CLEO (particle detector)

Cornell University had built a series of synchrotrons since the 1940s. The 10 GeV synchrotron in operation during the 1970s had conducted a number of experiments, but it ran at much lower energy than the 20 GeV linear accelerator at SLAC.Berkelman (2004) p. 13 As late as October 1974, Cornell planned to upgrade the synchrotron to reach energies of 25 GeV and build a new synchrotron to reach 40 GeV.AIP Study p. 104 After the discovery of the J/Ψ in November 1974

{{cite journal

|last1=Augustin |first1=J.

|year=1974

|title=Discovery of a Narrow Resonance in e⁺e⁻ Annihilation

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=33 |issue=23 |pages=1406–1408

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1406

|bibcode = 1974PhRvL..33.1406A |display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Aubert |first1=J.

|year=1974

|title=Experimental Observation of a Heavy Particle J

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=33 |issue=23 |pages=1404–1406

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1404

|bibcode = 1974PhRvL..33.1404A |display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}} demonstrated that interesting physics could be done with an electron-positron collider, Cornell submitted a proposal in 1975 for an electron-positron collider operating up to center-of-mass energies of 16 GeV using the existing synchrotron tunnel. An accelerator at 16 GeV would explore the energy region between that of the SPEAR accelerator and the PEP and PETRA accelerators.Berkelman (2004) p. 19 CESR and CLEO were approved in 1977Berkelman (2004) p. 26 and mostly finished by 1979.Berkelman (2004) p. 28 CLEO was built in the large experimental hall at the south end of CESR; a smaller detector named CUSB (for Columbia University-Stony Brook) was built at the north interaction region. Between the proposal for and construction of CESR and CLEO, Fermilab discovered the Υ resonances and suggested that as many as three states existed. The Υ(1S)

{{cite journal

|last1=Berger |first1=C.

|year=1978

|title=Observation of a narrow resonance formed in e⁺e⁻ annihilation at 9.46 GeV

|journal=Physics Letters B

|volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=243–245

|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(78)90287-3

|bibcode = 1978PhLB...76..243B |display-authors=etal}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Darden |first1=C.

|title=Observation of a narrow resonance at 9.46 GeV in electron–positron annihilations

|year=1978

|journal=Physics Letters B

|volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=246–248

|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(78)90288-5

|bibcode = 1978PhLB...76..246D |display-authors=etal}} and Υ(2S)

{{cite journal

|last1=Bienlein |first1=J.

|year=1978

|title=Observation of a narrow resonance at 10.02 GeV in e⁺e⁻ Annihilations

|journal=Physics Letters B

|volume=78 |issue=2–3 |pages=360–363

|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(78)90040-0

|bibcode = 1978PhLB...78..360B |display-authors=etal}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Darden |first1=C.

|year=1978

|title=Evidence for a narrow resonance at 10.01 GeV in electron–positron annihilations

|journal=Physics Letters B

|volume=78 |issue=2–3 |pages=364–365

|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(78)90041-2

|bibcode = 1978PhLB...78..364D |display-authors=etal}} were confirmed at the DORIS accelerator. The first order of business once CESR was running was to find the Υs. CLEO and CUSB found the Υ(1S) shortly after beginning to collect data, and used the mass difference from DORIS to quickly find the Υ(2S). CESR's higher beam energies allowed CLEO and CUSB to find the more massive Υ(3S) and discover the Υ(4S). Furthermore, the presence of an excess of electrons and muons at the Υ(4S) indicated that it decayed to B mesons. CLEO proceeded to publish over sixty papers using the original CLEO I configuration of the detector.Berkelman (2004) pp. 134-146

CLEO had competition in the measurement of B mesons, particularly from the ARGUS collaboration.Berkelman (2004) p. 56 The CLEO collaboration was worried that the ARGUS detector at DESY would be better than CLEO, therefore it began to plan for an upgrade. The improved detector would use a new drift chamber for tracking and dE/dx measurements, a cesium iodide calorimeter inside a new solenoid magnet, time of flight counters, and new muon detectors. The new drift chamber (DR2) had the same outer radius as the original drift chamber to allow it to be installed before the other components were ready.

CLEO collected data for two years in the CLEO I.V configuration: new drift chamber, ten layer vertex detector (VD) inside the drift chamber, three layer straw tube drift chamber insert (IV) inside the VD, and a prototype CsI calorimeter replacing one of the original pole-tip shower detectors.Berkelman (2004) p. 57 The highlight of the CLEO I.V era was the observation of semi-leptonic B decays to charmless final states, submitted less than three weeks before a similar observation from ARGUS. The shutdown for the installation of DR2 allowed ARGUS to beat CLEO to the observation of B mixing, which was the most cited measurement of any of the symmetric B experiments.

{{cite journal

|last1=Albrecht |first1=H.

|year=1987

|title=Observation of B⁰–{{Overline|B}}⁰ mixing

|journal=Physics Letters B

|volume=192 |issue=1–2

|pages=245–252

|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(87)91177-4

|bibcode = 1987PhLB..192..245A |display-authors=etal}}

CLEO shut down in April 1988 to begin the remainder of the CLEO II installation, and finished the upgrade in August 1989.Berkelman (2004) p. 66 A six layer straw chamber precision tracker (PT) replaced the IV, and the time-of-flight detectors, CsI calorimeter, solenoid magnet and iron, and muon chambers were all installed. This would be the CLEO II configuration of the detector. During the CLEO II era, the collaboration observed the flavor changing neutral current decays B^+,0→ K^*+,0 γ and b → s γ. Decays of B mesons to two charmless mesons were also discovered during CLEO II.

{{cite journal

|last1=Battle |first1=M.

|year=1993

|title=Observation of B⁰ decay to two charmless mesons

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=71 |issue=24 |pages=3922–3926

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.3922

|pmid=10055109

|bibcode = 1993PhRvL..71.3922B |url=https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/5720

|display-authors=etal|hdl=1808/1470

|hdl-access=free

}}

{{cite journal

|last=Godang |first=R.

|year=1998

|title=Observation of Exclusive Two-Body B Decays to Kaons and Pions

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=80 |issue=16 |pages=3456–3460

|arxiv=hep-ex/9711010

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.3456

|bibcode = 1998PhRvL..80.3456G |display-authors=etal}} These decays were of interest because of the possibilility to observe CP violation in decays such as K^±π⁰,

{{cite journal

|last=Neubert |first=M.

|year=1996

|title=B Decays and CP Violation

|journal=International Journal of Modern Physics A

|volume=11 |issue=23 |pages=4173–4240

|arxiv=hep-ph/9604412

|doi=10.1142/S0217751X96001966

|bibcode = 1996IJMPA..11.4173N |s2cid=1098172

}} although such a measurement would require large amounts of data.

Observation of time-dependent asymmetries in the production of certain flavor-symmetric final states (such as J/Ψ K{{su|b=S|p=0}}) was an easier way to detect CP violation in B mesons, both theoretically and experimentally.

{{cite journal

|last1=Carter |first1=A. B.

|last2=Sanda |first2=A. I.

|year=1981

|title=CP violation in B-meson decays

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=1567–1579

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.23.1567

|bibcode = 1981PhRvD..23.1567C }} An asymmetric accelerator, one in which the electrons and positrons had different energies, was necessary to measure the time difference between B⁰ and {{overline|B}}⁰ decays. CESR and CLEO submitted a proposal to build a low energy ring in the existing tunnel and upgrade the CLEO II detector with NSF funding. SLAC also submitted a proposal to build a B factory with DOE funds. The initial designs were first reviewed in 1991, but DOE and NSF agreed that insufficient funds were available to build either facility and a decision on which one to build was postponed. The proposals were reconsidered in 1993, this time with both facilities competing for DOE money. In October 1993, it was announced that the B factory would be built at SLAC.Berkelman (2004) p. 82-85

After losing the competition for the B factory, CESR and CLEO proceeded with a two-part plan to upgrade the accelerator and the detector. The first phase was the upgrade to the CLEO II.V configuration between May and October 1995, which included a silicon detector to replace the PT and a change of the gas mixture in the drift chamber from an argon-ethane mix to a helium-propane mix.Berkelman (2004) p. 93 The silicon detector provided excellent vertex resolution, allowing precise measurements of D⁰, D⁺, D_s and τ lifetimes and D mixing. The drift chamber had better efficiency and momentum resolution.

