Carlyle S. Beals

{{Infobox scientist

| name = Carlyle S. Beals

| image = Carlyle Smith Beals receives Honorary Doctorate (cropped2).jpg

| image_size =

| caption =

| birth_name = Carlyle Smith Beals

| birth_date = {{birth date|1899|06|29}}

| birth_place = Canso, Nova Scotia, Canada

| death_date = {{death date and age|1979|07|02|1899|06|29}}

| death_place = Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

| residence =

| citizenship = Canadian

| fields = Astronomy

| education = Acadia University {{small|(BA)}}
University of Toronto {{small|(MA)}}
Imperial College London {{small|(PhD)}}

| doctoral_advisor = Alfred Fowler

| academic_advisors =

| doctoral_students =

| notable_students =

| known_for = Research on Wolf-Rayet and P Cygni stars, the Interstellar Medium and meteorite impact craters.
Assistant Director of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, Dominion Astronomer at the Dominion Observatory.

| author_abbrev_bot =

| author_abbrev_zoo =

| influences =

| influenced =

| awards = Henry Marshall Tory Medal {{small|(1957)}},
Leonard Medal,
Order of Canada,
Fellow of the Royal Society

}}

Carlyle Smith Beals, {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|OC}} FRS{{Cite journal | last1 = Herzberg | first1 = G. | author-link = Gerhard Herzberg| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1981.0002 | title = Carlyle Smith Beals. 29 June 1899-2 July 1979 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 27 | pages = 28–44 | year = 1981 | jstor = 769864| doi-access = free }} (June 29, 1899 – July 2, 1979) was a Canadian astronomer.

Early life and education

Carlyle Smith Beals was born in Canso, Nova Scotia to Rev. Francis H. P. Beals and his wife, Annie Florence Nightingale Smith Beals, on June 29, 1899.{{cite book |title=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers |last=Hockey |first=Thomas |year=2009 |publisher=Springer Publishing |isbn=978-0-387-31022-0 |access-date=August 22, 2012 |url=http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/58131.html}} He is the brother of artist and educator Helen D. Beals.{{cite web|last1=Beals|first1=Donald W.|title=Beals of Distinction|url=http://beals-genealogy.com/the-book/sm13_dist_beals.htm|website=The Beals Family of Annapolis County Nova Scotia|access-date=November 28, 2017}}

Beals received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Acadia University in 1919, specializing in physics and mathematics.{{Cite journal|last=Locke|first=J.L.|date=1979|title=Obituary - Beals, Carlyle-Smith 1899-1979|journal=Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada|language=en|volume=73|pages=325|issn=0035-872X|bibcode=1979JRASC..73..325L}} Although he wished to continue his studies, he was forced to postpone those plans due to poor health. He taught at a small country school in Nova Scotia during the winter of 1920.

He began his Ph.D. studies in physics at Yale University in 1921, but was forced to return home in the winter of 1921 when his health failed again. He resumed his graduate studies in 1922 at University of Toronto and received a master's degree in Physics in 1923. His master's thesis work on triboluminescence spectra, the frequencies of light generated by breaking chemical bonds, was done under the supervision of John Cunningham McLennan, one of the leading physicists in Canada at the time.

Beals spent one year as the Science Master at the High School of Quebec in Quebec City, before enrolling in a graduate programme in physics in 1924 at the Royal College of Science at Imperial College London. Working under Alfred Fowler, he studied the Zeeman effect and the spectra of palladium, copper, and ionized silver. During this time Beals became acquainted with observational astronomy by using the small observatory in the Royal College of Science building. He received a Ph.D. in 1926.

Career

After obtaining his PhD, Beals returned to Acadia University as an assistant professor of physics, but left one year later for an Assistant Astronomer position at the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory (DAO), Victoria, British Columbia. Beals worked at the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory from 1927 until 1946, becoming Assistant Director of the DAO in 1940.

