CSS Tuscarora

{{main|Battle of the Head of Passes}}

File:Head of Passes.jpg

Built at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1861,{{sfn|Gaines|2008|p=104}} Tuscarora was a sidewheel steamer with a displacement of {{convert|400|ST|LT|0|lk=on}}.{{sfn|Smith|2015|p=67}} In the section "Statistical Data of Confederate Ships" of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, no description of the ship's dimensions is provided.{{sfn|Official Records|1921|p=270}} A newspaper article from late 1861 reported that she was about {{convert|100|ft|m|sigfig=1}} long. At the time of her destruction, she was manned by a crew of 25 and was said to be worth $8,000. She was operated by the Southern Steamship Company, which was based in New Orleans, Louisiana,{{cite web |publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command |title=Tuscarora |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/confederate_ships/tuscarora.html |access-date=26 September 2021}} seeing service as a towboat.{{cite news |title=Burning of the Gunboat Tuscarora |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86344098/css-tuscarora/ |access-date=2 October 2021 |work=Republican Banner |agency=Memphis Appeal |date=November 28, 1861}} The Southern Steamship Company was owned by Charles Morgan and ran six routes in the Gulf of Mexico, including United States mail service.{{cite web |last1=Irion |first1=Jack B. |last2=Ball |first2=David A. |title=The New York and Josephine: Two Steamers of the Charles Morgan Line |url=https://www.bsee.gov/sites/bsee.gov/files/research-other/exploration-and-production/irion-and-ball.pdf |publisher=Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement |access-date=1 October 2021}}

Tuscarora was purchased by the Confederate States Navy later in 1861. Confederate officials at New Orleans had been purchasing a number of vessels for naval service, intending to increase the numerical strength of the Confederate Navy, although not all of the ships purchased were necessarily fit for military service. After being purchased, Tuscarora was outfitted to be armed with two cannons: a rifled 32-pounder cannon and an 8-inch columbiad.{{sfn|Chatelain|2020|p=43}}{{sfn|Official Records|1921|p=270}} These cannons were mounted on pivots, with one located at the bow and another at the stern. The process of converting her from a civilian vessel to a gunboat occurred at Algiers, Louisiana.{{cite web |last1=McQuarrie |first1=Gary |last2=Chatelain |first2=Neil P. |title=Confederate Shipyards |date=5 February 2018 |url=https://civilwarnavy.com/confederate-shipyards/ |publisher=Civil War Navy |access-date=September 30, 2021}} In August, she was placed under the command of First Lieutenant John W. Dunnington,{{sfn|Smith|2015|p=67}} who had previously served on the gunboat {{ship|CSS|McRae}}.{{sfn|Christ|2012|p=408}}

By October 11, Tuscarora was part of a naval force Commodore George N. Hollins gathered near Fort Jackson. Hollins planned to take his forces down to the Head of Passes, and drive Union Navy forces from the place.{{sfn|Chatelain|2020|pp=50{{en dash}}51}} The Head of Passes was a strategically valuable point in the Mississippi River Delta. By occupying the area, the Union could more easily keep up a blockade; the site would also make a good staging area for an advance up the Mississippi.{{sfn|Hearn|2001|p=79}} The centerpiece of his plan was the {{ship|CSS|Manassas}}, an ironclad ram.{{sfn|Chatelain|2020|pp=50{{en dash}}51}} Early on the morning of October 12, the Battle of the Head of Passes took place; Tuscarora was commanded by Beverly Kennon{{efn|Kennon is variously reported as either a commander or a lieutenant{{sfn|Register of Officers|1931|p=107}}{{sfn|Civil War Naval Chronology|1961|p=318}}}} during the battle.{{sfn|Register of Officers|1931|p=107}} The battle began with Manassas ramming {{USS|Richmond|1860|6}}. Next, the Confederates released fire rafts, which did not succeed in igniting any Union ships, but did cause confusion.{{sfn|Chatelain|2020|pp=52{{en dash}}57}} McRae followed the fire rafts, with the sidewheel steamer {{ship|CSS|Ivy}} and Tuscarora not far behind.{{sfn|Bearss|1963|pp=302{{en dash}}304}} Tuscarora ran aground during the battle, but was able to free herself.{{sfn|Campbell|2019|p=11}} As the Union ships retreated down Southwest Pass at around 08:00, McRae, Ivy, and Tuscarora then advanced towards the retreating Union ships and opened fire.{{sfn|Bearss|1963|p=309}} During its retreat, Richmond ran aground, but continued firing. Several shots from the vessel almost struck McRae and Tuscarora. After the Union ships withdrew from the Head of Passes, Hollins sent his ships back to Fort Jackson, as the Union vessels were more heavily armed than his fleet and Manassas had been disabled.{{sfn|Chatelain|2020|pp=44, 52{{en dash}}57}} Tuscarora had fired six shots during the action.{{sfn|Campbell|2019|p=11}}