The second phase of the upgrade included new superconducting quadrupoles near the detector. The VD and DR2 detectors would need to be replaced to make room for the quadrupole magnets. A new silicon detector and particle identification chamber would also be included in the CLEO-III configuration.

The CLEO III upgrade replaced the drift chamber and silicon detector and added a ring-imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detector for enhanced particle identification. The CLEO III drift chamber (DR3) achieved the same momentum resolution as the CLEO II.V drift chamber, despite having a shorter lever arm to accommodate the RICH detector. The mass of the CLEO III endplates was also reduced to allow better resolution in the endcap calorimeters.Yellow Book p. 155

CLEO II.V had stopped collecting data in February 1999. The RICH detector was installed beginning in June 1999, and DR3 was installed immediately afterwards. The silicon detector was to be installed next, but it was still being built. An engineering run was taken until the silicon detector was ready for installation in February 2000.Berkelman (2004) p. 100 CLEO III collected 6 fb⁻¹ of data at the Υ(4S) and another 2 fb⁻¹ below the Υ(4S).

With the advent of the high luminosity BaBar and Belle experiments, CLEO could no longer make competitive measurements of most of the properties of the B mesons. CLEO decided to study the various bottom and charm quarkonia states and charm mesons. The program began by revisiting the Υ states below the B meson threshold and the last data collected with the CLEO-III detector was at the Υ(1-3S) resonances.

CLEO-c was the final version of the detector, and it was optimized for taking data at the reduced beam energies needed for studies of the charm quark. It replaced the CLEO III silicon detector, which suffered from lower-than-expected efficiency, with a six layer, all stereo drift chamber (ZD). CLEO-c also operated with the solenoid magnet at a reduced magnetic field of 1 T to improve the detection of low momentum charged particles. The low particle multiplicities at these energies allowed efficient reconstruction of D mesons. CLEO-c measured properties of the D mesons that served as inputs to the measurements made by the B factories. It also measured many of the quarkonia states that helped verify lattice QCD calculations.

CLEO's subdetectors perform three main tasks: tracking of charged particles, calorimetry of neutral particles and electrons, and identification of charged particle type.

CLEO has always used a solenoid magnet to allow the measurement of charged particles. The original CLEO design called for a superconducting solenoid, but it was clear that one could not be built in time. A conventional 0.42 T solenoid was installed first, then replaced by the superconducting magnet in September 1981. The superconducting coil was designed to operate at 1.2 T, but it was never operated above 1.0 T.

{{cite journal

|last=Andrews |first=D.

|year=1982

|title=A superconducting solenoid for colliding beam experiments

|journal=Advances in Cryogenic Engineering

|volume=27 |pages=143

|display-authors=etal}} A new magnet was built for the CLEO II upgrade and was placed between the calorimeter and the muon detector. It operated at 1.5 T until CLEO-c, when the magnetic field was reduced to 1.0 T.

The original CLEO detector used three separate tracking chambers. The innermost chamber (IZ) was a three layer proportional wire chamber that occupied the region between a radius of 9 cm and 17 cm. Each layer had 240 anode wires to measure track azimuth and 144 cathode strip hoops 5 mm wide inside and outside the anode wires (864 cathode strips total) to measure track z.CLEO I NIM p. 53

The CLEO I drift chamber (DR) was immediately outside the IZ and occupied the region between a radius of 17.3 cm and 95 cm. It consisted of seventeen layers of 11.3 mm × 10.0 mm cells with 42.5 mm between the layers, for a total of 5304 cells. There were two layers of field wires for every layer of sense wires. The odd-numbered layers were axial layers, and the even-numbered layers were alternating stereo layers.CLEO I NIM p. 51

The last CLEO I dedicated tracking chamber was the planar outer Z drift chamber (OZ) between the solenoid magnet and the dE/dx chambers. It consisted of three layers separated radially by 2.5 cm. The innermost layer was perpendicular to the beamline, and the outer two layers were at ±10° relative to the innermost chamber to provide some azimuthal tracking information. Each octant was equipped with an OZ chamber.CLEO I NIM p. 67

A new drift chamber, DR2, was built to replace the original drift chamber. The new drift chamber had the same outer radius as the original one so that it could be installed before the rest of the CLEO II upgrades were ready. DR2 was a 51 layer detector, with a 000+000- axial/stereo layer arrangement. DR2 had only one layer of field wires between each layer of sense wires, allowing many more layers to fit in the allotted space. The axial sense wires had a half-cell stagger to help resolve the left-right ambiguity of the original drift chamber. The inner and outer field layers of the chamber were cathode strips to make measurements of the longitudinal coordinate of tracks. DR2 was also designed to make dE/dx measurements in addition to tracking measurements.

{{cite journal

|last1=Cassel |first1=D.

|year=1986

|title=Design and construction of the CLEO II drift chamber

|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A

|volume=252 |issue=2–3 |pages=325–330

|doi=10.1016/0168-9002(86)91201-5

|bibcode = 1986NIMPA.252..325C |display-authors=etal}}

The IZ chamber was replaced with a ten-layer drift chamber (VD) in 1984. When the beampipe radius was reduced from 7.5  to 5.0 cm in 1986, a three-layer straw chamber (IV) was built to occupy the newly available space. The IV was replaced during the CLEO II upgrade with a five-layer straw tube with a 3.5 cm inner radius.

The CLEO III drift chamber (DR3) was designed to have similar performance as the CLEO II/II.V drift chamber even though it would be smaller to allow space for the RICH detector. The innermost sixteen layers were axial, and the outermost 31 layers were grouped in alternating stereo four-layer superlayers. The outer wall of the drift chamber was instrumented with 1 cm wide cathode pads to provide additional z measurements.

The last drift chamber built for CLEO was the inner drift chamber ZD for the CLEO-c upgrade. Its six layer, all stereo layer design would provide longitudinal measurements of low-momentum tracks that would not reach stereo layers of the main drift chamber. With the exception of the larger stereo angle and smaller cell size, the ZD design was very similar to the DR3 design.Yellow Book

CLEO built its first silicon vertex detector for the CLEO II.V upgrade. The silicon detector was a three-layer device, arranged in octants. The innermost layer was at a radius of 2.4 cm and the outermost layer was at a radius of 4.7 cm. A total of 96 silicon wafers were used, with a total of 26208 readout channels.

{{cite journal

|last1=Ross |first1=W.

|year=1997

|title=The CLEO II.V silicon vertex detector

|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A

|volume=386 |issue=1

|pages=32–36

|doi=10.1016/S0168-9002(96)01092-3

|bibcode = 1997NIMPA.386...32R |doi-access=free

}}

The CLEO III upgrade included a new four layer, double-sided silicon vertex detector. It was made of 447 identical 1 in × 2 in wafers with a 50 micrometre strip pitch on the r-φ side and a 100 micrometre pitch on the z side. The silicon detector achieved 85% efficiency after installation, but soon began to suffer increasingly large inefficiencies. The inefficiencies were found in roughly semi-circular regions on the wafers.

{{cite journal

|last1=Vontoerne |first1=E.

|year=2003

|title=Status of the CLEO III silicon tracker

|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A

|volume=511 |issue=1–2

|pages=11–15

|doi=10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01740-6

|bibcode = 2003NIMPA.511...11V |display-authors=etal}} The silicon detector was replaced for CLEO-c because of its poor performance, the reduced need for vertexing capabilities, and the desire to minimize the material near the beampipe.Yellow Book p. 159

CLEO I had three separate calorimeters. All used layers of proportional tubes interleaved with sheets of lead. The octant shower detectors were outside the time-of-flight detectors in each of the octants. Each octant detector had 44 layers of proportional tubes, alternating parallel and perpendicular to the beampipe. Wires were ganged together to reduce the number of readout channels for a total of 774 gangs.CLEO I NIM, p. 62 The octant end shower detectors were sixteen layer devices placed at either end of the dE/dx chambers. The layers followed an azimuthal, positive stereo, azimuthal, negative stereo pattern. The stereo wires were parallel to the slanted sides of the detector. The layers were ganged in a similar fashion as the octant shower detectors.CLEO I NIM, p. 64 The pole tip shower detector was placed between the ends of the drift chamber and the pole tips of the magnet flux return. The pole tip shower detector had 21 layers, with seven groups of vertical, +120°, -120° layers. The shower detector on each side was built in two halves to allow access to the beampipe.CLEO I NIM, p. 63

The calorimetry was significantly improved during the CLEO II upgrade. The new electromagnetic calorimeter used 7784 CsI crystals doped with thallium. Each crystal was roughly 30 cm deep and had a 5 cm × 5 cm face. The central region of the calorimeter was a cylinder placed between the drift chamber and the solenoid magnet, and two endcap calorimeters were placed at either end of the drift chamber. The crystals in the endcap were oriented parallel to the beam line. The crystals in the central calorimeter faced a point displaced from the interaction point both longitudinally and transversely by a few centimeters to avoid inefficiencies from particles passing between neighboring crystals.

