Cabinet of Canada#Responsibilities

The Government of Canada, formally referred to as His Majesty's Government,{{sfn|MacLeod|2008|p=18}}{{Citation| last=Wrong| first= Humphrey Hume| author-link=H. H. Wrong| date=10 November 1952| location=Ottawa| title=Relations With the United States| editor-last=Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada| editor-link=Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade| journal=Documents on Canadian External Relations| volume= 18-867}} is defined by the constitution as the King acting on the advice of his Privy Council;{{Citation| last=Victoria| author-link=Queen Victoria| date=29 March 1867| title=Constitution Act, 1867| series=III.9 & 11| location=Westminster| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| url=http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/ca_1867.html| access-date=15 January 2009}}{{cite book| last=Marleau| first=Robert|author2=Montpetit, Camille| title=House of Commons Procedure and Practice| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| year=2000| location=Ottawa| chapter= Parliamentary Institutions |chapter-url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Sec=Ch01&Seq=3&Lang=E| isbn=2-89461-378-4}} what is technically known as the Governor-in-Council,{{Citation|last=Elizabeth II |author-link=Elizabeth II |date=1 April 2005 |title=Interpretation Act |series=35.1 |location=Ottawa |publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada |url=http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-i-21/latest/rsc-1985-c-i-21.html |access-date=7 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705082900/http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/stat/rsc-1985-c-i-21/latest/rsc-1985-c-i-21.html |archive-date=July 5, 2009 }} referring to the governor general as the King's delegate. However, the Privy Council—composed mostly of former members of parliament, current and former chief justices of Canada, and other elder statesmen—rarely meets in full; as the stipulations of responsible government require that those who directly advise the monarch and governor general on how to exercise the Royal Prerogative be accountable to the elected House of Commons, the day-to-day operation of government is guided only by a sub-group of the Privy Council made up of individuals who hold seats in Parliament. This body of ministers of the Crown is the Cabinet, which has come to be the council in the phrase King-in-Council.

File:Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and her Canadian Ministers at Rideau Hall 1 July 1967.jpg, Queen of Canada, with her Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson, part of the 19th Canadian Ministry (Elizabeth's third), at Rideau Hall, 1 July 1967]]

