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Carbon dioxide (data page)#Solubility in water at various temperatures

{{Short description|Chemical data page}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}

This page provides supplementary chemical data on carbon dioxide.

== Material Safety Data Sheet ==

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as [https://web.archive.org/web/20020207111330/http://siri.org/msds/index.php SIRI], and follow its directions. MSDS for solid carbon dioxide is available from [https://web.archive.org/web/20110728025131/http://www.siri.org/msds/f2/bwr/bwrdj.html Pacific Dry Ice, inc.]

== Structure and properties ==

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! {{chembox header}} | Structure and properties

Index of refraction, nD

| 1.000449 at 589.3 nm and 0 °C{{Cite web|url=http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_5/2_5_7.html|title=Refractive index of gases|publisher=NPL|accessdate=7 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007092131/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_5/2_5_7.html|archive-date=7 October 2010|url-status=dead}}

Dielectric constant, εr

| 1.60 ε0 at 0 °C, 50 atm

Average energy per C=O bond

|804.4 kJ/mol at {{cvt|298|K|C}}Darwent, B. deB. (1970). "Bond Dissociation Energies in Simple Molecules" Nat. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) 31, 52 pages.

Bond length

| C=O 116.21 pm (1.1621 Å){{Cite web|url=https://cccbdb.nist.gov/exp2x.asp?casno=124389|title=CCCBDB listing of experimental data page 2|website=cccbdb.nist.gov|access-date=2018-12-01}}

Bond angle

| O–C–O: 180° (STP), decreasing to as low as 163° at higher temperature and/or pressure{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=Kelly E. |last2=Mielke |first2=Steven L. |last3=Siepmann |first3=J. Ilja |last4=Truhlar |first4=Donald G. |date=2009-03-12 |title=Bond Angle Distributions of Carbon Dioxide in the Gas, Supercritical, and Solid Phases |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry A |language=en |volume=113 |issue=10 |pages=2053–2059 |doi=10.1021/jp808711y |issn=1089-5639}}

Magnetic susceptibility

| −0.49×10^−6 cm^3/mol

Surface tension

| 4.34 dyn/cm at 20 °C
and equilibrium pressure

ViscosityLange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. pp. 1669–1674 of liquid
at equilibrium pressure

| 0.0925 mPa·s at 5 °C
0.0852 mPa·s at 10 °C
0.0712 mPa·s at 20 °C
0.0625 mPa·s at 25 °C
0.0321 mPa·s at 31.1 °C

== Thermodynamic properties ==

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! {{chembox header}} | Phase behavior

Triple point

| {{cvt|216.58|K|C}}, 518.5 kPa

Critical point

| {{cvt|304.18|K|C}}, 7.38 MPa

Std enthalpy change
of fusion, ΔfusHo

| 9.019 kJ/mol at triple point{{Cite web|url=http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/encyclopedia.asp?GasID=26|title=Gas Encyclopaedia|publisher=Air Liquide|accessdate=1 June 2007|archive-date=23 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123090821/http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com/encyclopedia.asp?GasID=26|url-status=dead}}

Entropy change
of fusion, ΔfusS

| 40 J/(mol·K) at triple point

Std enthalpy change
of vaporization,{{cite web |title=Carbon dioxide 화학공학소재연구정보센터(CHERIC) {{!}} 연구정보 {{!}} KDB {{!}} Pure Component Properties |url=https://www.cheric.org/research/kdb/hcprop/showprop.php |website=www.cheric.org}} ΔvapHo

| 15.326 kJ/mol at {{cvt|215.7|K|C}} (348 J/g)

Std entropy change
of vaporization, ΔvapSo

| 70.8 J/(mol·K)

{{chembox header}} | Solid properties
Std enthalpy change
of formation, ΔfHosolid

| −427.4 kJ/mol

Standard molar entropy,{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1063/1.1749929|title = Carbon Dioxide. The Heat Capacity and Vapor Pressure of the Solid. The Heat of Sublimation. Thermodynamic and Spectroscopic Values of the Entropy|year = 1937|last1 = Giauque|first1 = W. F.|last2 = Egan|first2 = C. J.|journal = The Journal of Chemical Physics|volume = 5|issue = 1|pages = 45–54|bibcode = 1937JChPh...5...45G}}
Sosolid

| 51.07 J/(mol·K)

Heat capacity, cp

|

2.534 J/(mol·K) at {{cvt|15.52|K|C}}

47.11 J/(mol·K) at {{cvt|146.48|K|C}}

54.55 J/(mol·K) at {{cvt|189.78|K|C}}

{{chembox header}} | Liquid properties
Std enthalpy change
of formation, ΔfHoliquid

| −393.5kJ/mol

Standard molar entropy,
Soliquid

| 213.7J/(mol K)

