Cardinals created by Benedict XV

Image:Juan Cagliero.JPG (1838–1926), made a cardinal on 6 December 1915.]]

With Europe at war, Pope Benedict created six cardinals at a consistory on 6 December 1915.{{cite book | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | url =http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-07-1915-ocr.pdf | date= 1915| volume = VII | page= 513| access-date = 9 March 2021 }} Two were Italian archbishops; the others, three Italians and an Austrian, had served in the diplomatic corps of the Holy See. Four of the six received their cardinals' galeri and their titular church assignments on 9 December,{{cite book | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | url =http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-07-1915-ocr.pdf | date= 1915| volume = VII | pages= 518, 522| access-date = 9 March 2021 }} while Frühwirth and Leguigno remained at the nunciatures in Munich and Vienna. The membership of the College of Cardinals after this consistory included 29 Italians and 32 non-Italians.{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MVY_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA196 |accessdate=14 July 2018 | page= 196| journal=America| date= 11 December 1915| title= The Six New Cardinals| volume=XIV| issue=9}}{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbM6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA157 |accessdate=14 July 2018 | page= 157| journal=The Nation| date= 10 February 1916| title= The Papal Consistory of December 6| volume=102| issue=2641 | first=Homer | last=Edmiston }}

Image:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2005-0065, Kardinal Dr. Adolf Bertram.jpg (1859–1945), made a cardinal in pectore on 4 December 1916.]]

Benedict held a consistory to create cardinals on 4 December 1916. No cardinals from Germany or Austria-Hungary attended. The ten new cardinals were all natives of and working in France and Italy, part of the opposing wartime alliance. He also said he was appointing two more in pectore.{{cite book | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | url =http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-08-1916-ocr.pdf | date= 1916 | volume = VIII | pages= 468–9 | access-date = 8 March 2021 }} All ten, joined by the papal diplomat Andreas Frühwirth, a native of Austria who was made a cardinal a year earlier, attended the public consistory on 7 December where they received their red galeri and were assigned their titular churches.{{cite book | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | url =http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-08-1916-ocr.pdf | date= 1916 | volume = VIII | pages= 473, 477 | access-date = 8 March 2021 }}{{efn|The New York Times reported that Früwirth had received his red hat from Benedict the preceding Thursday, 27 November, because he "could not participate in the one held today", 4 December.{{cite news | work= New York Times | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/12/05/104696129.pdf | title = Pope Names Ten Cardinals | date= 5 December 1916 }}}} One cardinal created but unnamed was Adolph Bertram, whose German homeland was fighting against Italy and its allies. The other Benedict never identified.{{efn|The claim that the other prelate named a cardinal in pectore was Pavel Huyn, the archbishop of Prague, also recognizes that Benedict's failure to publish the name rendered the appointment ineffective.{{cite web | access-date = 28 March 2021 | language = de | website = Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon | publisher = Austrian Centre for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage | title = Huyn, Paul Gf. von (1868-1946), Bischof | quote= Seine Ernennung zum Kardinal in petto wurde nicht mehr publiziert und blieb daher unwirksam. [His appointment as cardinal was not published further and was therefore ineffective.] | url = https://www.biographien.ac.at/oebl/oebl_H/Huyn_Paul_1868_1946.xml;internal&action=hilite.action&Parameter=huyn* }} Huyn was the object of speculation, but by the next consistory for the creation of cardinals he had resigned as archbishop.{{cite news | access-date = 27 March 2021 | work = New York Times | date= 28 September 1919 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/09/28/129106392.html | title = Expect 7 to be Cardinals }}}}

Image:Aleksander Kakowski.PNG (1862–1938), made a cardinal on 15 December 1919.]]

