Cardamine diphylla
{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in the cabbage family Brassicaceae}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Toothwort (Dentaria diphylla).jpg
|status = G5
|status_system = TNC
|status_ref = {{r|NatureServe}}
|genus = Cardamine
|species = diphylla
|authority = (Michx.) Alph.Wood{{r|IPNI:280276-1}}
|synonyms =
{{Collapsible list |title=Homotypic Synonyms |{{Species list
|Dentaria diphylla |Michx.
}}}}
{{Collapsible list |title=Heterotypic Synonyms |{{Species list
|Dentaria bifolia |Stokes
|Dentaria incisa |Small
}}}}
|synonyms_ref = {{r|POWO:280276-1}}
}}
Cardamine diphylla (broadleaf toothwort, crinkle root, crinkle-root, crinkleroot, pepper root, twin-leaved toothwort, twoleaf toothwort, toothwort) is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. It is a spring flowering woodland plant that is native to eastern North America.
Description
Image:Cardamine diphylla BB-1913.png
A member of the mustard family, it is typified by a four petal flower which blooms in a cluster on a single stalk above a single pair of toothed stem leaves each divided into three broad leaflets. After flowering, narrow seedpods appear just below the flower cluster. It grows approximately 30 cm (12 in) tall.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
Taxonomy
Cardamine diphylla was first described as Dentaria diphylla by the French botanist André Michaux in 1803.{{r|IPNI:281955-1}}{{sfnp|Michaux|1803|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/410692#page/40/mode/1up p. 30]}} The American botanist Alphonso Wood placed Dentaria diphylla {{small|Michx.}} in genus Cardamine in 1870.{{r|IPNI:280276-1}}{{sfnp|Wood|1889|loc=Part IV, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39531000#page/255/mode/1up pp. 37–38]}} The name Cardamine diphylla {{small|(Michx.) Alph.Wood}} is widely used today.{{r|POWO:280276-1|FNA:242416229}}
Cardamine diphylla is a member of the Cardamine concatenata alliance, a monophyletic group of eastern North American species that includes Cardamine angustata, Cardamine concatenata, Cardamine diphylla, Cardamine dissecta, Cardamine incisa, and Cardamine maxima.{{r|Sweeney and Price 2001}} All members of the alliance were previously placed in genus Dentaria {{small|Tourn. ex L.}}, which is now considered to be a synonym for Cardamine {{small|L.}}{{r|POWO:30001912-2}}
Distribution and habitat
Cardamine diphylla is native to eastern North America. Its wide range extends north to Québec and Nova Scotia, south to Georgia and Alabama, and west to Wisconsin.{{r|Sweeney and Price 2001}} It is known to occur in the following provinces and states:{{r|POWO:280276-1|BONAP-state}}
- Canada: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec
- United States: Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin
Its distribution is centered in the Great Lakes region of North America.{{r|BONAP-county}} It is found in moist woodlands usually in edge habitats and blooms from April to June.{{Cite web|title=Cardamine diphylla (Broad-leaved Toothwort, Crinkleroot, Pepper root, Toothroot, Twin-leaved Toothwort, Two-leaf Toothwort) {{!}} North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox|url=https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/cardamine-diphylla/|access-date=2021-12-18|website=plants.ces.ncsu.edu}}
Ecology
The West Virginia white butterfly (Pieris virginiensis) lays its eggs on this plant as well as C. laciniata. The larvae also feed on this plant.{{cite web|url=http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species?l=1397|title=Butterflies and Moths of North America|access-date=2007-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205082218/http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species?l=1397|archive-date=2007-02-05|url-status=dead}} As with Pieris oleracea, Pieris virginiensis mistakes garlic mustard for its host plants, making eradication of it important for their continued survival. Garlic mustard also competes with the plants for space and nutrients.Becker, R., Gerber E., Hinz H., Katovich E., Panke B., Reardon R., Renz R., Van Riper L., 2013. Biology and Biological Control of Garlic Mustard. The Forest Technology Enterprise Team. https://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/pdfs/FS_garlicmustard.pdf
Conservation
The global conservation status of Cardamine diphylla is secure (G5).{{r|NatureServe}}
Uses
=Medicinal=
The ground root is mixed with vinegar by the Algonquin people of Quebec and used as a relish.Black, Meredith Jean 1980 Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec. Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65 (p. 86) They also give an infusion to children to treat fevers, and use an infusion of the plant and sweet flag root to treat heart disease.Black, p.173 The Cherokee use a poultice of the root for headaches, chew the root for colds and gargle an infusion for sore throats.Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey 1975 Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History. Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co. (p. 59) The Lenape use the roots as a stomach medicine,Tantaquidgeon, Gladys 1972 Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians. Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3 (p. 37) and use an infusion of the roots combined with other plants as a treatment for scrofula and venereal disease.Tantaquidgeon, p.34 The Delaware Nation of Oklahoma use a compound containing the root as a stomach remedy, for scrofula, and for venereal disease.Tantaquidgeon, p.31, 76