{{cite journal

|last1=Blucher |first1=E.

|year=1986

|title=Tests of cesium iodide crystals for an electromagnetic calorimeter

|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A

|volume=249 |issue=2–3 |pages=201–227

|doi=10.1016/0168-9002(86)90669-8

|bibcode = 1986NIMPA.249..201B |display-authors=etal}} The calorimeter primarily measured the energy of photons or electrons, however it was also used to detect antineutrons.

{{cite journal

|last1=Anderson |year=2001

|title=First Observation of the Decays B⁰ → D^*−p{{overline|p}}π⁺ and B⁰ → D^*−p{{overline|n}}

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=86 |issue=13 |pages=2732–2736

|arxiv=hep-ex/0009011

|pmid=11290026

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.2732

|first1=S.

|bibcode = 2001PhRvL..86.2732A |s2cid=37306280

|display-authors=etal}} All versions of the detector from CLEO-II through CLEO-c used the CsI calorimeter.

Five types of long-lived, charged particles are produced at CLEO: electrons, pions, muons, kaons and protons. Proper identification of each of these types significantly improves the capabilities of the detector. Particle identification was done by both dedicated subdetectors and by the calorimeter and drift chamber.

The outer portion of the CLEO detector was divided into independent octants that were primarily dedicated to charged particle identification.

{{cite journal

|last=Ehrlich |first=R.

|year=1983

|title=Particle identification by ionization measurements: Description of the CLEO dE/dx system

|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research

|volume=211 |issue=1

|pages=17–45

|doi=10.1016/0167-5087(83)90555-0

|bibcode = 1983NIMPR.211...17E |display-authors=etal}} No clear consensus was reached on the choice of technology for particle identification, therefore two octants were equipped with dE/dx ionization chambers, two octants were equipped with high pressure gas Cerenkov detectors, and four octants were equipped with low pressure gas Cerenkov detectors.Berkelman (2004)p. 23 The dE/dx system demonstrated superior particle identification performance and aided in tracking, therefore in September 1981 all eight octants were equipped with dE/dx chambers.Berkelman (2004) p. 55CLEO I NIM p. 65 The dE/dx chambers measured the ionization of charged particles as they passed through a multiwire proportional chamber (MWPC).{{rp|17}} Each dE/dx octant was made with 124 separate modules, and each module contained 117 wires. Groups of ten modules were ganged together to minimize the number of readout channels. The first two and last two modules were not instrumented, therefore each octant had twelve cells.{{rp|33}}

The time-of-flight detector was directly outside the dE/dx chambers. It identified a charged particle by measuring its velocity and comparing it to the momentum measurement from the tracking chambers. Scintillating bars were arranged parallel to the beamline, with six bars for each half of the octant. The six bars in each octant half overlapped to avoid having any uninstrumented regions. The scintillation photons were detected by photomultiplier tubes. Each bar was 2.03 m × 0.312 m× 0.025 m.CLEO I NIM p. 59

The CLEO I muon drift chambers were the outermost detectors. Two layers of muon detectors were outside the magnet iron on either end of CLEO. The barrel region had two additional layers of muon chambers after 15 cm and 30 cm of magnet iron. The muon detectors were between 4 and 10 radiation lengths deep and were sensitive to muons with energies of at least 1-2 GeV. The magnet yoke weighed 580 tons, and each of four movable carts at each corner of the detector weighed 240 tons, for a total of 1540 tons.CLEO I NIM p. 66

CLEO II used time-of-flight detectors between the drift chamber and the calorimeter, one in the barrel region, the other in the endcap region. The barrel region consisted of 64 Bicron bars with light guides leading to photomultiplier tubes outside the magnetic field region. A similar system covered the endcap region. The TOF system had a timing resolution of 150 cm. The central and endcap TOF detectors combined covered 97% of the solid angle.

The CLEO I muon detector was far away enough from the interaction region that in-flight decays of pions and kaons were a significant background. The more compact structure of the CLEO II detector allowed the muon detectors to be moved closer to the interaction point. Three layers of muon detectors were placed behind layers of iron absorbers. The streamer counters were read out from each end to determine the z position.

The CLEO III upgrade included the addition of the RICH subdetector, a dedicated particle identification subdetector. The RICH detector was required to be less than 20 cm in the radial direction, between the drift chamber and the calorimeter, and less than 12% of a radiation length. The RICH detector used the Cerenkov radiation of charged particles to measure their velocity. Combined with the momentum measurement from the tracking detectors, the mass of the particle, and therefore its identity, could be determined. Charged particles produced Cerenkov light as they pass through a LiF window. Fourteen rings of thirty LiF crystals comprised the radiator of the RICH, and the four centermost rings had a sawtooth pattern to prevent total internal reflection of the Cerenkov photons. The photons traveled through a nitrogen expansion volume, which allowed the cone angle to be precisely determined. The photons were detected by 7.5 mm × 8.0 mm cathode pads in a multi-wire chamber containing a methane-triethylamine gas mixture.

{{cite journal

|last=Artuso |first=M.

|year=2005

|title=The CLEO RICH Detector

|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A

|volume=554 |issue=1–3

|pages=147–194

|arxiv=physics/0506132

|doi=10.1016/j.nima.2005.07.056

|bibcode = 2005NIMPA.554..147A |s2cid=15607353

|display-authors=etal}}

CLEO has published over 200 articles in Physical Review Letters[http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/hep/www?AUTHOR=&TITLE=&C=&REPORT-NUM=&AFFILIATION=&cn=CLEO&k=&cc=&eprint=&eprint=&topcit=&url=&J=PRLTA%2C+&*=&ps=&DATE=&*=&FORMAT=WWW&SEQUENCE= SPIRES PRL count] and more than 180 articles in Physical Review.[http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/hep/www?AUTHOR=&TITLE=&C=&REPORT-NUM=&AFFILIATION=&cn=cleo&k=&cc=&eprint=&eprint=&topcit=&url=&J=PHRVA%2C+&*=&ps=&DATE=&*=&FORMAT=WWW&SEQUENCE= SPIRES PRD count] The reports of inclusive and exclusive b → s γ have both been cited over 500 times.[http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/hep/www?rawcmd=FIND+CN+CLEO&FORMAT=www&SEQUENCE=citecount%28d%29 SPIRES citation count] B physics was usually CLEO's top priority, but the collaboration has made measurements across a wide spectrum of particle physics topics.

CLEO's most cited paper reported the first measurement of the flavor-changing neutral current decay b→sγ.

{{cite journal

|last1=Alam |first1=M.

|year=1995

|title=First Measurement of the Rate for the Inclusive Radiative Penguin Decay b→sγ|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=74 |issue=15 |pages=2885–2889

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2885

|pmid=10058050

|bibcode = 1995PhRvL..74.2885A |display-authors=etal}} The measurement agreed well with the Standard Model and placed significant constraints on numerous beyond the Standard Model proposals, such as charged Higgs and anomalous WWγ couplings. The analogous exclusive decay B^+,0→ K^*+,0 γ was also measured.

{{cite journal

|last1=Ammar |first1=R.

|year=1993

|title=Evidence for penguin-diagram decays: First observation of B→K^*(892)γ

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=674–678

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.674

|pmid=10055338

|bibcode = 1993PhRvL..71..674A |url=https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/5823

|display-authors=etal|hdl=1808/1476

|hdl-access=free

}} CLEO and ARGUS reported nearly simultaneous measurements of inclusive charmless semileptonic B meson decays, which directly established a non-zero value of the CKM matrix element |V_ub|.