In the context of constitutional monarchy and responsible government, the ministerial advice tendered is typically binding; though, it is important to note that the royal prerogative belongs to the Crown, not to any of the ministers,{{cite journal| last=Cox| first=Noel| title=Black v Chrétien: Suing a Minister of the Crown for Abuse of Power, Misfeasance in Public Office and Negligence| journal=Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law| volume=9| issue=3| page=12| publisher=Murdoch University| location=Perth| date= September 2002| url=http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v9n3/cox93.html| access-date=17 May 2009}}{{cite journal |last=Neitsch |first=Alfred Thomas |title=A Tradition of Vigilance: The Role of Lieutenant Governor in Alberta |journal=Canadian Parliamentary Review |volume=30 |issue=4 |page=23 |publisher=Commonwealth Parliamentary Association |location=Ottawa |year=2008 |url = http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/30/4/30n4_07e_Neitsch.pdf |access-date=22 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121025113652/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/30/4/30n4_07e_Neitsch.pdf |archive-date=October 25, 2012 }} and the royal and viceregal figures may unilaterally use these powers in exceptional constitutional crisis situations.{{NoteTag|{{anchor|Royal prerogative against the prime minister}}Eugene Forsey said of this: "in Canada, the head of state can, in exceptional circumstances, protect Parliament and the people against a prime minister and ministers who may forget that 'minister' means 'servant' and may try to make themselves masters. For example, the head of state could refuse to let a Cabinet dissolve a newly elected House of Commons before it could even meet, or could refuse to let ministers bludgeon the people into submission by a continuous series of general elections,"{{harvnb| Forsey| 2005| p=26}} and Larry Zolf commented: "The governor general must take all steps necessary to thwart the will of a ruthless prime minister prematurely calling for the death of a Parliament."{{cite news| last=Zolf| first=Larry| author-link=Larry Zolf| title=Boxing in a Prime Minister| publisher=CBC| date=June 28, 2002| url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/viewpoint/vp_zolf/20020628.html| accessdate=May 11, 2013| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120135039/http://www.cbc.ca/news/viewpoint/vp_zolf/20020628.html| archive-date=January 20, 2011}} Robert E. Hawkins summed up, "the governor general's role in times of crisis is to ensure that normal democratic discourse can resume.{{citation| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5EHDAAAQBAJ&dq=history+of+the+%22queen%27s+personal+canadian+flag%22&pg=PR2| editor-last1=Jackson| editor-first1=D. Michael| editor-last2=Lagassé| editor-first2=Philippe| last=Hawkins| first=Robert E.| title=Canada and the Crown: Essays on Constitutional Monarchy| chapter="Inefficient efficiency": The Use of Vice-Regal Reserve Powers| page=104| publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press| location=Montreal| year=2013| isbn=978-1-55339-204-0| accessdate=18 April 2023}} Examples of such actions took place during the viceregal service of the Viscount Byng of Vimy, John C. Bowen,{{cite web| url=https://www.assembly.ab.ca/pub/gdbook/Part1/page2.htm |last=Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta |title=The Citizen's Guide to the Alberta Legislature| publisher=Queen's Printer for Alberta| accessdate= July 29, 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316121810/http://www.assembly.ab.ca/pub/gdbook/Part1/page2.htm| archive-date=March 16, 2007}} Frank Lindsay Bastedo,{{cite encyclopedia| last=Jackson| first=Michael| title=Bastedo, Frank Lindsay (1886–1973)| encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan| publisher=University of Regina| year=2006| url=http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/bastedo_frank_lindsay_1886-1973.html| accessdate=May 18, 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524112727/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/bastedo_frank_lindsay_1886-1973.html| archive-date=May 24, 2013| url-status=dead}} and Judith Guichon.{{citation| last=Jackson| first=D. Michael| title=The Canadian Kingdom: 150 Years of Constittuional Monarchy| page=14| year=2018| publisher=Dundurn| location=Toronto| isbn=978-1-4597-4118-8}}|name=RP}}{{refn|{{citation| url= http://www.revparl.ca/34/2/34n2_11e_Russell.pdf| last=Russell| first=Peter H.| title=Discretion and the Reserve Powers of the Crown| journal=Canadian Parliamentary Review| issue=Summer 2011| page=19| publisher=Commonwealth Parliamentary Association| accessdate=January 17, 2013}}{{sfn|McWhinney|2005|pp=16–17}}{{cite web| url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/executive-decree/023004-2020-e.html| publisher=Library and Archives Canada| website=By Executive Decree| title=The Governor General| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811074157/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/executive-decree/023004-2020-e.html| archive-date=August 11, 2009| url-status=dead| df=mdy-all}}{{sfn|Dawson|Dawson|1989|pp=68–69}}{{cite web| url=https://www.gg.ca/en/role/responsibilities| website=The Governor General of Canada| title=Responsibilities| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| df=mdy-all| accessdate=13 October 2019| archive-date=January 23, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123012156/https://www.gg.ca/en/role/responsibilities| url-status=dead}}{{sfn| Tidridge| 2011| p=57}}{{sfn| Forsey| 2005| pp=4,34}}{{cite journal| last=Forsey| first=Helen| title=As David Johnson Enters Rideau Hall...| journal=The Monitor| publisher=Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives| location=Ottawa| date=October 1, 2010| url=http://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/monitor/david-johnson-enters-rideau-hall| accessdate=January 23, 2011}}}} There are also a few duties which must be specifically performed by, or bills that require assent by, the King. Royal assent has never been denied to a bill passed by the federal Parliament.{{sfn|Brooks|2009|p=234}}