The Iroquois take an infusion of the whole plant to strengthen the breasts.Rousseau, Jacques 1945 Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga. Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Université de Montréal 55:7-72 (p. 45) They also chew the raw root for stomach gas, apply a poultice of roots to swellings, take a cold infusion of the plant for fever and for "summer complaint, drink a cold infusion of the roots for "when love is too strong", and use an infusion of the roots when "heart jumps and the head goes wrong."Herrick, James William 1977 Iroquois Medical Botany. State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis (p. 341) They also use a compound for chest pains.Herrick, p.341 They also take an infusion of the plant at the beginning of tuberculosis.Rousseau, Jacques 1945 Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga. Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Université de Montréal 55:7-72 (p. 45) The Malecite use an infusion of the roots as a tonic,Mechling, W.H. 1959 The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs. Anthropologica 8:239-263 (p. 252) and chew green or dried roots for hoarseness.Mechling p.247, 252 The Micmac use the root as a sedative, to clear the throat and for hoarseness, and use the root as a tonic.Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper 1979 Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68 (p. 56)
=Culinary=
The Abenaki use it as a condiment.Rousseau, Jacques 1947 Ethnobotanique Abénakise. Archives de Folklore 11:145-182 (p. 152) The Cherokee parboil and rinse the stems and leaves, add hot grease, salt & water & boiled them until they are soft as potherbs. They also use the leaves in salads,Perry, Myra Jean 1975 Food Use of "Wild" Plants by Cherokee Indians. The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis (p. 37) and smoke the plant.Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey 1975 Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History. Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co. (p. 59) The Iroquois eat the roots raw with salt or boiled.Waugh, F. W. 1916 Iroquois Foods and Food Preparation. Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines (p. 120) The Ojibwa mix the roots with salt, vinegar, or sugar and use them as a condiment.Arnason, Thor, Richard J. Hebda and Timothy Johns 1981 Use of Plants for Food and Medicine by Native Peoples of Eastern Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany 59(11):2189-2325 (p. 2207)
References
{{Reflist|40em|refs=
{{BONAP |genus=Cardamine |species=diphylla |state=1 |date=2014 |access-date=10 June 2023}}
{{BONAP |genus=Cardamine |species=diphylla |date=2014 |access-date=10 June 2023}}
{{IPNI |id=281955-1 |taxon=Dentaria diphylla |authority={{small|Michx.}} |access-date=8 June 2023}}
{{cite POWO |id=30001912-2 |title=Dentaria {{small|Tourn. ex L.}} |access-date=8 June 2023}}
}}
Bibliography
- {{cite book |last1=Gilman |first1=Arthur V. |title=New Flora of Vermont |date=2015 |series=Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden, Volume 110 |publisher=The New York Botanical Garden Press |location=Bronx, New York, USA |isbn=978-0-89327-516-7}}
- {{cite book |last1=Haines |first1=Arthur |others=Illustrated by Elizabeth Farnsworth and Gordon Morrison |title=New England Wild Flower Society's Flora Novae Angliae: A Manual for the Identification of Native and Naturalized Higher Vascular Plants of New England |date=2011 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-17154-9 |url={{Google books|RKKWVwC_sdoC|page=94|plainurl=yes}}}}
- {{cite book |last1=Michaux |first1=André |title=Flora Boreali-Americana |volume=2 |publication-place=Paris and Strasbourg |date=March 1803 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/410692#page/3/mode/1up |access-date=13 June 2023}}
- {{cite web |last1=Weakley |first1=Alan S. |author2=Southeastern Flora Team |title=Flora of the southeastern United States |publisher=University of North Carolina Herbarium, North Carolina Botanical Garden |date=2022 |url-access=registration |url=https://ncbg.unc.edu/research/unc-herbarium/flora-request/}}
- {{cite book |last1=Wood |first1=Alphonso |title=The New American Botanist and Florist |date=1889 |orig-date=First edition 1870 |publisher=A. S. Barnes & Company |location=New York and Chicago |edition=Revised 8th |editor-last=Willis |editor-first=Oliver R. |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39531000#page/7/mode/1up |access-date=9 June 2023}}
External links
- [https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=CADI10 USDA Plants Profile: Cardamine diphylla]
- [http://www.evergreen.ca/nativeplants/search/view-plant.php?ID=00790 Evergreen NPDB, Toothwort]
- {{cite web |title=Cardamine diphylla — two-leaved toothwort |url=https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/cardamine/diphylla/ |website=Go Botany |publisher=Native Plant Trust |access-date=10 June 2023}}
- {{cite web |title=Cardamine diphylla {{small|(Michaux) Alph.Wood}} |url=https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/show-taxon.php?plantname=Cardamine+diphylla |website=Flora of the Southeastern United States (2023 Edition) |access-date=10 June 2023}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2938024}}
Category:Flora of West Virginia
Category:Flora of the Great Lakes region (North America)
Category:Flora of the Eastern United States
Category:Butterfly food plants
Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine
Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status