{{cite journal

|last1=Fulton |first1=R.

|year=1990

|title=Observation of B-meson semileptonic decays to noncharmed final states

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=16–20

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.64.16

|pmid=10041262

|bibcode = 1990PhRvL..64...16F |url=https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/5776

|display-authors=etal|hdl=1808/1455

|hdl-access=free

}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Albrecht |first1=H.

|year=1991

|title=Reconstruction of semileptonic b→u decays

|journal=Physics Letters B

|volume=255 |issue=2 |pages=297–304

|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(91)90251-K

|bibcode = 1991PhLB..255..297A |display-authors=etal}} Exclusive charmless semileptonic B meson decays were first observed by CLEO six years later in the modes B → πlν, ρlν,

{{cite journal

|last1=Alexander |first1=J.

|year=1996

|title=First Measurement of the B→πℓν and B→ρ(ω)ℓν Branching Fractions

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=77 |issue=25 |pages=5000–5004

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.5000

|pmid=10062690

|bibcode = 1996PhRvL..77.5000A |display-authors=etal}} and were used to determine |V_ub|.

{{cite journal

|last1=Behrens |first1=B.

|year=2000

|title=Measurement of B→ρℓν Decay and {{!}}V_ub{{!}}

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=61 |issue=5 |pages=052001

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.61.052001

|arxiv=hep-ex/9905056

|bibcode = 2000PhRvD..61e2001B |display-authors=etal}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Bornheim |first1=A.

|year=2002

|title=Improved Measurement of {{!}}V_ub{{!}} with Inclusive Semileptonic B Decays

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=88 |issue=23 |pages=231803

|arxiv=hep-ex/0202019

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.231803

|pmid=12059353

|bibcode = 2002PhRvL..88w1803B |s2cid=248400750

|display-authors=etal}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Adam |first1=N.

|year=2007

|title=A Study of Exclusive Charmless Semileptonic B Decay and {{!}}V_ub{{!}}

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=99 |issue=4 |pages=041802

|arxiv=hep-ex/0703041

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.041802

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{{cite journal

|last1=Asner |first1=D.

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|arxiv=hep-ex/0703042

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|bibcode = 2007PhRvD..76a2007A |s2cid=53466500

|display-authors=etal}} CLEO also discovered many of the hadronic analogs: B^+,0→ K(892)⁺π⁻,

{{cite journal

|last1=Eckhart |first1=E.

|year=2002

|title=Observation of B to K{{su|b=S|p=0}} π⁺ π⁻ and Evidence for B to K^*± π^∓

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|volume=89 |issue=25 |pages=251801

|arxiv=hep-ex/0206024

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{{cite journal

|last1=Briere |first1=R.

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|arxiv=hep-ex/0101032

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|bibcode = 2001PhRvL..86.3718B |display-authors=etal}} K⁺π⁰, K⁰π⁰, π⁺π⁻,

{{cite arXiv

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|display-authors=etal}} η K^*,

{{cite journal

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|display-authors=etal}} η′ K

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|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.3710

|bibcode = 1998PhRvL..80.3710B |display-authors=etal}} and K⁰π⁺, K⁺π⁻. These charmless hadronic decay modes can probe CP violation and are sensitive to the angles α and γ of the unitarity triangle. Finally, CLEO observed many exclusive charmed decays of B mesons, including several that are sensitive to |V_cb|: B→ D^(*)K^*−,

{{cite journal

|last=Mahapatra |first=R.

|year=2002

|title=Observation of Exclusive {{overline|B}} → D^* K^*− Decays

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|display-authors=etal}} {{overline|B}}⁰→ D^*0π⁰

{{cite journal

|last1=Coan |first1=T.

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|arxiv=hep-ex/0110055

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|pmid=11863797

|bibcode = 2002PhRvL..88f2001C |display-authors=etal}} B→ Λ{{su|b=c|p=+}}{{overline|p}}π⁻, Λ{{su|b=c|p=+}}{{overline|p}}π⁺π⁻,

{{cite journal

|last1=Fu |first1=X.

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|bibcode = 1997PhRvL..79.3125F |url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/316199

|display-authors=etal|url-access=subscription}} {{overline|B}}⁰→ D^*0π⁺π⁺π⁻π⁻,

{{cite journal

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|year=2002

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|display-authors=etal}} {{overline|B}}⁰→ D^*ρ′⁻,

{{cite journal

|last1=Alexander |first1=J. P.

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|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.64.092001

|bibcode = 2001PhRvD..64i2001A |s2cid=197457512

|display-authors=etal}} B⁰→ D^*−p{{overline|p}}π⁺, D^*−p{{overline|n}}, B→ J/Ψ φ K,

{{cite journal

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|year=2000

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|display-authors=etal}} B⁰→ D^*+D^*−,

{{cite journal

|last1=Artuso |first1=M.

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|bibcode = 1999PhRvL..82.3020A |display-authors=etal}} and B⁺→ {{overline|D}}⁰ K⁺.

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|bibcode = 1998PhRvL..80.5493A |s2cid=10431655

|display-authors=etal}}

Although CLEO ran mainly near the Υ(4S) to study B mesons, it was also competitive with experiments designed to study charm hadrons. The first measurement of charm hadron properties by CLEO was the observation of the D_s.

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{{cite journal

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|bibcode = 2003PhRvD..68c2002B |display-authors=etal}} CLEO was the first experiment to measure the doubly Cabibbo suppressed decay D⁰→ K⁺π⁻,

{{cite journal

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|title=Observation of D0→K+π-

|year=1994

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|bibcode = 1994PhRvL..72.1406C |display-authors=etal}} and CLEO performed Dalitz analyses of D^0,+ in several decay modes.

{{cite journal

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{{cite journal

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|pmid=12484874

|year=2002

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=89

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|arxiv=hep-ex/0207067

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|bibcode = 2002PhRvL..89y1802M |display-authors=etal}}

{{cite journal

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|title=First Observation and Dalitz Analysis of the D⁰ → K{{su|b=S|p=0}} η π⁰ Decay

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|pmid=15447329

|year=2004

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=93

|issue=11

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|arxiv=hep-ex/0405011

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|bibcode = 2004PhRvL..93k1801R |s2cid=119398303

|display-authors=etal}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Asner

|title=Search for D⁰–{{overline|D}}⁰ Mixing in the Dalitz Plot Analysis of D⁰ → K{{su|b=S|p=0}} π⁺ π⁻

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.72.012001

|year=2005

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=72

|issue=1

|pages=012001

|arxiv=hep-ex/0503045

|first1=D.

|bibcode = 2005PhRvD..72a2001A |s2cid=117826765

|display-authors=etal}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Cronin-Hennessy

|title=Searches for CP Violation and ππ S-Wave in the Dalitz-Plot Analysis of D⁰ → π⁺π⁻π⁰

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.72.031102

|year=2005

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=72

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|arxiv=hep-ex/0503052

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|bibcode = 2005PhRvD..72c1102C |display-authors=etal}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Bonvicini

|title=Dalitz Plot Analysis of the D+ → π⁻ π⁺ π⁺ Decay

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.76.012001

|year=2007

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|issue=1

|pages=012001

|arxiv=0704.3954

|first1=G.

|bibcode = 2007PhRvD..76a2001B |s2cid=119312519

|display-authors=etal}} CLEO studied the D^*(2010)⁺, making the first measurement of its width and the most precise measurement of the D^*-D⁰ mass difference.