One of the main duties of the Crown is to appoint as prime minister the individual most likely to maintain the confidence of the House of Commons; this is usually the leader of the political party with a plurality of seats in that house. But, when no party or coalition holds a majority (referred to as a hung parliament), or similar scenario, the governor general's judgment about the most suitable candidate for prime minister must be brought into play.{{cite web| url=http://www.gg.ca/media/fs-fd/P1_e.asp |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080616012920/http://www.gg.ca/media/fs-fd/P1_e.asp| url-status=dead| archive-date=June 16, 2008| last=Office of the Governor-General of Canada| title=Media > Fact Sheets > The Swearing-In of a New Ministry| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| accessdate=18 May 2009| df=mdy-all}} The prime minister thereafter heads the Cabinet. The King is informed by his viceroy of the acceptance of the resignation of a prime minister and the swearing-in of a new ministry and he remains fully briefed through regular communications from his Canadian ministers and holds audience with them whenever possible.{{cite web| url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Canada.aspx| last=The Royal Household| title=The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer| access-date=14 May 2009}}

The governor general appoints to the Cabinet persons chosen by the prime minister—John A. Macdonald once half-jokingly listed his occupation as cabinet maker. While there are no legal qualifications of the potential ministers, there are a number of conventions that are expected to be followed. For instance, there is typically a minister from each province, ministers from visible minority, with disability and Indigenous groups, female ministers, and, while the majority of those chosen to serve as ministers of the Crown are members of Parliament, a cabinet sometimes includes a senator,{{cite web| url=http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/index.asp?lang=eng&page=information&sub=Cabinet&doc=about-apropos_e.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202144422/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/index.asp?lang=eng&page=information&sub=Cabinet&doc=about-apropos_e.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=2 February 2009| last=Privy Council Office| author-link=Privy Council Office (Canada)| title=Information Resources > About Cabinet| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=18 October 2009}} especially as a representative of a province or region where the governing party won few or no ridings. Efforts are further made to indulge interest groups that support the incumbent government and the party's internal politics must be appeased. It is not legally necessary for Cabinet members to have a position in parliament although they are almost always selected from the House of Commons.{{Cite journal |last=Kerby |first=Matthew |date=September 2009 |title=Worth the Wait: Determinants of Ministerial Appointment in Canada, 1935–2008 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423909990424 |journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=593–611 |doi=10.1017/s0008423909990424 |issn=0008-4239}}

Image:KingCabinetMeeting1930.jpg in 1930]]

As with other Westminster-derived governments, but unlike the United States Cabinet, the size and structure of the Canadian Cabinet is relatively malleable, the slate of Cabinet positions tending to be substantially restructured periodically, the last major period of realignment occurring between 1993 and 1996. Throughout the 20th century, cabinets had been expanding in size until the Cabinet chaired by Brian Mulroney, with a population of 40 ministers. Mulroney's successor, Kim Campbell, reduced this number and Jean Chrétien eliminated approximately 10 members of the ministry from the Cabinet, so that, by 1994, there were a total of 23 persons in Cabinet. Under the chairmanship of Paul Martin, the number increased again to 39, in the vicinity of which it has remained. The Trudeau Cabinet comprised 37 ministers in 2021.{{Cite web|title=Cabinet|url=https://pm.gc.ca/en/cabinet|access-date=2021-10-02|website=Prime Minister of Canada}}

Cabinet itself—or full Cabinet—is further divided into committees. The Treasury Board, overseeing the expenditure of the sovereign's state funds within every department, is one of the most important of these. The structure of Cabinet fluctuates between and within ministries. For example, the Priorities and Planning Committee, often referred to as the inner Cabinet, was the body that set the strategic directions for the government under Stephen Harper, approving key appointments and ratifying committee memberships. This committee ceased to exist under Justin Trudeau.{{Cite web|date=1970-01-01|title=Cabinet Committee Mandate and Membership|url=https://pm.gc.ca/en/cabinet-committee-mandate-and-membership|access-date=2021-10-02|website=Prime Minister of Canada}} Other Cabinet committees common across committee structures include operations, social affairs, a committee focused on economic growth, foreign affairs and security, the environment, and energy security.{{Citation| last=Office of the Prime Minister of Canada| author-link=Office of the Prime Minister (Canada)| title=Cabinet Committee Mandates and Membership| place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| date=30 October 2008| url=http://www.pm.gc.ca/grfx/docs/Cab_committee-comite.pdf| access-date=18 October 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327055132/http://www.pm.gc.ca/grfx/docs/Cab_committee-comite.pdf| archive-date=March 27, 2009| df=mdy-all}} Each committee is chaired by a senior minister whose own portfolio may intersect with the mandate of the committee.

