Carib language

The language is known by several names to both its speakers and outsiders. Traditionally it has been known as "Carib" or "Carib proper" in English, after its speakers, called the "Caribs" in English. It is known Caribe in Spanish, Galina in French, and Karaïeb in Dutch. However, the speakers call themselves Kalina or Karìna (variously spelled), and call their language Karìna auran {{ipa|[kaɽiɁnʲauɽaŋ]}}.{{cite book |last= Courtz |first= Henk |date= 2008 |title=A Carib Grammar and Dictionary |url= https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/12578/Thesis.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher= Magoria Books |page= 1|isbn= 978-0978170769 |access-date= May 22, 2014}} Other variants include Kaliʼna, Kariʼnja, Cariña, Kariña, Kalihna, Kalinya; other native names include Maraworno and Marworno.

Kariʼnja is classified as a Cariban language, in the Guianan Carib branch.{{Cite web|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2114|title=Did you know Kariʼnja is threatened?|website=Endangered Languages|access-date=2016-05-02}}

{{Infobox language

| name = Pidgin Carib

| altname = {{lang|mis|Lengua generale}}

| pronunciation =

| region = Oyapock

| ref =

| era = 17th – early 20th centuries

| speakers = none

| familycolor = pidgin

| family = Carib-based pidgin

| iso3 = none

| glotto2 = pidg1256

| glottorefname2 = Pidgin Carib

}}

Due to contact with Kariʼnja invaders, some languages have Kariʼnja words incorporated into them, despite being Arawakan languages linguistically.{{Cite book |chapter-url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/4452/1/05gildeaetal.pdf |title=Fieldwork and Linguistic Analysis in Indigenous Languages of the Americas |last=Gildea |first=Spike |date=2010 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |editor-last=Berez |editor-first=Andrea L. |location=Honolulu |pages=91–123 |chapter=The Story of *ô in the Cariban Family |editor-last2=Mulder |editor-first2=Jean |editor-last3=Rosenblum |editor-first3=Daisy}}

A Carib-based lengua generale was once used in the old missions of the Oyapock and surrounding regions, apparently surviving at least along the Uaçá tributary into the 20th century.{{Cite book |title=Die Palikur-Indianer und ihre Nachbarn |last=Nimuendajú |first=Curt |publisher=Elanders Boktryckeri Aktiebolag |year=1926 |location=Göteborg |url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/biblio%3Animuendaju-1926-palikur/nimuendaju_1926_palikur.pdf}}

In Suriname, there is a village called Konomerume which is located near the Wajambo River. With about 349 people living there, a majority identify as ethnically Kariʼnja and as for who knows the language, the adults are reported to at least have a decent knowledge of it. Those above the age of 65 use the language as a primary language among the members of the community. Speakers between the ages of 45 and 65 tend to use the language only when speaking with older residents or elder members of their family, while for the most part using the official languages: Dutch and Sranan Tongo. Younger adults between the ages of 20 and 40 for the most part understand the language but do not speak it, and children learn bits about Kariʼnja in school.{{Cite journal |last=Yamada |first=Racquel-María |date=2014 |title=Training in the Community-Collaborative Context: A Case Study |url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/24611/1/yamada.pdf |journal=Language Documentation & Conservation |volume=8 |pages=326–344}}

Carib dialects (with number of speakers indicated in parentheses):

• Venezuelan Carib (1000)
• Guyanese Carib (2000)
• Western Surinamese Carib (500)
• Eastern Surinamese and French Guianese Carib (3000)
• Suriname has two dialects of Kariʼnja: Aretyry which is spoken in the west and central parts of the country, and Tyrewuju which is what the majority of Kariʼnja speakers in Suriname use.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3WjBQAAQBAJ |title=In and Out of Suriname: Language, Mobility and Identity |last1=Carlin |first1=Eithne B. |last2=Léglise |first2=Isabelle |last3=Migge |first3=Bettina |last4=Tjon Sie Fat |first4=Paul B. |date=2014 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004280120 |language=en}}

In the Kariʼnja language, there are four syllable patterns: V, CV, VC, CVC; C standing for consonants while V means a vowel. Regarding phonemes, consonants are divided into two groups: obstruents (voiceless stops—p, t, k) and resonants (voiced stops—b, d, g, s).{{Cite book |url=http://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/85/19/13/85191306364792724967627267385868167068/11889.pdf |title=Languages of the Guianas |date=1972 |publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma |editor-last=Grimes |editor-first=Joseph E.}}

Kariʼnja has a typical 6 vowel system after *ô merged with *o, being a e i o u ï. Compared to past Kariʼnja, the modern day Kariʼnja has replaced the e in many words to o.

Allophones for /r w t/ include sounds as [ɽ β,v tʃ]. /s/ before /i/ may be pronounced as [ʃ]. /n/ before a consonant may be pronounced as [ŋ] and also [ɲ] elsewhere. Another sound, ranging [h~x], often occurs before a voiced or voiceless consonant, and succeeding a vowel, it can also be an allophone of /ʔ/.

The Carib alphabet consists of 15 letters:

a, e, i, j, k, `, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, w, y.

There are 17 particles within Kariʼnja which include the ky- prefix and the -ng suffix.{{Cite journal |last=Yamada |first=Racquel-María |date=2011 |title=A New Approach to ky- and -ng in Kariʼnja: Evidentiality or Something Else? |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=59–89 |doi=10.1086/657328|s2cid=147144967 }}

{{stub section|date=September 2019}}

All four dialects of Kariʼnja have loan words from the primary language of the area (Brazil, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana). For example, the Kariʼnja spoken in Suriname borrows words from Dutch and Sranantongo.

Some of the words show instances in which the e has been replaced with o in present-day Kariʼnja. The two statements beneath the singular words show examples of two suffixes.{{Cite web|url=http://voice-systems-workshop.wdfiles.com/local--files/start/Voice%20Systems%20in%20Diachrony-abstracts-29-06-2014.pdf|title=Patient Nominalization > Passive in Panare and Ye'kwana (Cariban)|website=voice-systems-workshop.wdfiles.com|access-date=2016-05-04}}

{{Reflist}}

{{incubator|car}}

• [http://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/38 Ka'lina (Carib) Vocabulary List] (from the World Loanword Database)
• [https://suriname-languages.sil.org/Carib/English/CaribEngDictIndex.html Surinamese Carib - English Online Dictionary]
• [https://archive.mpi.nl/tla/islandora/search/hoff?type=dismax&islandora_solr_search_navigation=0&f%5B0%5D=cmd.Language%3A%22Carib%2C%5C%20Karinya%22 Audio resources from the MPI-PL archive for linguistic resources, which origin from data collected by dr. Berend Hoff in the period 1955-1965]
• [http://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-kalina/en/car/ How to count in Kali’na]
• A video of someone speaking Kariʼnja is also available [http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2114/samples/4441 here].
• [http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2114 Endangered Languages Kariʼnja profile]
• [http://pages.uoregon.edu/spike/Site/Publications_files/Gildea%20in%20press%20ms%20(nzn%20to%20main%20clause).pdf Kariʼnja main clauses vs nominalized phrases]
• [http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/4486 Formal Teaching of Kariʼnja]
• [http://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/85/19/13/85191306364792724967627267385868167068/11889.pdf Carib Phonology]
• {{JSTOR|1264257}} The Carib Language
• ELAR archive of [http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0261 Kariʼnja Dictionary and Video Documentation]
• [https://ids.clld.org/contributions/174 De'kwana] (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
• [https://japiim.linguasyanomami.com/ Portal Japiim] (online dictionary)

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