{{cite journal

|last1=Anastassov |display-authors=etal

|title=First Measurement of Γ(D^*+) and Precision Measurement of $m\_\{D^\{*+\}\}\; -\; m\_\{D^0\}$

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.65.032003

|year=2002

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=65

|issue=3

|pages=032003

|arxiv=hep-ex/0108043

|bibcode = 2002PhRvD..65c2003A |s2cid = 116893453}} CLEO-c made many of the most accurate measurements of D meson branching ratios in inclusive channels,

{{cite journal

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|title=Absolute Branching Fraction Measurements for D⁺ and D⁰ Inclusive Semileptonic Decays

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.251801

|pmid=17280340

|year=2006

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{{cite journal

|last1=Huang

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|year=2006

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=74

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|display-authors=etal}} μ⁺ν_μ,

{{cite journal

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|title=Improved Measurement of cal{B}(D⁺ → μ⁺ nu) and the Pseudoscalar Decay Constant f_D⁺

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.251801

|pmid=16384447

|year=2005

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=95

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|arxiv=hep-ex/0508057

|bibcode = 2005PhRvL..95y1801A |display-authors=etal}} semileptonic decays,

{{cite journal

|last1=Huang

|title=Absolute Branching Fraction Measurements of Exclusive D⁺ Semileptonic Decays

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|pmid=16383892

|year=2005

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{{cite journal

|last1=Coan

|title=Absolute Branching Fraction Measurements of Exclusive D⁰ Semileptonic Decays

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.181802

|pmid=16383893

|year=2005

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=95

|issue=18

|pages=181802

|arxiv=hep-ex/0506052

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|bibcode = 2005PhRvL..95r1802C |s2cid=13873243

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{{cite journal

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|pmid=16197064

|year=2005

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{{cite journal

|last1=Rubin

|title=New Measurements of Cabibbo-Suppressed Decays of D Mesons in CLEO-c

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}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Dytman

|title=Branching Fraction for the Doubly-Cabibbo-Suppressed Decay D⁺ → K⁺ π⁰

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|year=2006

|journal=Physical Review D

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|issue=7

|pages=071102

|arxiv=hep-ex/0609008

|first1=S.

|bibcode = 2006PhRvD..74g1102D |display-authors=etal}} These branching fractions are important inputs to B meson measurements at BaBar and Belle. CLEO first observed the purely leptonic decay D{{su|b=s|p=+}}→μ⁺{{overline|ν}},

{{cite journal

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|title=First measurement of Γ(Ds+→μ+ν)Γ(Ds+→φπ+)

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|bibcode = 1994PhRvD..49.5690A |display-authors=etal|hdl=1808/15299

|hdl-access=free

}} which provided an experimental measure of the decay constant f_Ds. CLEO-c made the most precise measurements of f_D⁺ and f_Ds. These decay constants are in turn a key input to the interpretation of other measurements, such as B mixing.

{{cite journal

|last=Yao |first=W.-M.

|year=2006

|title=Pseudoscalar-meson decay constant

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|page=1

|arxiv = astro-ph/0601168 |bibcode = 2006JPhG...33....1Y |doi = 10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001 |display-authors=etal}} Other D{{su|b=s|p=+}} decay modes discovered by CLEO are p{{overline|n}},

{{cite journal

|last1=Athar

|title=First Observation of the Decay D{{su|b=s|p=+}} to proton anti-neutron

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.181802

|pmid=18518362

|year=2008

|journal=Physical Review Letters

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{{cite journal

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|bibcode = 1997PhRvL..79.1436B |display-authors=etal}} η ρ⁺, η'ρ⁺, φρ⁺,

{{cite journal

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|bibcode = 1992PhRvL..68.1279A |display-authors=etal}} η π⁺, η'π⁺,

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.1275

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{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.1531

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|display-authors=etal|hdl-access=free

}} CLEO discovered many charmed baryons and discovered or improved the measurement of many charmed baryon decay modes. Before BaBar and Belle began discovering new charm baryons in 2005, CLEO had discovered thirteen of the twenty known charm baryons: Ξ{{su|b=c|p=0}},

{{cite journal

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{{cite journal

|last1=Csorna

|title=Evidence of New States Decaying into Ξ_c′π

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|display-authors=etal}} Ξ{{su|b=c|p=0,+}}(2815),

{{cite journal

|last1=Alexander

|title=Evidence of New States Decaying into Ξ{{su|b=c|p=*}}π

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|display-authors=etal}} Ξ{{su|b=c|p='0,+}},

{{cite journal

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|bibcode = 1999PhRvL..82..492J |display-authors=etal}} Σ{{su|b=c|p=0,+,++}}(2520),

{{cite journal

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|title=Observation of Two Excited Charmed Baryons Decaying into Λ{{su|b=c|p=+}}π^±

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{{cite journal

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|year=2001

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|display-authors=etal}} Ξ{{su|b=c|p=+}}(2645),

{{cite journal

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|pages=810–813

|pmid=10062912

|bibcode = 1996PhRvL..77..810G |display-authors=etal}} Ξ{{su|b=c|p=0}}(2645),

{{cite journal

|last=Avery |first=P.

|year=1995

|title=Observation of a Narrow State Decaying into Ξ{{su|b=c|p=+}}π⁻

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=75 |issue=24 |pages=4364–4368

|doi=10.1103/PhysrevLett.75.4364

|pmid=10059890

|arxiv = hep-ex/9508010 |bibcode = 1995PhRvL..75.4364A |s2cid=118949954

|display-authors=etal}} and Λ{{su|b=c|p=+}}(2593).

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.3331

|title=Observation of Excited Charmed Baryon States Decaying to Λ{{su|b=c|p=+}}π⁺π⁻

|year=1995

|last1=Edwards

|first1=K.

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=74

|issue=17

|pages=3331–3335

|pmid=10058174

|bibcode = 1995PhRvL..74.3331E |display-authors=etal}} Charmed baryon decay modes discovered at CLEO are Ω{{su|b=c|p=0}}→ Ω⁻e⁺{{overline|ν}}_e;

{{cite journal

|last1=Ammar

|title=Observation of the Decay Ω{{su|b=C|p=0}} → Ω⁻ e⁺ ν_e

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.171803

|pmid=12398660

|year=2002

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=89

|issue=17

|pages=171803

|arxiv=hep-ex/0207078

|first1=R.

|bibcode = 2002PhRvL..89q1803A |display-authors=etal}} Λ{{su|b=c|p=+}}→ p{{overline|K}}⁰η, Ληπ⁺, Σ⁺η, Σ^*+η, Λ{{overline|K}}⁰K⁺,

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.3534

|title=New Decay Modes of the Λ{{su|b=c|p=+}} Charmed Baryon

|year=1995

|last1=Ammar

|first1=R.

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=74

|issue=18

|pages=3534–3537

|pmid=10058230

|bibcode = 1995PhRvL..74.3534A |display-authors=etal}} Σ⁺π⁰, Σ⁺ω,

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.3255

|title=Measurement of exclusive Λ_c decays with a Σ⁺ in the final state

|year=1993

|last1=Kubota

|first1=Y.

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=71

|issue=20

|pages=3255–3258

|pmid=10054927

|bibcode = 1993PhRvL..71.3255K |hdl=1808/1412

|display-authors=etal|hdl-access=free

}} Λπ⁺π⁺π⁻π⁰, Λωπ⁺;

{{cite journal

|last1=Cronin-Hennessy

|title=First Observation of the Exclusive Decays Λ_c to Λ π⁺π⁺π⁻π⁰ and Λ_c to Λ ω π⁺

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.67.012001

|year=2003

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=67

|issue=1

|pages=012001

|arxiv=hep-ex/0210048

|first1=D.

|bibcode = 2003PhRvD..67a2001C |s2cid=118890292

|display-authors=etal}} and Ξ{{su|b=c|p=+}}→Ξ⁰e⁺ {{overline|ν}}_e.

{{cite journal

|last=Alexander |first=J. P.

|year=1994

|title=First Observation of the Decay Ξ{{su|b=c|p=+}}→Ξ⁰e⁺ν_e and an Estimate of the Ξ{{su|b=c|p=+}} Ξ{{su|b=c|p=0}} Lifetime Ratio

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=74 |issue= 16|pages=3113–3117

|bibcode = 1995PhRvL..74.3113A

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.3113

|pmid=10058115

|display-authors=etal}}

Quarkonium states provide experimental input for lattice QCD and non-relativistic QCD calculations. CLEO studied the Υ system until the end of the CUSB and CUSB-II experiments,Berkelman (2004) p. 44 then returned to the Υ system with the CLEO III detector. CLEO-c studied the lower mass ψ states. CLEO

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.44.1108

|title=Observation of Three Upsilon States

|year=1980

|last1=Andrews |first1=D.

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=44

|issue=17

|pages=1108–1111

|bibcode = 1980PhRvL..44.1108A |display-authors=etal}} and CUSB

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.44.1111

|title=Observation of ϒ, ϒ^′, and ϒ^′′ at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring

|year=1980

|last1=Böhringer |first1=T.

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=44

|issue=17

|pages=1111–1114

|bibcode = 1980PhRvL..44.1111B |display-authors=etal}} published their first papers back-to-back, reporting observation of the first three Υ states. Earlier claims of the Υ(3S)

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.42.486

|title=Evidence for the ϒ^′′ and a Search for New Narrow Resonances

|year=1979

|last1=Ueno |first1=K.