{{More citations needed section|date=August 2020}}

File:16th Canadian Ministry.jpg, on the grounds of Rideau Hall, 19 June 1945]]

Each minister of the Crown is responsible for the general administration of at least one government portfolio and heads a corresponding ministry or ministries, known in Canada as departments or agencies. The most important minister, following the first minister, is the minister of finance, while other high-profile ministries include foreign affairs, industry, justice, and health. The official order of precedence does not follow the same pattern, however, with ministers being listed in the order of their appointment to the Privy Council; if appointed on the same day, the individuals are placed in order of their election or appointment to Parliament.{{cite web| url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/compilations/federalgovernment/theministry.aspx?sortcolumn=precedence&sortdirection=asc| last=Library of Parliament| author-link=Library of Parliament| title=Federal government > The ministry| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=18 October 2009}}

Unique positions in Cabinet are those such as leader of the government in the House of Commons and president of the King's Privy Council, who have no corresponding department and some ministers, such as the minister for international cooperation, head agencies under the umbrella of a department run by another minister. Further, the prime minister may recommend the governor general appoint to Cabinet some ministers without portfolio, which was last done in 2021, when Prime Minister Trudeau advised the appointment of Jim Carr as Special Representative to the Prairies.{{cite news|last1=Curry|first1=Bill|last2=Walsh|first2=Marieke|date=2021-01-12|title=Trudeau shuffles senior ministers, puts Champagne in Innovation and Garneau at Global Affairs|work=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-trudeau-shuffles-senior-ministers-puts-champagne-in-innovation-and/|access-date=2021-10-02}} Unlike in many other Westminster model governments, ministers of state in Canada are considered full members of Cabinet, rather than of the ministry outside it, which has the effect of making the Canadian Cabinet much larger than its foreign counterparts. These individuals are assigned specific, but temporary, responsibilities on a more ad hoc basis, fulfilling tasks created and dissolved to suit short-term government priorities from within a department under a full minister of the Crown. Ministers of state may also be named, but not specified any particular responsibilities, thus giving them the effective appearance of ministers without portfolio, or be delegated problems or initiatives that cut across departmental boundaries, a situation usually described as having the [situation] file.

Members of the Cabinet receive assistance from both parliamentary secretaries—who will usually answer, on behalf of a minister, questions in the House of Commons—and deputy ministers—senior civil servants assigned to each ministry in order to tender non-partisan advice.

{{See also|Prime Minister of Canada#Role and authority}}

Composed of advisors to the sovereign, the Cabinet has significant power in the Canadian system and, as the governing party usually holds a majority of seats in the legislature, almost all bills proposed by the Cabinet are enacted. Combined with a comparatively small proportion of bills originating with individual members of Parliament, this leads to Cabinet having almost total control over the legislative agenda of the House of Commons. Further, under the constitution, all legislation involving the raising or spending of public revenue must originate from the Cabinet.{{sfn|Brooks|2009|p=236}}

File:St Laurent Cabinet.jpg, in the Privy Council Chamber, April 1953]]

Members of various executive agencies, heads of Crown corporations, and other officials are appointed by the Crown-in-Council; though, some of these may be made only by the Governor General-in-Council, specifically. Royal commissions and public inquiries are also called through a royal warrant issued by the King or Governor-in-Council.

All Cabinet meetings are held behind closed doors and the minutes are kept confidential for 30 years, with Cabinet members being forbidden from discussing what transpires. Decisions made must be unanimous; though, this often occurs at the prime minister's direction and, once a decision has been reached, all Cabinet members must publicly support it. If any of these rules are violated, the offending minister is usually removed by the prime minister and, if the disagreement within the Cabinet is strong, a minister may resign, as did John Turner in 1975, over the subject of wage and price controls, and Michael Chong in 2006, over a parliamentary motion recognizing "the Québécois" as a nation within Canada.

