Buto

{{redirect|Per-Wadjet|the village in Upper Egypt|Per-Wadjet (Upper Egypt)}}

{{Infobox ancient site

| name = Buto

| native_name = {{lang|grc|Βουτώ}}

| alternate_name = Per-Wadjet
Butus
Tell El Fara'in

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| condition = In ruins

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| caption = View of Buto

| map_type = Egypt

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| coordinates = {{coord|31|11|47|N|30|44|41|E|display=inline,title}}

| location = Desouk,Egypt

| region = Lower Egypt

| type = Settlement

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Buto ({{langx|grc|Βουτώ}}, {{langx|ar|بوتو}}, Butu),Stephanus of Byzantium. Bouto, Butus ({{langx|grc|links=no|Βοῦτος}}, Boutos)Herodotus ii. 59, 63, 155. or Butosus was a city that the Ancient Egyptians called Per-Wadjet. It was located 95 km east of Alexandria in the Nile Delta of Egypt. What in classical times the Greeks called Buto, stood about midway between the Taly (Bolbitine) and Thermuthiac (Sebennytic) branches of the Nile, a few kilometers north of the east-west Butic River and on the southern shore of the Butic Lake ({{langx|el|Βουτικὴ λίμνη}}, Boutikē limnē).Strabo xvii. p. 802.{{cite journal|first= John A. |last= Wilson |title= Buto and Hierakonpolis in the Geography of Egypt |journal= Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume= 14 |number= 4 |date= October 1955 |pages= 209–236 |publisher= The University of Chicago Press |location= Chicago |doi= 10.1086/371289 |jstor= 543019 |s2cid= 129238547 }}

Today, it is called Tell El Fara'in ("Hill of the Pharaohs"), near the villages of Ibtu (or Abtu), Kom Butu, and the city of Desouk ({{langx|ar|دسوق}}).{{cite book|last= Wilkinson |first= R. H. |title= The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt |url= https://archive.org/details/completetemplesa00wilk_507 |url-access= limited |publisher= Thames & Hudson |date= 2000 |page= [https://archive.org/details/completetemplesa00wilk_507/page/n104 104]|isbn= 9780500051009 }}

History

Buto was a sacred site in dedication to the goddess Wadjet.{{cite news|url=https://www.heritagedaily.com/2022/11/ancient-temple-remains-uncovered-on-hill-of-the-pharaohs/145242|date=November 16, 2022|title=Ancient temple remains uncovered on "Hill of the Pharaohs"|work=Heritage Daily}} It was an important cultural site during prehistoric Egypt (before 3100 BCE).

The Buto-Maadi culture was the most important Lower Egyptian prehistoric culture, dating from 4000–3500 BC,[https://ancientegyptonline.co.uk/maadi/ Buto – Maadi Culture.] ancientegyptonline.co.uk and contemporary with Naqada I and II phases in Upper Egypt. The culture was best known from the site Maadi near Cairo,[https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/neolithic/maadi.html Maadi.] University College London but was also attested in many other places in the Delta to the Faiyum region. This culture was marked by development in architecture and technology.

Archaeological evidence shows that the Upper Egyptian Naqada culture replaced the Buto-Maadi culture (also known as the "Lower Egyptian Cultural Complex"), perhaps after a conquest. More recently, scholars have expressed reservations about this; they pointed out that, in the Delta, there was a considerable transitional phase.[https://ancientegyptonline.co.uk/maadi/ Buto – Maadi Culture.] ancientegyptonline.co.uk

The unification of Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt into one entity is now considered to be a more complex process than previously thought.Carol A. Redmount, [http://www.oxfordbiblicalstudies.com/article/opr/t176/e0420 Lower Egypt.] The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt.

= Earliest texts =

File:Wadjet (Deity).svg based on depictions in tombs.]]

In the earliest records about the region, it contained two cities, Pe and Dep.Strabo, XVII., i., 18 Eventually, they merged into one city that the Ancient Egyptians named Per-Wadjet.[http://www.dainst.org/index_511801f4bb1f14a187010017f0000011_en.html Webpage for Buto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215085458/http://www.dainst.org/index_511801f4bb1f14a187010017f0000011_en.html# |date=2011-02-15 }}, modern Tell El Fara'in at the website of the German Archaeological Institute.