Heat capacity,{{cite web |title=Liquid Heat Capcity of CARBON DIOXIDE 화학공학소재연구정보센터(CHERIC) {{!}} 연구정보 {{!}} KDB {{!}} Pure Component Properties |url=https://www.cheric.org/research/kdb/hcprop/showcoef.php?prop=CPL |website=www.cheric.org}} cp

| 80—150 J/(mol·K) at 220—290 K

{{chembox header}} | Gas properties
Std enthalpy change
of formation, ΔfHogas

| −393.52 kJ/mol

Standard molar entropy,
Sogas

| 213.79 J/(mol·K)

Heat capacity,Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed, pp. 1525–1528.{{cite web |title=Ideal Gas Heat Capacity of CARBON DIOXIDE 화학공학소재연구정보센터(CHERIC) {{!}} 연구정보 {{!}} KDB {{!}} Pure Component Properties |url=https://www.cheric.org/research/kdb/hcprop/showcoef.php?prop=CPG |website=www.cheric.org}} cp

|

33.89 J/(mol K) at –75 °C

36.33 J/(mol K) at 0 °C

36.61 J/(mol K) at 15 °C

38.01 J/(mol K) at 100 °C

43.81 J/(mol K) at 400 °C

50.87 J/(mol K) at 1000 °C

56.91 J/(mol K) at 2000 °C

53.01 J/(mol K) at 38 °C, 2457 kPa

60.01 J/(mol K) at 38 °C, 5482 kPa

183.1 J/(mol K) at 38 °C, 8653 kPa

Heat capacity ratio
γ = cp/cv

|

1.37 at –75 °C

1.310 at 0 °C

1.304 at 15 °C

1.281 at 100 °C

1.235 at 400 °C

1.195 at 1000 °C

1.171 at 2000 °C

van der Waals' constantsLange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed, pp. 1522–1524.

| a = 363.96 L2 kPa/mol2
b = 0.04267 liter per mole

Equilibrium with carbon monoxideLange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. pp. 1573–1576.

CO + {{sfrac|1|2}}O2 → CO2

K = \frac{[\ce{CO2}]}{[\ce{CO}][\ce{O2}]^{1/2}}

pK = log10 K

|

pK = 45.0438 at T = 298.16 K

pK = 25.0054 at T = 500 K

pK = 16.5383 at T = 700 K

pK = 11.8409 at T = 900 K

pK = 8.8583 at T = 1100 K

pK = 6.7989 at T = 1300 K

pK = 5.2943 at T = 1500 K

It is used for smoking effects in different scenes.

Solubility in water at various temperatures

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| colspan="3" | Aqueous Solubility of CO2 at 101.3 kPa (1 atm) partial pressureLange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed., p. 1100

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| Temperature

‡Dissolved
CO2 volume
per volume H2O		grams CO2 per
100 ml H2O
0 °C1.7130.3346
1 °C1.6460.3213
2 °C1.5840.3091
3 °C1.5270.2978
4 °C1.4730.2871
5 °C1.4240.2774
6 °C1.3770.2681
7 °C1.3310.2589
8 °C1.2820.2492
9 °C1.2370.2403
10 °C1.1940.2318
11 °C1.1540.2239
12 °C1.1170.2165
13 °C1.0830.2098
14 °C1.0500.2032
15 °C0.988190.1970
16 °C0.9850.1903
17 °C0.9560.1845

| bgcolor="#F8EABA"|

|

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| Temperature

‡Dissolved
CO2 volume
per volume H2O		grams CO2 per
100 ml H2O
18 °C0.9280.1789
19 °C0.9020.1737
20 °C0.8780.1688
21 °C0.8540.1640
22 °C0.8290.1590
23 °C0.8040.1540
24 °C0.7810.1493
25 °C0.7590.1449
26 °C0.7380.1406
27 °C0.7180.1366
28 °C0.6990.1327
29 °C0.6820.1292
30 °C0.6550.1257
35 °C0.5920.1105
40 °C0.5300.0973
45 °C0.4790.0860
50 °C0.4360.0761
60 °C0.3590.0576

|-

|}

  • ‡Second column of table indicates solubility at each given temperature in volume of CO2 as it would be measured at 101.3 kPa and 0 °C per volume of water.
  • The solubility is given for "pure water", i.e., water which contain only CO2. This water is going to be acidic. For example, at 25 °C the pH of 3.9 is expected (see carbonic acid). At less acidic pH values, the solubility will increase because of the pH-dependent speciation of CO2.