However, the Cabinet's collective influence has been seen to be eclipsed by that of the prime minister alone. Former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau is credited with consolidating power in the Office of the Prime Minister (PMO) and,{{cite journal| last=Geddes| first=John| title=Will the prorogation of Parliament set off a populist revolt?| journal=Maclean's| publisher=Kenneth Whyte| location=Toronto| date=January 25, 2009| url=http://www.macleans.ca/2010/01/25/the-people-speak/| issn=0024-9262| accessdate=January 27, 2010}} at the end of the 20th century and into the 21st, analysts, such as Jeffrey Simpson, Donald Savoie, and John Gomery, argued that both Parliament and the Cabinet had become overshadowed by prime ministerial power.{{sfn|Brooks|2009|p=258}} Savoie quoted an anonymous minister from the Liberal Party as saying Cabinet had become "a kind of focus group for the prime minister,"{{sfn|Savoie|1999|p=260}}{{Citation| last=Savoie|first=Donald| title=Who has the power?| newspaper=The Globe and Mail| date=May 12, 2010| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/who-has-the-power/article1565091/| accessdate=May 12, 2010}} while Simpson called cabinet a "mini-sounding board".{{NoteTag|Savoie offered the critique: "Cabinet has now joined Parliament as an institution being bypassed. Real political debate and decision-making are increasingly elsewhere—in federal-provincial meetings of first ministers, on Team Canada flights, where first ministers can hold informal meetings, in the prime minister's office, in the Privy Council Office, in the Department of Finance, and in international organizations and international summits. There is no indication that the one person who holds all the cards, the prime minister, and the central agencies which enable him to bring effective political authority to the centre, are about to change things."{{Harvnb| Savoie| 1999| p=362}}|name= BNA}}{{sfn|Simpson| 2001| p=248 248}} Coyne wrote in 2015: "Cabinet does not matter [...] It does not govern: that is the job of the prime minister and of the group of political staff he has around him, and of the bureaucracy beyond them."{{cite news| url=http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/andrew-coyne-liberals-idea-for-gender-quota-in-cabinet-leaves-out-the-principle-of-merit| last=Coyne| first= Andrew| title=Liberals' idea for gender quota in Cabinet leaves out the principle of merit| date=June 30, 2015| newspaper=National Post| publisher=Post Media| accessdate=June 30, 2015}} John Robson criticised the use of the prime minister's name to identify the Cabinet, calling it a "bad habit" that "endorses while concealing the swollen pretension of the executive branch."{{cite news| url=http://news.nationalpost.com/full-comment/john-robson-trudeaus-promise-of-electoral-reform-is-menacing| last=Robson| first=John| title=Trudeau's menacing promise of electoral reform| date=2 November 2015| newspaper=National Post| access-date=5 November 2015}}

Each party in His Majesty's Loyal Opposition creates a shadow cabinet, with each member thereof observing and critiquing one or more corresponding, actual Cabinet portfolios and offering alternative policies. The Official Opposition's shadow cabinet comprises members of the party holding the second-largest number of seats and is appointed by the leader of the Opposition; it is generally regarded as a "government in waiting". Its members are often, but not always, appointed to a Cabinet post, should the leader of their party be called to form a government.

{{main|30th Canadian Ministry}}

{{Div col |colwidth = 30em }}

• Minister of Border Security and Organized Crime Reduction (2018–2019)
• Secretary of State for the Provinces (1867–1873)
• Minister of Public Works (1867–1996)
• Postmaster General (1867–1981)
• Minister of Customs (1867–1918)
• Minister of Inland Revenue (1867–1918)
• Secretary of State for Canada (1867–1996)
• Minister of Marine and Fisheries (1867–1930)
• Superintendent-General Indian Affairs (1868–1936)
• Minister of the Interior (1873–1936)
• Solicitor General (1892–2003)
• Minister of Mines (1907–1936)
• Secretary of State for External Affairs (1909–1993)
• Minister of Immigration and Colonization (1917–1936)
• Minister of Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment (1918–1928)
• Minister of Customs and Inland Revenue (1918–1921)
• Minister of Customs and Excise (1921–1927)
• Minister of Pensions and National Health (1928–1944)
• Minister of Fisheries (1930–1971)
• Minister of Mines and Resources (1936–1950)
• Minister of Mines and Technical Surveys (1950–1966)
• Minister of Resources and Development (1950–1953)
• Minister of Citizenship and Immigration (1950–1966)
• Minister of Northern Affairs and National Resources (1953–1966)
• Minister of Manpower and Immigration (1966–1977)
• Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources (1966–1995)
• Minister of Consumer and Corporate Affairs (1968–1995)
• Leader of the Government in the Senate (list) (1969–2013)
• Minister of Regional Economic Expansion (1969–1982)
• Minister of Economic Communications (1969–1996)
• Minister of Supply and Services (1969–1996)
• Minister of Industry, Trade and Commerce (1969–1983)
• Minister of Employment and Immigration (1977–1996)
• Minister of Regional Industrial Expansion (1984–1990)
• Minister of Forestry (1990–1995)
• Minister of National Health and Welfare (1944–1996)
• Minister of Industry, Science and Technology (1990–1995)
• Minister responsible for Constitutional Affairs (1991–1993)
• Minister of Multiculturalism and Citizenship (1991–1996)
• Minister of Human Resources Development (1996–2003)
• Minister of Defence Production (1951—1969)