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=42

|issue=8

|pages=486–489

|bibcode = 1979PhRvL..42..486U |display-authors=etal}} relied on fits of one peak with three components; CLEO and CUSB's observation of three well separated peaks dispelled any remaining doubt about the existence of the Υ(3S). The Υ(4S) was discovered shortly after by CLEO and CUSB

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.45.222

|title=Observation of the ϒ^′′′ at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring

|year=1980

|last1=Finocchiaro |first1=G.

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=45

|issue=4

|pages=222–225

|bibcode = 1980PhRvL..45..222F |display-authors=etal}} and was interpreted as decaying to B mesons because of its large decay width. An excess of electrons

{{cite journal|title=Measurement of the Branching of Υ(2S)→π⁺π⁻+Υ(1S)|first=J.J.|last=Mueller|display-authors=etal|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=46|issue=18|page=1181

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.46.1181

|bibcode = 1981PhRvL..46.1181M |year=1981}} and muons

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.46.88

|title=Decay of b-Flavored Hadrons to Single-Muon and Dimuon Final States

|year=1981

|last1=Chadwick |first1=K.

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=46

|issue=2

|pages=88–91

|bibcode = 1981PhRvL..46...88C |display-authors=etal}} at the Υ(4S) demonstrated the existence of weak decays and confirmed the interpretation of the Υ(4S) decaying to B mesons. CLEO

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.54.381

|title=Observation of New Structure in the e⁺e⁻ Cross Section above the ϒ(4S)

|year=1985

|last1=Besson |first1=D.

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=54

|issue=5

|pages=381–384

|pmid=10031500

|bibcode = 1985PhRvL..54..381B |display-authors=etal}} and CUSB

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.54.377

|title=Masses, Widths, and Leptonic Widths of the Higher Upsilon Resonances

|year=1985

|last1=Lovelock |first1=D. M. J.

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=54

|issue=5

|pages=377–380

|pmid=10031499

|bibcode = 1985PhRvL..54..377L |display-authors=etal}} later reported the existence of the Υ(5S) and Υ(6S) states.

CLEO I through CLEO II had significant competition in Υ physics, primarily from the CUSB, Crystal Ball and ARGUS experiments. CLEO was able, however, to observe a number of Υ(1S) decays: τ⁺τ⁻,

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.877

|title=Measurement of the Branching Fraction of the Decay ϒ(1S)→τ⁺τ⁻

|year=1983

|last1=Giles |first1=R.

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=50

|issue=12

|pages=877–880

|bibcode = 1983PhRvL..50..877G |display-authors=etal}} J/Ψ X

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(89)91476-7

|title=First observation of inclusive ψ production in ψ decays

|year=1989

|last1=Fulton

|first1=R

|journal=Physics Letters B

|volume=224

|issue=4

|pages=445–449

|bibcode = 1989PhLB..224..445F }} and γ X {{overline|X}} with X = π⁺, π⁰,

{{cite journal

|last1=Anastassov

|title=First Observation of Υ(1S)→ γππ

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.286

|year=1999

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=82

|issue=2

|pages=286–290

|arxiv=hep-ex/9807031

|first1=A.

|bibcode = 1999PhRvL..82..286A |display-authors=etal}} 2π⁺, π⁺K⁺, π⁺p, 2K⁺, 3π⁺, 2π⁺K⁺, and 2π⁺p.

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.41.1401

|title=Radiative ϒ(1S) decays

|year=1990

|last1=Fulton |first1=R.

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=41

|issue=5

|pages=1401–1409

|pmid=10012491

|bibcode = 1990PhRvD..41.1401F |display-authors=etal|hdl=1808/15250

|hdl-access=free

}} The radiative decays are sensitive to the production of glueballs.

CLEO collected more data at the Υ(1-3S) resonances at the end of the CLEO III era. CLEO III discovered the Υ(1D) state,

{{cite journal

|last1=Bonvicini

|title=First Observation of a Υ(1D) State

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.70.032001

|year=2004

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=70

|issue=3

|pages=032001

|arxiv=hep-ex/0404021

|first1=G.

|bibcode = 2004PhRvD..70c2001B |s2cid=2106218

|display-authors=etal}} the χ_b1,2(2P)→ωΥ(1S) transitions,

{{cite arXiv

|last1=Cronin-Hennessy |first=D.

|year=2003

|title=Observation of the Hadronic Transitions chi_b1,2(2P) → ω Υ(1S)

|eprint=hep-ex/0311043

|author2=CLEO Collaboration

}} and Υ(3S)→τ⁺τ⁻ decays

{{cite journal

|last1=Besson

|title=First Observation of Υ(3S) → τ τ and Tests of Lepton Universality in Υ Decays

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.052002

|pmid=17358847

|year=2007

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=98

|issue=5

|pages=052002

|arxiv=hep-ex/0607019

|first1=D.

|bibcode = 2007PhRvL..98e2002B |s2cid=14374180

|display-authors=etal}} among others.

CLEO-c measured many of the properties of the charmonium states. Highlights include confirmation of η_c',

{{cite journal

|last1=Asner

|title=Observation of η{{su|b=c|p=prime}} Production in gamma gamma Fusion at CLEO

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.142001

|pmid=15089529

|year=2004

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=92

|issue=14

|pages=142001

|arxiv=hep-ex/0312058

|first1=D.

|bibcode = 2004PhRvL..92n2001A |s2cid=10006467

|display-authors=etal}} confirmation of Y(4260),

{{cite journal

|last1=Coan

|title=Charmonium Decays of Y(4260), psi(4160), and psi(4040)

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.162003

|year=2006

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=96

|issue=16

|arxiv=hep-ex/0602034

|first1=T.

|bibcode = 2006PhRvL..96p2003C |display-authors=etal

|pmid=16712216

|page=162003|s2cid=32357992

}} pseudoscalar-vector decays of ψ(2S),

{{cite journal

|last1=Adam

|title=Observation of 1⁻0⁻ Final States from psi(2S) Decays and e⁺e⁻ Annihilation

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.012005

|pmid=15698072

|year=2005

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=94

|issue=5

|pages=012005

|arxiv=hep-ex/0407028

|first1=N.

|bibcode = 2005PhRvL..94a2005A |s2cid=11516742

|display-authors=etal}} ψ(2S)→J/ψ decays,

{{cite journal

|last1=Adam

|title=Branching Fractions for psi(2S) to J/psi Transitions

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.232002

|year=2005

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=94

|issue=23

|arxiv=hep-ex/0503028

|first1=N.

|bibcode = 2005PhRvL..94w2002A |display-authors=etal

|pmid=16090461

|page=232002|s2cid=24246777

}} observation of thirteen new hadronic decays of ψ(2S),

{{cite journal

|last1=Briere |first=A.

|title=Observation of Thirteen New Exclusive Multi-Body Hadronic Decays of the ψ(2S)

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.062001

|pmid=16090940

|year=2005

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=95

|issue=6

|pages=062001

|arxiv=hep-ex/0505101

|bibcode = 2005PhRvL..95f2001B |s2cid=15278769

|display-authors=etal}} observation of h_c(¹P₁),

{{cite journal

|last1=Rosner

|title=Observation of h_c(¹P₁) State of Charmonium

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.102003

|pmid=16196921

|year=2005

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=95

|issue=10

|pages=102003

|arxiv=hep-ex/0505073

|first1=J.

|bibcode = 2005PhRvL..95j2003R |s2cid=118963524

|display-authors=etal}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Rubin

|title=Observation of the ¹P₁ State of Charmonium

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.72.092004

|year=2005

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=72

|issue=9

|pages=092004

|arxiv=hep-ex/0508037

|first1=P.

|bibcode = 2005PhRvD..72i2004R |s2cid=119352801

|display-authors=etal}} and measurement of the mass

{{cite journal

|last1=Miller

|title=Measurement of the η⁻ Meson Mass using ψ(2S) → η J/ψ

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.122002

|pmid=17930498

|year=2007

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=99

|issue=12

|pages=122002

|arxiv=0707.1810

|first1=D.

|bibcode = 2007PhRvL..99l2002M |s2cid=12330667

|display-authors=etal}} and branching fractions

{{cite journal

|last1=Lopez

|title=Measurement of Prominent η Decay Branching Fractions

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.122001

|year=2007

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=99

|issue=12

|arxiv=0707.1601

|first1=A.

|bibcode = 2007PhRvL..99l2001L |display-authors=etal

|pmid=17930497

|page=122001|s2cid=9339228

}} of η in ψ(2S)→J/ψ decay.