At the DAO, he studied emission lines in the spectra of hot stars and gas clouds in the interstellar medium. His work established a reliable temperature scale for hotter stars, based on their spectra.{{Cite journal|last=Beals|first=C.S.|date=1932-05-13|title=On the Temperatures of Wolf-Rayet Stars and Novae|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|language=en|volume=92|issue=7|pages=677–688|doi=10.1093/mnras/92.7.677|issn=0035-8711|bibcode=1932MNRAS..92..677B|doi-access=free}} He showed that the broad emission lines seen in Wolf-Rayet and P Cygni-type stars were due to strong stellar winds.{{Cite journal|last=S.|first=Beals, C.|date=1953|title=The Spectra of the P Cygni Stars|journal=Publications of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory Victoria|language=en|volume=9|page=1|issn=0078-6950|bibcode=1953PDAO....9....1B}}{{Cite journal|last=Beals|first=C. S.|date=1929|title=On the Nature of Wolf-Rayet Emission (Plates 7 and 8.)|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|language=en|volume=90|issue=2|pages=202–212|doi=10.1093/mnras/90.2.202|issn=0035-8711|bibcode=1929MNRAS..90..202B|doi-access=free}} Beals was the first astronomer to quantitatively measure the ratio of sodium and calcium absorption lines in the interstellar medium (the gas between stars) and the ratio of the two lines in the sodium D doublet. He also found that rather than being uniform, the interstellar medium was clumpy and moved with different velocities.{{Cite journal|last=Beals|first=C. S.|date=1936|title=On the Interpretation of Interstellar Lines|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|language=en|volume=96|issue=7|pages=661–678|doi=10.1093/mnras/96.7.661|issn=0035-8711|bibcode=1936MNRAS..96..661B|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Beals|first1=C. S.|last2=Oke|first2=J. B.|date=1953-10-01|title=On the Relation Between Distance and Intensity For Interstellar Calcium and Sodium Lines|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|language=en|volume=113|issue=5|pages=530–552|doi=10.1093/mnras/113.5.530|issn=0035-8711|bibcode=1953MNRAS.113..530B|doi-access=free}}

During his time at the DAO, he developed several astronomical instruments to analyse astronomical spectra, including a self-recording micro-photometer and a high efficiency grating spectrograph.{{Cite journal|last=Beals|first=C. S.|date=1936-06-01|title=A Self-recording Microphotometer of New Design|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|language=en|volume=96|issue=8|pages=730–735|doi=10.1093/mnras/96.8.730|issn=0035-8711|bibcode=1936MNRAS..96..730B|doi-access=free}}

During World War II, Beals spent two-year researching defenses against chemical weapons and designed gas masks.

In 1946, he left the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory in British Columbia and began work at the Dominion Observatory in Ottawa, Ontario. He was appointed Dominion Astronomer one year later, and began to rebuild the observatory's scientific programme, which had suffered due to budget cuts during the great depression and a lack of staff during World War II. He also oversaw the establishment of the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory, near Penticton, British Columbia.{{Cite journal|last=Odgers|first=J. G.|date=1960|title=Official Opening of The Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory White Lake, Penticton, B.C., June 20, 1960|journal=Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada|language=en|volume=54|page=269|issn=0035-872X|bibcode=1960JRASC..54..269O}}

File:Air photo of Pingualuit Crater.jpg used in Carlyle Beals' research on Canadian impact craters.]]

While in Ottawa, he became interested in the geophysical activities of the observatory. He began a study of meteorite impact craters in the Canadian shield, searching for circular features in aerial photographs and organising drill core studies of the most promising targets.{{Cite journal|last1=Beals|first1=C. S.|last2=Ferguson|first2=G. M.|last3=Landau|first3=A.|date=1956|title=A search for lunar-type craters on photographs of the Canadian Shield.|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=61|page=171|doi=10.1086/107406|bibcode=1956AJ.....61R.171B |issn=0004-6256|doi-access=}}

He retired in 1964, but continued his work on impact craters and published several works during his retirement.

Awards and recognition

Beals was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1933. He was president of Academy of Science of the Royal Society of Canada from 1949-1950, and received the Henry Marshall Tory Medal from the Society in 1957 for outstanding achievement in scientific research.

He served as president of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada from 1951-1952.{{Cite web|url=https://www.rasc.ca/past-officers|title=Past Officers {{!}} RASC|website=rasc.ca|date=6 August 2017 |language=en|access-date=2018-10-29}} He also served as president of the American Astronomical Society from 1962-1964, the only Canadian to hold the position.{{Cite web|url=https://aas.org/about/governance/past-officers-and-trustees|title=Past Officers and Trustees {{!}} American Astronomical Society|website=aas.org|language=en|access-date=2018-10-29}}

In March 1951, Beals was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. In 1966, he was awarded the inaugural Meteoritical Society Leonard Medal for his work on identifying Canadian impact craters.{{Cite web|url=https://meteoritical.org/awards/leonard-medalists|title=Leonard Medalists {{!}} