Cardamine concatenata

Image:Cardamine concatenata BB-1913.png

Cardamine concatenata is a member of the Cardamine concatenata alliance, a distinctive group of species that includes Cardamine angustata, Cardamine concatenata, Cardamine diphylla, Cardamine dissecta, Cardamine incisa, and Cardamine maxima. Members of the alliance are morphologically similar, with an elongated fleshy rhizome and either ternate or palmately compound leaves.{{sfnp|Sweeney|Price|2001|p=82}}

The vegetative parts of this plant, which can reach 20–40 cm, arise from a segmented rhizome. The leaves are on long petioles, deeply and palmately dissected into five segments with large "teeth" on the margins. The white to pinkish flowers are held above the foliage in a spike. Fruit is an elongated pod which can be up to 4 cm long.{{Cite book|last1=Elias|first1=Thomas S.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244766414|title=Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods|last2=Dykeman|first2=Peter A.|publisher=Sterling|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4027-6715-9|location=New York|pages=81|oclc=244766414|orig-year=1982}}

Cardamine concatenata was first described as Dentaria concatenata by the French botanist André Michaux in 1803.{{r|IPNI:77933-2}}{{sfnp|Michaux|1803|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/410692#page/40/mode/1up p. 30]}} Otto Karl Anton Schwarz placed Dentaria concatenata {{small|Michx.}} in genus Cardamine in 1939.{{r|IPNI:45150-2}} The name Cardamine concatenata {{small|(Michx.) O.Schwarz}} is widely used today.{{r|POWO:45150-2|FNA:242416228}}

Cardamine concatenata is a member of the Cardamine concatenata alliance, a group of species that includes Cardamine angustata, Cardamine concatenata, Cardamine diphylla, Cardamine dissecta, Cardamine incisa, and Cardamine maxima.{{sfnp|Sweeney|Price|2001|p=82}} Members of the alliance were previously placed in genus Dentaria {{small|Tourn. ex L.}}, which is now considered to be a synonym for Cardamine {{small|L.}}{{r|POWO:30001912-2}} The alliance is strongly supported as a monophyletic group, which is consistent with the strong morphological resemblance among the species.{{sfnp|Sweeney|Price|2000|p=476}}

Cardamine concatenata, like all members of the Cardamine concatenata alliance, is native to eastern North America. It has the widest distribution of any member of the alliance, with a range that extends north to Québec and Ontario, south to Florida and Texas, and west to Kansas and Oklahoma.{{sfnp|Sweeney|Price|2001|p=82}} It is known to occur in the following provinces and states:{{r|POWO:45150-2|BONAP-state}}

• Canada: Ontario, Québec
• United States: Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin

In the eastern United States where the distribution of Cardamine concatenata is widespread, it occurs in most of the counties of Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio.{{r|BONAP-county}} It occupies rich deciduous forest habitats such as rich woods, wooded bottomlands, limestone outcrops, and rocky banks and bluffs.{{r|LBJ-wildflower-center}}

Cardamine concatenata blooms from February to May.{{r|FNA:242416228}} It serves as a host plant for the imperiled butterfly Pieris virginiensis.{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.110832/Pieris_virginiensis |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}

The global conservation status of Cardamine concatenata is secure (G5).{{r|NatureServe}}

The roots can be washed, chopped and ground in vinegar to be used as a horseradish substitute. According to Hussey (1974), "the Indians ate the pungent root."{{cite journal |last1=Hussey |first1=Jane Strickland |date=Jul–Sep 1974 |title=Some Useful Plants of Early New England |journal=Economic Botany |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=311–337|doi=10.1007/BF02861428 |jstor=4253521 |s2cid=12764441 }}

{{Reflist|40em|refs=

{{BONAP |genus=Cardamine |species=concatenata |state=1 |date=2014 |access-date=10 June 2023}}

{{BONAP |genus=Cardamine |species=concatenata |date=2014 |access-date=10 June 2023}}

{{eFloras|1|242416228 |Cardamine concatenata |family=Brassicaceae |first1=Ihsan A. |last1=Al-Shehbaz |first2=Karol |last2=Marhold |first3=Judita |last3=Lihová |access-date=9 June 2023}}

{{IPNI |id=45150-2 |taxon=Cardamine concatenata |authority={{small|(Michx.) O.Schwarz}} |access-date=9 June 2023}}

{{IPNI |id=77933-2 |taxon=Dentaria concatenata |authority={{small|Michx.}} |access-date=9 June 2023}}

{{cite web |title=Cardamine concatenata |url=https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CACO26 |publisher=Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center |access-date=13 June 2023}}

{{Cite web |publisher=NatureServe |title=Cardamine concatenata |work=NatureServe Explorer |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.129107/Cardamine_concatenata |access-date=10 June 2023}}

{{cite POWO |id=45150-2 |title=Cardamine concatenata {{small|(Michx.) O.Schwarz}} |access-date=9 June 2023}}

{{cite POWO |id=30001912-2 |title=Dentaria {{small|Tourn. ex L.}} |access-date=9 June 2023}}

}}

• {{cite book |last1=Gilman |first1=Arthur V. |title=New Flora of Vermont |date=2015 |series=Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden, Volume 110 |publisher=The New York Botanical Garden Press |location=Bronx, New York, USA |isbn=978-0-89327-516-7}}
• {{cite book |last1=Haines |first1=Arthur |others=Illustrated by Elizabeth Farnsworth and Gordon Morrison |title=New England Wild Flower Society's Flora Novae Angliae: A Manual for the Identification of Native and Naturalized Higher Vascular Plants of New England |date=2011 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-17154-9 |url={{Google books|RKKWVwC_sdoC|page=94|plainurl=yes}}}}
• {{cite book |last1=Michaux |first1=André |title=Flora Boreali-Americana |volume=2 |publication-place=Paris and Strasbourg |date=March 1803 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/410692#page/3/mode/1up |access-date=13 June 2023}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Sweeney |first1=Patrick W. |last2=Price |first2=Robert A. |title=Polyphyly of the Genus Dentaria (Brassicaceae): Evidence from trnL Intron and ndhF Sequence Data |journal=Systematic Botany |date=2000 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=468–478 |doi=10.2307/2666690 |jstor=2666690 |url=https://www.academia.edu/11088454 |access-date=14 June 2023}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Sweeney |first1=Patrick W. |last2=Price |first2=Robert A. |title=A multivariate morphological analysis of the Cardamine concatenata alliance (Brassicaceae) |journal=Brittonia |date=2001 |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=82–95 |doi=10.1007/BF02805400 |bibcode=2001Britt..53...82S |url=https://www.academia.edu/11088450 |access-date=9 June 2023}}
• {{cite web |last1=Weakley |first1=Alan S. |author2=Southeastern Flora Team |title=Flora of the southeastern United States |publisher=University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden |date=2022 |url-access=registration |url=https://ncbg.unc.edu/research/unc-herbarium/flora-request/}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110613025351/http://www.missouriplants.com/Whitealt/Dentaria_laciniata_page.html Missouri Plants: Dentaria laciniata]
• {{cite web |title=Cardamine concatenata — cut-leaved toothwort |url=https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/cardamine/concatenata/ |website=Go Botany |publisher=Native Plant Trust |access-date=10 June 2023}}
• {{cite web |title=Cardamine concatenata {{small|(Michaux) O.Schwarz}} |url=https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/show-taxon.php?plantname=Cardamine+concatenata |website=Flora of the Southeastern United States (2023 Edition) |access-date=10 June 2023}}

{{Commons category}}

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concatenata

Category:Ephemeral plants

Category:Flora of Northern America

Category:Plants described in 1803