CLEO discovered six decay modes of the τ:

• τ → K⁻π⁰ν_τ,

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.1079

|title=Measurement of Cabibbo-Suppressed Decays of the τ Lepton

|year=1994

|last1=Battle |first1=M.

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=73

|issue=8

|pages=1079–1083

|pmid=10057619

|arxiv = hep-ph/9403329 |bibcode = 1994PhRvL..73.1079B |s2cid=118996045

|display-authors=etal}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Bishai

|title=First Observation of the Decay τ⁻→ K^*−ην_τ

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.281

|year=1999

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=82

|issue=2

|pages=281–285

|arxiv=hep-ex/9809012

|first1=M.

|bibcode = 1999PhRvL..82..281B |s2cid=119498677

|display-authors=etal}}

• e⁻ν_τ{{overline|ν}}_eγ,

{{cite journal

|last1=Bergfeld

|title=Observation of Radiative Leptonic Decay of the Tau Lepton

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.830

|year=2000

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=84

|issue=5

|pages=830–834

|pmid=11017384

|arxiv=hep-ex/9909050

|first1=T.

|bibcode = 2000PhRvL..84..830B |s2cid=119000769

|display-authors=etal}}

• π⁻π⁻π⁺η ν_τ, π⁻π⁰π⁰η ν_τ, f₁π ν_τ,

{{cite journal

|last1=Bergfeld

|title=First Observation of τ→ 3πην_τ and τ→ f₁πν_τ Decays

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.2406

|year=1997

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=79

|issue=13

|pages=2406–2410

|arxiv=hep-ex/9706020

|first1=T.

|bibcode = 1997PhRvL..79.2406B |s2cid=119487994

|display-authors=etal|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1157&context=physicsbloom

}}

• K⁻η ν_τ

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.4119

|title=First Observation of the Decay τ-→ K-ηντ

|year=1996

|last1=Bartelt |first1=J.

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=76

|issue=22

|pages=4119–4123

|pmid=10061206

|bibcode = 1996PhRvL..76.4119B |display-authors=etal}} and K⁻ων_τ.

{{cite journal

|last1=Arms

|title=Study of τ Decays to Four-Hadron Final States with Kaons

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.241802

|year=2005

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=94

|issue=24

|pages=241802

|arxiv=hep-ex/0501042

|first1=K.

|bibcode = 2005PhRvL..94x1802A |s2cid=15284065

|display-authors=etal}}

CLEO measured the lifetime of the τ three times

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.1993

|title=Production of η and ω mesons in τ decay and a search for second-class currents

|year=1987

|last1=Baringer |first1=P.

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=59

|issue=18

|pages=1993–1996

|pmid=10035390

|bibcode = 1987PhRvL..59.1993B |display-authors=etal|hdl=1808/15230

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}}

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(92)91409-3

|title=A measurement of the tau lepton lifetime

|year=1992

|last1=Battle

|first1=M

|journal=Physics Letters B

|volume=291

|issue=4

|pages=488–495

|bibcode = 1992PhLB..291..488B }}

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1016/S0370-2693(96)01163-X

|title=Measurement of the tau lepton lifetime

|year=1996

|last1=Balest |first=R.

|journal=Physics Letters B

|volume=388

|issue=2

|pages=402–408

|bibcode = 1996PhLB..388..402B |display-authors=etal|doi-access=free

}} with a precision comparable or better than any other measurements at the time. CLEO also measured the mass of the τ twice.

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.47.R3671

|title=Measurement of the τ-lepton mass

|year=1993

|last1=Balest |first1=R.

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=47

|issue=9

|pages=R3671–R3675

|pmid=10016050

|bibcode = 1993PhRvD..47.3671B |display-authors=etal|hdl=1808/15295

|hdl-access=free

}}

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.55.2559

|title=Experimental tests of lepton universality in τ decay

|year=1997

|last1=Anastassov |first1=A.

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=55

|issue=5

|pages=2559–2576

|bibcode = 1997PhRvD..55.2559A |display-authors=etal|hdl=1808/15322

|hdl-access=free

}} CLEO set limits on the mass of ν_τ several times, although the CLEO limit was never the most stringent one.

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.35.2747

|title=Limit on the mass of the tau neutrino

|year=1987

|last1=Csorna |first1=S.

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=35

|issue=9

|pages=2747–2751

|pmid=9957983

|bibcode = 1987PhRvD..35.2747C |display-authors=etal}}

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.3700

|title=Limit on the tau neutrino mass

|year=1993

|last1=Cinabro |first1=D.

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=70

|issue=24

|pages=3700–3704

|pmid=10053940

|bibcode = 1993PhRvL..70.3700C |hdl=1808/1428

|display-authors=etal|hdl-access=free

}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Ammar

|title=A Limit on the Mass of the ν_τ

|doi=10.1016/S0370-2693(98)00539-5

|year=1998

|journal=Physics Letters B

|volume=431

|issue=1–2

|pages=209–218

|arxiv=hep-ex/9803031

|first1=R

|bibcode = 1998PhLB..431..209C |s2cid=117952401

|display-authors=etal}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Athanas

|title=Limit on Tau Neutrino Mass from τ⁻→ π⁻π⁺π⁻π⁰ν_τ

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.61.052002

|year=2000

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=61

|issue=5

|pages=052002

|arxiv=hep-ex/9906015

|first1=M.

|bibcode = 2000PhRvD..61e2002A |display-authors=etal}} CLEO's measurements of the Michel parameters

{{cite journal

|last1=Alexander

|title=Determination of the Michel Parameters and the τ Neutrino Helicity in τ Decay

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.56.5320

|year=1997

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=56

|issue=9

|pages=5320–5329

|arxiv=hep-ex/9705009

|first1=J. P.

|bibcode = 1997PhRvD..56.5320A |s2cid=119368464

|display-authors=etal}} were the most precise for their time, many by a substantial margin.

CLEO has studied two-photon physics, where both an electron and positron radiate a photon. The two photons interact to produce either a vector meson or hadron-antihadron pairs. CLEO published measurements of both the vector meson process

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(90)90975-C

|title=Measurement of γγ widths of charmonium states

|year=1990

|last1=Chen

|first1=W

|journal=Physics Letters B

|volume=243

|issue=1–2

|pages=169–174

|bibcode = 1990PhLB..243..169C }}

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.50.4265

|title=Measurement of two-photon production of the χc2

|year=1994

|last1=Dominick |first1=J.

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=50

|issue=7

|pages=4265–4271

|pmid=10018068

|bibcode = 1994PhRvD..50.4265D |display-authors=etal|hdl=1808/15301

|hdl-access=free

}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Godang

|title=Limit on the Two-Photon Production of the Glueball Candidate f_J(2220) at CLEO

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.3829

|year=1997

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=79

|issue=20

|pages=3829–3833

|arxiv=hep-ex/9703009

|first1=R.

|bibcode = 1997PhRvL..79.3829G |s2cid=204925453

|display-authors=etal}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Dobbs

|title=Search for X(3872) in gamma gamma Fusion and ISR at CLEO

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.032004

|pmid=15698254

|year=2005

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=94

|issue=3

|pages=032004

|arxiv=hep-ex/0410038

|first1=S.

|bibcode = 2005PhRvL..94c2004D |s2cid=45442005

|display-authors=etal}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Dobbs

|title=Two Photon Width of chi_c2

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.73.071101

|year=2006

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=73

|issue=7

|pages=071101

|arxiv=hep-ex/0510033

|first1=S.

|bibcode = 2006PhRvD..73g1101D |s2cid=119090544

|display-authors=etal}} and the hadron-antihadron process.

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.50.5484

|title=Measurement of the cross section for γγ→pp¯

|year=1994

|last1=Artuso |first1=M.

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=50

|issue=9

|pages=5484–5490

|pmid=10018206

|bibcode = 1994PhRvD..50.5484A |display-authors=etal|hdl=1808/15300

|url=https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/5766

|hdl-access=free

}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Lambrecht |first=M.

|title=Two-Photon Production of Charged Pion and Kaon Pairs

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.50.3027

|year=1994

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=50

|issue=5

|pages=3027–3037

|pmid=10017938

|arxiv=hep-ph/9403379

|bibcode = 1994PhRvD..50.3027D |s2cid=119075107

|display-authors=etal}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Anderson

|title=Λ{{overline|Λ}} Production in Two-Photon Interactions at CLEO

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.56.R2485

|year=1997

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=56

|issue=5

|pages=R2485–R2489

|arxiv=hep-ex/9701013

|first1=S.

|bibcode = 1997PhRvD..56.2485A |s2cid=116897986

|display-authors=etal}}

CLEO performed an energy scan for center-of-mass energies between 7 GeV and 10 GeV to measure the hadronic cross section ratio.

