Login
Login

Carlavirus

{{Short description|Genus of viruses}}

{{Virusbox

| taxon = Carlavirus

| image = Cowpea mmv micrograph.jpg

| synonyms = Carnation latent virus group

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision = See text

}}

Carlavirus, formerly known as the "Carnation latent virus group", is a genus of viruses in the order Tymovirales, in the family Betaflexiviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 74 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: mosaic and ringspot symptoms.{{cite web|title=Viral Zone|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/268.html|publisher=ExPASy|accessdate=15 June 2015}}{{cite web|title=Virus Taxonomy: 2024 Release|url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy|publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|access-date=10 March 2025}}

Description

Carlavirus is described in the 9th report of the ICTV (2009).{{sfn|King|2012}} The genus is characterised by having six ORFs (open reading frames) including a TGB (Triple Gene Block). The viruses are transmitted by insects.

Taxonomy

The genus was first proposed in the first report of the ICTV in 1971, as the 'Carnation latent virus group' but was renamed in 1975 as the 'Carlavirus group', and as the genus Carlavirus in 1995 (6th report). In 2005 (8th report) it was placed in the Flexiviridae family, having previously been unassigned.{{cite journal|last1=Adams|first1=M. J.|last2=Antoniw|first2=J. F.|last3=Bar-Joseph|first3=M.|last4=Brunt|first4=A. A.|last5=Candresse|first5=T.|last6=Foster|first6=G. D.|last7=Martelli|first7=G. P.|last8=Milne|first8=R. G.|last9=Fauquet|first9=C. M.|title=Virology Division News: The new plant virus family Flexiviridae and assessment of molecular criteria for species demarcation|journal=Archives of Virology|date=2 May 2004|volume=149|issue=5|doi=10.1007/s00705-004-0304-0|pmid=15098118|pages=1045–60|s2cid=34493607|doi-access=free}} The current position in the 9th report (2009) as a genus of the family Betaflexiviridae derives from the subsequent subdivision of Flexiviridae.ICTV: [https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=201902234 CTV Taxonomy history: Carlavirus]

The following species are assigned to the genus, listed by scientific name and followed by the exemplar virus of the species:

{{div col}}

{{div col end}}

Virology

The virions are non enveloped, filamentous, 610–700 nanometers (nm) and 12–15 nm in diameter.

The linear 5.8–9 kilobase genome is positive sense, single-stranded RNA. The 3’ terminus is polyadenylated. In some species the 5’ end is capped. The genome encodes 3 to 6 proteins including a coat protein located at the 3' end and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase located at the 5' end of the genome.

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic, and is lysogenic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by tripartite non-tubule guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host.

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
CarlavirusPlantsNoneViral movement; mechanical inoculationViral movementCytoplasmCytoplasmMechanical: insects

=Transmission=

Infection is at times spread by aphids in a semi-persistent mode, that is, the vector is infective for a number of hours.(Pimentel) Some species are transmitted by Bemisia tabaci in a semi-persistent mode or through the seed.Astier S. Principles of Plant Virology p78 Most species infect only a few hosts and cause infections with few or no symptoms, for example, American hop latent virus and lily symptomless virus. Some, such as blueberry scorch virus and poplar mosaic virus, cause serious illnesses. (Foster)

References

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

  • {{Cite book|last1=Martelli|first1=Giovanni P.|last2=Saldarelli|first2=Pasquale|editor1-last=Tidona|editor1-first=Christian|editor2-last=Gholamreza|editor2-first=Darai|title=The Springer index of viruses|date=2012|publisher=Springer|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0387959191|pages=521–532|edition=2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p-_hV6RiWocC&q=Narcissus%20common%20latent%20virus&pg=PA521|accessdate=8 December 2014|chapter=Carlavirus}}
  • [https://books.google.com/books?id=DconAQAAMAAJ Astier, S. Principles of Plant Virology]
  • [https://books.google.com/books?id=L-9oybWssn0C&dq=carlavirus&pg=PA145 Foster, Gary. "Carlavirus Isolation and RNA Extraction." Foster, Gary D. and Sally C. Taylorin. Plant Virology Protocols: From Virus Isolation to Transgenic Resistance. Page 145. 1998. Humana Press. Online. February 13, 2008.]
  • [https://books.google.com/books?id=ytFoAcwI4sQC&dq=carlavirus&pg=PA407 Pimentel, David. Encyclopedia of Pest Management.Page 407. CRC Press. 2002/ Google Books. Online February 13, 2008.]. {{ISBN|0824706323}}
  • {{cite book|editor1-last=King|editor1-first=Andrew M. Q.|title=Virus taxonomy : classification and nomenclature of viruses : ninth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|date=2012|publisher=Academic Press|location=London|isbn=978-0123846846|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KXRCYay3pH4C&pg=PA924|accessdate=9 December 2014|chapter=Carlavirus|page=924|display-editors=etal}}

External links

{{Wikispecies}}

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718181925/http://www.taxonomy.nl/Taxonomicon/TaxonTree.aspx?id=149854 The Taxonomicon. Online. February 28, 2008.]
  • [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/268.html Viralzone: Carlavirus]
  • [http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp ICTV]

{{Baltimore classification}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2939048}}

Category:Carlaviruses

Category:Virus genera

Category:Viral plant pathogens and diseases