In November, Hollins began sending some of his ships, including Tuscarora, up the Mississippi River to support Confederate defenses at Columbus, Kentucky.{{sfn|Chatelain|2020|pp=74{{en dash}}75}} Under the command of Dunnington,{{sfn|Chatelain|2020|p=69}} Tuscarora caught fire near Helena, Arkansas, on November 23.{{sfn|Chatelain|2020|p=75}} The fire started in the boilers and spread,{{sfn|Chatelain|2020|p=75}} being discovered under the wheelhouse.{{sfn|Gaines|2008|p=104}} The ship was beached and ordered abandoned. Her sailors had attempted to throw her munitions into the river, but the fire reached them and set them off before this could be completed.{{sfn|Chatelain|2020|p=75}} Only seven minutes passed between the discovery of the fire and the explosion.{{sfn|Gaines|2008|p=104}} No one was seriously injured, although the exploding ammunition flung debris that damaged a nearby plantation. The cause of the fire has never been determined.{{sfn|Chatelain|2020|p=75}} One crew member was burned on the hand, but the others escaped intact. A November 26 newspaper report described the fire's cause as a mystery, but suggested the ship's crew may have been drying shirts, which were then set ablaze by a spark. The ship was stated to still be burning on November 25.{{sfn|Official Records|1908|pp=804{{en dash}}805}} Seven men were left to conduct salvage operations, while the rest went to Memphis, Tennessee.{{sfn|Chatelain|2020|p=75}} In late March 1862, Confederate authorities were taking sealed bids to raise the wreck and bring it to New Orleans.{{cite news |last1=Mitchell |first1=John K. |title=Special Notice |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/86345137/css-tuscarora/ |access-date=2 October 2021 |work=The Times-Picayune |date=April 1, 1862}} As late as 1870, the wreck was reportedly visible at low tide.{{sfn|Bragg|1977|p=108}}

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Bearss |first1=Edwin C. |author1-link=Ed Bearss |title=The Fiasco at Head of Passes |journal=Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association |date=1963 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=301{{en dash}}311}}
• {{cite book |last1=Bragg |first1=Marion |title=Historic Names and Places on the Lower Mississippi River |date=1977 |publisher=Mississippi River Commission |location=Vicksburg, Mississippi |url=https://archive.org/details/historicnamespla00vick/page/94/mode/2up?q=%22confederate+gunboat+tuscarora%22}}
• {{cite book |last=Campbell |first=R. Thomas |title=Confederate Ironclads at War |publisher=McFarland & Company |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |date=2019 |isbn=978-1-4766-7640-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUCIDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22css+tuscarora%22&pg=PT276}}
• {{cite book |last1=Chatelain |first1=Neil P. |title=Defending the Arteries of Rebellion: Confederate Naval Operations in the Mississippi River Valley, 1861{{en dash}}1865 |date=2020 |publisher=Savas Beatie |location=El Dorado Hills, California |isbn=978-1-61121-510-6}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Christ |first1=Mark K. |title="The Awful Scenes That Met My Eyes": Union and Confederate Accounts of the Battle of St. Charles, June 17, 1862 |journal=Arkansas Historical Quarterly |date=2012 |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=407{{en dash}}423}}
• {{cite book |title=Civil War Naval Chronology, 1861{{en dash}}1865 |date=1961 |publisher=Naval History Division |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSdHPdnFqdMC&dq=css+pickens&pg=RA5-PA283 |ref={{sfnref|Civil War Naval Chronology|1961}}}}

{{Cite Gaines 2008|ref={{sfnRef|Gaines|2008}}}}

• {{Cite book |last=Hearn |first=Chester G. |title=The Capture of New Orleans 1862 |date=2001 |publisher=Louisiana State University Press |location=Baton Rouge, Louisiana |isbn=978-0-8071-4091-8}}
• {{cite book |title=Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion |date=1908 |publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=La-3jkcX8z4C&dq=%22css+tuscarora%22&pg=PR6 |ref=CITEREFOfficial_Records1908 |volume=22}}
• {{cite book |title=Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, Series 2 |series=U. S. Naval War Records Office. Office memoranda |date=1921 |publisher=Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924051367062&view=1up&seq=7&skin=2021&q1=tuscarora |volume=1 |isbn=978-0-918678-30-0 |ref=CITEREFOfficial_Records1921}}
• {{cite book |title=Register of Officers of the Confederate States Navy 1861{{en dash}}1865 |date=1931 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |url=https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth204523/?q=kennon |location=Washington, D.C. |ref=CITEREFRegister_of_Officers1931}}
• {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Myron J. |title=Civil War Biographies from the Western Waters |date=2015 |publisher=McFarland & Company |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn=978-0-7864-6967-3}}

{{CSN gunboats}}

{{1861 shipwrecks}}

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Category:Gunboats of the Confederate States Navy

Category:1861 ships

Category:Ships built in Philadelphia

Category:Maritime incidents in November 1861

Category:Ship fires