{{cite journal

|last1=Besson

|title=Measurement of the Total Hadronic Cross Section in e⁺e⁻ Annihilations below 10.56 GeV

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.76.072008

|year=2007

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=76

|issue=7

|pages=072008

|arxiv=0706.2813

|first1=D.

|bibcode = 2007PhRvD..76g2008B |s2cid=119133606

|display-authors=etal}} CLEO made the first measurements of the π⁺ and K⁺ electromagnetic form factors above Q² > 4 GeV².

{{cite journal

|last1=Pedlar

|title=Precision Measurements of the Timelike Electromagnetic Form Factors of Pion, Kaon, and Proton

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.261803

|pmid=16486342

|year=2005

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=95

|issue=26

|pages=261803

|arxiv=hep-ex/0510005

|first1=T.

|bibcode = 2005PhRvL..95z1803P |s2cid=5695154

|display-authors=etal}}

Finally, CLEO has performed searches for Higgs and beyond SM particles: Higgs bosons,

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.33.300

|title=Search for monoenergetic photons from Υ(1S)→γ+X

|year=1986

|last1=Besson |first1=D.

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=33

|issue=1

|pages=300–302

|pmid=9956476

|bibcode = 1986PhRvD..33..300B |display-authors=etal}}

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.40.712

|title=Search for a neutral Higgs boson in B-meson decay

|year=1989

|last1=Alam |first1=M.

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=40

|issue=3

|pages=712–720

|pmid=10011872

|bibcode = 1989PhRvD..40..712A |display-authors=etal|hdl=1808/15240

|url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/1808/15240/1/Baringer_8-1-1989_712.pdf

|hdl-access=free

}} axions,

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.27.1665

|title=Search for axion production in ϒ decay

|year=1983

|last1=Alam |first1=M.

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=27

|issue=7

|pages=1665–1667

|bibcode = 1983PhRvD..27.1665A |display-authors=etal}} magnetic monopoles,

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.35.1081

|title=Search for magnetically charged particles produced in e⁺e⁻ annihilations at √s =10.6 GeV

|year=1987

|last1=Gentile |first1=T.

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=35

|issue=3

|pages=1081–1084

|pmid = 9957760|bibcode = 1987PhRvD..35.1081G |display-authors=etal}} neutralinos,

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.51.2053

|title=Υ(1S)→γ+noninteracting particles

|year=1995

|last1=Balest |first1=R.

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=51

|issue=5

|pages=2053–2060

|pmid=10018676

|bibcode = 1995PhRvD..51.2053B |display-authors=etal|hdl=1808/15306

|hdl-access=free

}} fractionally charged particles,

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.40.263

|title=Search for the production of fractionally charged particles in e⁺e⁻ annihilations at s=10.5 GeV

|year=1989

|last1=Bowcock |first1=T.

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=40

|issue=1

|pages=263–266

|pmid = 10011682|bibcode = 1989PhRvD..40..263B |display-authors=etal|hdl=1808/15241

|hdl-access=free

}} bottom squarks,

{{cite journal

|last1=Savinov

|title=Search for a Scalar Bottom Quark with Mass 3.5-4.5 GeV/c²

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.63.051101

|year=2001

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=63

|issue=5

|pages=051101

|arxiv=hep-ex/0010047

|first1=V.

|bibcode = 2001PhRvD..63e1101S |s2cid=118972108

|display-authors=etal}} and familons.

{{cite journal

|last1=Ammar

|title=Search for the Familon via B^±→ π^±X⁰, B^±→ K^±X⁰, and B⁰→ K{{su|b=S|p=0}} X⁰ Decays

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.271801

|pmid=11800872

|year=2001

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=87

|issue=27

|pages=271801

|arxiv=hep-ex/0106038

|first1=R.

|bibcode = 2001PhRvL..87A1801A |s2cid=36906207

|display-authors=etal}}

Initial design of a detector for the south interaction region of CESR began in 1975. Physicists from Harvard University, Syracuse University and the University of Rochester had worked at the Cornell synchrotron, and were natural choices as collaborators with Cornell. They were joined by groups from Rutgers University and Vanderbilt University, along with collaborators from LeMoyne College and Ithaca College.Berkelman (2004) p. 21 Additional institutions were assigned responsibility for detector components as they joined the collaboration. Cornell appointed a physicist to oversee development of the portion of the detector inside the magnet, outside the magnet, and of the magnet itself.AIP Study p. 116 The structure of the collaboration was designed to avoid perceived shortcomings at SLAC, where SLAC physicists were felt to dominate operations by virtue of their access to the accelerator and detector and to computing and machine facilities.AIP Study p. 115 Collaborators were free to work on the analysis of their choosing, and the approval of results for publication was by collaboration-wide vote. The spokesperson (later spokespeople) were also selected by collaboration-wide vote, including graduate students.AIP Study p. 117 The other officers in the collaboration were an analysis coordinator and a run manager, then later also a software coordinator.Berkelman (2004) p. 131

The first CLEO paper listed 73 authors from eight institutions.

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.45.219

|title=Observation of a Fourth Upsilon State in e⁺e⁻ Annihilations

|year=1980

|last1=Andrews |first1=D.

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=45

|issue=4

|pages=219–221

|bibcode = 1980PhRvL..45..219A |display-authors=etal}} Cornell University, Syracuse University and the University of Rochester have been members of CLEO for its entire history, and forty-two institutions have been members of CLEO at one time.Berkelman (2004) p. 130[http://www.lns.cornell.edu/perl/people Collaboration Directory] The collaboration was its largest in 1996 at 212 members,Berkelman (2004) p. 132 before collaborators began to move to the BaBar and Belle experiments.Berkelman (2004) p. 95 The largest number of authors to appear on a CLEO paper was 226.

{{cite journal

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.4686

|title=A Measurement of the Michel Parameters in Leptonic Decays of the Tau

|year=1997

|last1=Ammar |first1=R.

|journal=Physical Review Letters

|volume=78

|issue=25

|pages=4686–4690

|bibcode = 1997PhRvL..78.4686A |display-authors=etal|hdl=1808/1416

|hdl-access=free

}}[https://archive.today/20120806004934/http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/hep/wwwauthors?key=3489922 SPIRES author list] A paper published near the time CLEO stopped taking data had 123 authors.

{{cite journal

|last1=Adams

|title=χ_c0 and χ_c2 Decays into η η, η η', and η' η' Final States

|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.75.071101

|year=2007

|journal=Physical Review D

|volume=75

|issue=7

|pages=071101

|arxiv=hep-ex/0611013

|first1=G.

|bibcode = 2007PhRvD..75g1101A |s2cid=7843717

|display-authors=etal}}

{{reflist|30em}}

• {{cite journal

|last1=Andrews |first1=D.

|year=1983

|title=The CLEO detector

|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research

|volume=211 |issue=1

|pages=47–71

|bibcode = 1983NIMPR.211...47A

|doi=10.1016/0167-5087(83)90556-2

|display-authors=etal}}

• {{cite journal

|last1=Kubota |first1=Y.

|year=1992

|title=The CLEO II detector

|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A

|volume=320 |issue=1–2

|pages=66–113

|bibcode = 1992NIMPA.320...66K

|doi=10.1016/0168-9002(92)90770-5

|display-authors=etal}}

• {{cite web |url=http://www.lepp.cornell.edu/public/CLEO/spoke/CLEOc/ProjDesc.html |title=CLEO-c Project Description (Yellow Book) |ref=refYellowBook |access-date=16 April 2014}}
• {{Cite book

| last = Berkelman | first = K.

| title = A Personal History of CESR and CLEO: The Cornell Electron Storage Ring and Its Main Particle Detector Facility

| publisher = World Scientific

| year = 2004

| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NC9YydnRiiwC&q=A+Personal+History+of+Cesr+and+Cleo

| isbn = 978-981-238-697-7

}}

• AIP Study of Multi-Institutional Collaborations Phase I: High-Energy Physics

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cleo (Particle Detector)}}

Category:Particle detectors