Benedict created six cardinals on 15 December 1919, three Italians, two Poles, and one Spaniard.{{cite book| url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-11-1919-ocr.pdf | pages= 485–9 | volume=XI| date= 1919 | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis }} All attended the public consistory three days later to receive their cardinals' galeri and be assigned their titular church or deaconry, except for Juan Soldevila y Romero, Archbishop of Zaragoza.{{efn|Soldevila y Romero received his galero and titular church assignment on 22 April 1920.{{cite book| url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-12-1920-ocr.pdf | pages= 146, 148 | volume=XII| date= 1920 | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis }}}} Adolf Bertram, created a cardinal in pectore in 1916, participated in this consistory as well.{{cite news| url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/12/19/102980754.pdf | accessdate=17 July 2018 | work=New York Times| title= Pope Bestows Red Hats at a Consistory; Rev. J.G. Murray of Hartford Made a Bishop}} At the close of this consistory, the College of Cardinals had 63 members, 32 Italians and 31 non-Italians.{{cite book |title=The New International Year Book |date=1920 |publisher=Dodd, Mead and Company |page=579 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_yQS_C18w_sC&pg=PA579 |accessdate=17 July 2018}}

Image:Karl Joseph Schulte.jpg (1871–1941), made a cardinal on 7 March 1921.]]

Benedict added six prelates to the College as cardinal priests on 7 March 1921, two Germans, 2 Spaniards, an American, and an Italian.{{cite news| url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/03/07/103554952.pdf| accessdate=17 July 2018| date= 7 March 1921| work=New York Times| agency=Associated Press | title= Consistory in Rome Today on Cardinals}} Three of them–Faulhaber, Dougherty, and Schulte–received their red galeri and titular church assignments on 10 March.{{cite book | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-13-1921-ocr.pdf | date= 1921 | volume = XIII | pages= 123–6 | access-date = 8 March 2021 }} The six names had been announced on 22 February.{{cite news| url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/02/23/103549300.pdf| accessdate=17 July 2018| date= 23 February 1921| work=New York Times| title= Names of Six New Cardinals Announced by Vatican Organ}}{{cite journal| journal=America | title= Chronicle: Rome| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E1g_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA515 | page= 515| date= 19 March 1921 | volume=XXIV | issue=22}}

Image:Achille_Kardinal_Ratti_(spätere_Papst_Pius_XI.),_1921_JS.jpg (1857–1939), made a cardinal on 13 June 1921 and elected as Pope Pius XI in 6 February 1922.]]

Benedict named three Italian cardinals at his last consistory, including Achille Ratti, who succeeded him as Pope Pius XI in February 1922. Three others made cardinals the previous March participated, having been first awarded their red hats by the King of Spain: Francesco Ragonesi, Papal Nuncio to Spain, and the Spanish bishops Juan Benlloch i Vivó and Francisco Vidal y Barraquer.{{cite news| work=New York Times| accessdate= 17 July 2018 | date= 17 June 1921 | url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/06/17/109807431.pdf | title= Six Red Hats Conferred}}{{cite news| work=New York Times| accessdate= 17 July 2018 | date= 14 June 1921 | url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/06/14/98704287.pdf | title= Pope Criticizes Jews for Acts in Palestine; Urges Appeal to League to Define Mandate | agency=Associated Press}} On 16 June, Benedict gave them all their red galeri and the five cardinal priests received their titular church assignments and the one cardinal deacon, Laurenti, his deaconry.{{cite book | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-13-1921-ocr.pdf | date= 1921 | volume = XIII | pages= 284–5, 287, 289| access-date = 8 March 2021 }} Italian newspapers reported that Benedict privately told the three new cardinals that "We gave you the red robe of a Cardinal.... very soon, however, one of you will wear the white robe".{{cite book |last1=Aradi |first1=Zsolt |title=Pius XI: The Pope and the Man |date=2017 |publisher=Pickle Partners Publishing |page={{page needed|date=July 2018}} |isbn=9781787205000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgQqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT139 |accessdate=17 July 2018}}

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;Additional sources

• {{cite book |title= Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Century: A Biographical Dictionary | first= Harris M.| last= Lentz III | publisher= McFarland & Company | date=2002|isbn=978-0-7864-4101-3}}

• {{cite web|authorlink=Salvador Miranda (historian) |last=Miranda |first=Salvador |title=Consistories for the creation of Cardinals 20th Century (1903-2005): Benedict XV|url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xx.htm#BenedictXV|work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church |accessdate=|publisher=Florida International University|oclc=53276621}}

Benedict XV

Category:College of Cardinals

Category:Pope Benedict XV