Vapor pressure of solid and liquid

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{{chembox header}} | T in °C || −134.3(s)−119.5(s)−108.6(s)−100.2(s)−85.7(s)−78.2(s)−69.1(s)−56.7−39.5−18.95.922.4
{{chembox header}} | P in mm Hg11040100400760152038007600152003040045600
{{chembox header}} | P in atm (2sf, derived from mm Hg)0.00130.0130.0530.130.531.02.05.010204060
{{chembox header}} | P in kPa (derived from mm Hg / atm)0.131.35.31353101.325202.65506.6251013.252026.540536079.5

Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. Annotation "(s)" indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid. Otherwise temperature is equilibrium of vapor over liquid. For kPa values, where datum is whole numbers of atmospheres exact kPa values are given, elsewhere 2 significant figures derived from mm Hg data.

Image:LogCO2VaporPressure.png{{Clear}}

Phase diagram

350px

Liquid/vapor equilibrium thermodynamic data

The table below gives thermodynamic data of liquid CO2 in equilibrium with its vapor at various temperatures. Heat content data, heat of vaporization, and entropy values are relative to the liquid state at 0 °C temperature and 3483 kPa pressure. To convert heat values to joules per mole values, multiply by 44.095 g/mol. To convert densities to moles per liter, multiply by 22.678 cm3 mol/(L·g). Data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 44th ed. pages 2560–2561, except for critical temperature line (31.1 °C) and temperatures −30 °C and below, which are taken from Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. page 1463.

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| colspan="9" | Carbon dioxide liquid/vapor equilibrium thermodynamic data

{{chembox header}}

! Temp.
°C !! Pvap
Vapor
pressure
kPa !! Hliq
Heat
content
liquid
J/g !! Hvap
Heat
content
vapor
J/g !! ΔvapHo
Heat of
vapor-
ization
J/g !! ρvap
Density
of vapor
g/cm3 !! ρliq
Density
of liquid
g/cm3 !! Sliq
Entropy
liquid
J/mol-°C !! Svap
Entropy
vapor
J/mol-°C

−56.6518.31.179
−56.0531.81.177
−54.0579.11.169
−52.0629.61.162
−50.0683.41.155
−48.0740.61.147
−46.0801.31.139
−44.0865.61.131
−42.0933.81.124
−40.01005.71.116
−38.01081.91.108
−36.01161.81.100
−34.01246.21.092
−32.01335.11.084
−30.01428.61.075
−28.891521−55.69237.1292.90.038461.0306−9.4843.41
−27.781575−53.76237.3291.00.039871.0276−9.1343.21
−26.671630−51.84237.6289.40.041331.0242−8.7843.01
−25.561686−49.87237.6287.50.042831.0209−8.4542.78
−24.441744−47.91237.8285.70.044401.0170−8.1042.56
−23.331804−45.94237.8283.60.046001.0132−7.7542.36
−22.221866−43.93237.8281.70.047671.0093−7.4042.14
−21.111928−41.92237.8279.60.049381.0053−7.0541.94
−20.001993−39.91237.8277.80.051161.0011−6.6841.71
−18.892059−37.86237.8275.70.053000.9968−6.3141.49
−17.782114−35.82237.6273.60.054890.9923−5.9841.27
−16.672197−33.73237.6271.20.056860.9875−5.6141.05
−15.562269−31.64237.3269.20.058880.9829−5.2640.83
−14.442343−29.54237.3266.90.060980.9782−4.9140.61
−13.332418−27.41237.1264.50.063140.9734−4.5440.39
−12.222495−25.27236.9262.20.065390.9665−4.1740.15
−11.112574−23.09236.7259.70.067710.9639−3.8039.92
−10.002654−20.90236.4257.30.070110.9592−3.4339.68
−8.892738−18.69235.9254.80.072590.9543−3.0639.46
−7.782823−16.45235.7252.20.075160.9494−2.6939.22
−6.672910−14.18235.2249.40.077830.9443−2.3238.98
−5.562999−11.90234.8246.60.080590.9393−1.9438.74
−4.443090−9.977234.3243.80.083470.9340−1.5738.50
−3.893136−8.410234.1242.40.084940.9313−1.3738.37
−2.783230−6.046233.6239.70.087970.9260−0.9838.12
−1.673327−3.648232.9236.60.091110.9206−0.5937.88
−0.563425−1.222232.4233.60.094380.9150−0.2037.62
0.5635261.234231.7230.50.097760.90940.2037.36
1.6736293.728231.0227.30.10130.90360.6137.08
2.7837356.268230.4224.00.10500.89751.0136.83
3.8938438.445229.4220.50.10880.89141.4236.55
5.00395311.46228.5217.00.11280.88501.8336.25
6.11406714.13227.6213.40.11690.87842.2535.98
7.22418216.85226.5209.70.12130.87162.6935.68
8.33430019.63225.4205.80.12580.86453.1235.39
9.44442022.46224.3201.80.13060.85713.5635.07
10.56454425.36223.1197.70.13550.84964.0234.76
11.67467028.33221.8193.40.14080.84184.4834.45
12.78479831.35220.3188.90.14630.83384.9434.11
13.89492934.49218.8184.30.15210.82545.4233.76
15.00506337.30217.2179.50.15830.81685.9233.41
16.11520041.03215.1174.40.16480.80766.4233.02
17.22534044.48213.6169.10.17170.79776.9632.66
18.33548248.03211.5163.50.17910.78717.4932.25
19.44562851.71209.4157.60.18690.77598.0431.83
20.56577655.61207.0151.40.19560.76398.6331.38
21.67592859.66204.3144.70.20540.75089.2430.90
22.78608363.97201.5137.50.21510.73679.8930.39
23.89624068.58198.4129.80.22630.721610.5729.85
25.00640173.51194.8121.30.23870.705811.3129.24
26.11656578.91190.7111.80.25320.689412.1028.60
27.22673384.94186.0101.10.27070.672012.9927.84
28.33690291.88180.488.490.29230.650714.0026.95
29.447081100.4173.172.720.32040.620915.2425.85
30.007164105.6168.462.760.33780.599216.0125.15
30.567253112.3162.350.040.35810.566116.9924.24
31.173910.000.46410.4641
{{chembox header}}