The goddess Wadjet was the patron deity of Lower Egypt and her oracle was located in her renowned temple in this area. An annual festival was held there that celebrated Wadjet. The area also contained sanctuaries of Horus and Bast, and much later, the city became associated with Isis.

Due to similarities, many deities had parallel identities and roles and merged into a unified pantheon of deities. That was not the case with patron deities, however. The patron deity of Lower Egypt, Wadjet, was represented as a cobra. The patron deity of Upper Egypt, Nekhbet, was depicted as a white vulture. Their separate cultural statures were such essential features that they never merged when the two cultures unified. There were so many deities with similar roles or natures from the religious beliefs of the two unified regions. The two goddesses became known euphemistically as the Two Ladies,{{cite book|first= Toby A. H. |last= Wilkinson |title= Early Dynastic Egypt |publisher= Routledge |date= 1999 |page= 292}} who together, remained the patrons of unified Egypt throughout the remainder of its ancient history. The image of Nekhbet joined Wadjet on the uraeus encircling the crown of the kings who ruled Egypt after that.

= Ptolemaic period =

During the Ptolemaic Kingdom, a Greek-speaking dynasty that ruled from 305 to 30 BCE, the Greeks coined the toponym Buto for the city. It served as the capital, or according to Herodian, merely the principal village of the Delta. Herodotus styled it the Chemmite nome, Ptolemy knew it as the Phthenothite nome ({{lang|grc|Φθενότης}}),Ptolemy, iv. 5. § 48. and Pliny the Elder as Ptenetha.Pliny the Elder v. 9. s. 11.

Greek historians recorded that Buto was celebrated for its monolithic temple and the oracle of the goddess Wadjet (Buto),Herodotus ii. 155Aelian. V. Hist. ii. 41 and a yearly festival was held there in honour of the goddess. While writing about Egyptian culture, the classical Greeks attempted to associate the more ancient Egyptian deities with their own, a process called the interpretatio graeca. They wrote about them as essentially the same deities but with different names in Greek culture. For Wadjet, the parallel identification was made with Leto or Latona. They also noted that at Buto, there was a sanctuary of Horus, whom the Greeks associated with Apollo, and a sanctuary of Bastet, who the Greeks associated with Artemis.Champollion, l'Egypte, vol. ii. p. 227.

Writing during that Graeco-Roman period, Plutarch reported that Isis had entrusted the baby Horus to "Leto" (Wadjet) to raise at Buto while Isis searched for the body of her murdered husband Osiris.Plutarch, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Isis_and_Osiris*/home.html de Iside et Osiride] 18, 38, in the Moralia V:26. According to these same late sources, the shrew (sometimes associated with Horus) was worshiped at Buto as well.Herod. ii. 67.

= Archeological findings =

A palace building dating to the Second Dynasty is considered one of the most important discoveries within Buto.{{Cite web|url=https://www.dainst.org/projekt/-/project-display/63537|title=Projekt - Dainst|website=www.dainst.org}} Archaeological excavations were undertaken at Buto by the Egypt Exploration Society from 1964–1969, under the direction of Veronica Seton-Williams{{Cite book|title=The Road to El-Aguzein|last=Seton-Williams|first=M.V.|year=1988}} and later, by Dorothy Charlesworth.{{Cite web|url=http://egyptartefacts.griffith.ox.ac.uk/excavations/1969-tell-el-fara|title=1969 Tell el-Fara'in {{!}} Artefacts of Excavation|website=egyptartefacts.griffith.ox.ac.uk|access-date=2019-05-21}} The German Archaeological Institute, Cairo has been excavating at Buto since the early 1980s. Six Greek bathhouses also were excavated by different missions in Buto.Hossam Mohamd Ghonim (2020): Bathing like a Greek, in: Egyptian Archaeology, 56, Spring 2020, pp. 16-20

In 2022, excavations over an area of 6.5m x 4.5m uncovered the remains of an ancient hall lined with pillars within the larger temple structure. The hall contained the remains of three surviving columns, aligned on a north-south axis at the southwestern end of the temple. A number of stone fragments decorated with engravings where found, as well as numerous ceramics and pottery associated with ritual activity. In a press release issued by the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, archaeologists also found a limestone painting with the representation of a bird’s head wearing a white crown surrounded by feathers.{{cite news|url=https://mota.gov.eg/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88-%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D8%A9-%D9%83%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE/|date=November 16, 2022|title=Unearthing the remains of the Column Hall of the Temple of Bot in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate|work=Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities}}