{{div col end}}

{{Portal|Canada}}

• List of Canadian ministries
• Structure of the Canadian federal government

{{NoteFoot}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |last=Brooks |first=Stephen |year=2009 |title=Canadian democracy |isbn=9780195431032 |publisher=Oxford University Press |edition=6th}}
• {{cite book |last1=Dawson |first1 = R. MacGregor |last2 = Dawson |first2 = W.F. |title=Democratic Government in Canada |publisher= University of Toronto Press |year=1989 |location=Toronto |url = https://archive.org/details/democraticgovern0000daws |url-access=registration |edition=5th |isbn=0-8020-6703-4 }}
• {{cite book |last=Forsey |first=Eugene |author-link= Eugene Forsey |title=How Canadians Govern Themselves |publisher= Queen's Printer for Canada |year=2005 |location=Ottawa |edition=6th |url = http://www.parl.gc.ca/about/parliament/senatoreugeneforsey/book/assets/pdf/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves7.pdf |isbn=0-662-39689-8 |access-date=May 14, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120331024514/http://www.parl.gc.ca/about/parliament/senatoreugeneforsey/book/assets/pdf/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves7.pdf |archive-date=March 31, 2012 }}
• {{cite book |last=MacLeod| first=Kevin S.| author-link=Kevin S. MacLeod| title=A Crown of Maples| place=Ottawa| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| year=2008| edition=1 |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/ceem-cced/fr-rf/crnCdn/crn_mpls-eng.pdf| isbn=978-0-662-46012-1| access-date=21 June 2009 }}
• {{cite book |last=McWhinney |first=Edward | author-link=Ted McWhinney |title=The Governor General and the Prime Ministers|publisher=Ronsdale Press |year=2005 |location=Vancouver |isbn=1-55380-031-1 }}
• {{cite book |last=Savoie | first=Donald | title=Governing from the Centre: The Concentration of Power in Canadian Politics |publisher=University of Toronto Press | year=1999 |location=Toronto |isbn= 978-0-8020-8252-7 }}
• {{cite book| last=Simpson| first=Jeffrey| author-link=Jeffrey Simpson| title=The Friendly Dictatorship| publisher=McClelland & Stewart| year=2001| location=Toronto| isbn=978-0-7710-8079-1| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/friendlydictator0000simp }}
• {{cite book| last=Tidridge |first=Nathan |title=Canada's Constitutional Monarchy: An Introduction to Our Form of Government |publisher= Dundurn Press |location=Toronto |year=2011 |isbn=9781459700840 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JvGsvHsAtDgC }}

• [http://www.parl.gc.ca/MembersOfParliament/MainCabinetCompleteList.aspx?TimePeriod=Current Reference to current cabinet ministers]
• [http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/compilations/FederalGovernment/MinisterialResponsabilities.aspx Cabinet Minister responsibilities]

{{Clear}}

{{Canexec}}

{{Parliament of Canada benches}}

{{Cabinet of Canada}}

{{Canadian ministries|state=collapsed}}

{{North America topic|Cabinet of |title = National cabinets of North America }}

Category:Government of Canada

Canada

Category:Westminster system in Canada