! Temp.
°C !! Pvap
Vapor
pressure
kPa !! Hliq
Heat
content
liquid
J/g !! Hvap
Heat
content
vapor
J/g !! ΔvapHo
Heat of
vapor-
ization
J/g !! ρvap
Density
of vapor
g/cm3 !! ρliq
Density
of liquid
g/cm3 !! Sliq
Entropy
liquid
J/mol-°C !! Svap
Entropy
vapor
J/mol-°C

== Spectral data ==

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! {{chembox header}} | UV-Vis

λmax

| ? nm

Extinction coefficient, ε

| ?

{{chembox header}} | IR{{efn|Because nitrogen and oxygen are symmetrical and carbon dioxide and water vapor are not, the air in an infrared spectrophotometer may show absorbances for CO2 and water. This is easily overcome by subtracting a blank spectrum from the experimental spectrum, and instruments are often purged with dry nitrogen as well.}}
Major absorption bands{{cite journal|last1=Martin|first1=P. E.|last2=Barker|first2=E. F.|title=The Infrared Absorption Spectrum of Carbon Dioxide|journal=Physical Review|volume=41|issue=3|year=1932|pages=291–303|issn=0031-899X|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.41.291|bibcode=1932PhRv...41..291M}}{{cite journal|last1=Ottonello-Briano|first1=Floria|last2=Errando-Herranz|first2=Carlos|last3=Rödjegård|first3=Henrik|last4=Martin|first4=Hans|last5=Sohlström|first5=Hans|last6=Gylfason|first6=Kristinn B.|title=Carbon dioxide absorption spectroscopy with a mid-infrared silicon photonic waveguide|journal=Optics Letters|volume=45|issue=1|year=2019|pages=109|issn=0146-9592|doi=10.1364/OL.45.000109 |arxiv=1907.06967 |s2cid=196831810|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-265603}}{{Citation | last = Reichle | first = Henry G. | title = The Effect of Several Infrared Transparent Broadening Gases on the Absorption of Infrared Radiation in the 15 μm Band of Carbon Dioxide | publisher= High Altitude Engineering Laboratory | pages = 43 | date = May 1969 | url = https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19690019487/downloads/19690019487.pdf | id = 19690019487}}

| 2347 and 667 cm−1

(4.26 and 14.99 um)

{{chembox header}} | NMR
Proton NMR

| not applicable

Carbon-13 NMR

| 125.0{{cite web|last1=Reich|first1=H. J.|title=C-13 Chemical Shifts|url=http://www.chem.wisc.edu/areas/reich/handouts/nmr-c13/cdata.htm|website=Organic Chem Info|publisher=University of Wisconsin|accessdate=31 May 2015|ref=reich13Cnmr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302024127/http://www.chem.wisc.edu/areas/reich/handouts/nmr-c13/cdata.htm|archive-date=2 March 2015|url-status=dead}}

{{chembox header}} | MS
Masses of main fragments

|

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

{{reflist}}

  • {{nist}}

{{Chemical data page general note}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carbon Dioxide (data page)}}

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