da Briselski sporazum više ne postoji |url=https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/srbija-kosovo-briselcki-sporazum/31769091.html |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=www.slobodnaevropa.org}}{{Cite web |date=24 March 2022 |title=Suspendovana predsednica suda u Mitrovici zbog učešća na sastanku sa Vučićem |url=https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/kosovo-sud-mitrovica-suspenzija/31769033.html |website=www.slobodnaevropa.org}} Prime Minister Ana Brnabić made similar remarks and claimed that basic human rights of the Serb community in Kosovo were not respected.{{Cite web |date=24 March 2022 |title=Brnabić: "Briselski sporazum je mrtav"; Vulin: "Ovo je prvi korak ka uvlačenju Srbije u oružane sukobe" |url=https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2022&mm=03&dd=24&nav_category=640&nav_id=2128082 |website=www.b92.net}}
==See also==
References
{{Reflist|2}}
External links
- [http://www.rts.rs/upload/storyBoxFileData/2013/04/20/3224318/Originalni%20tekst%20Predloga%20sporazuma.pdf Full text of the First Agreement]
- [http://euobserver.com/media/src/0807580ad8281aefa2a89e38c49689f9.pdf Implementation Plan]
- [http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_36473-1522-1-30.pdf?131223120626 Policy briefs]
{{Kosovo-Serbia relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Kosovo}}
{{Foreign relations of Serbia}}
Category:Treaties entered into force in 2013
Category:Kosovo–Serbia relations
Category:Belgium–Kosovo relations
Category:Belgium–Serbia relations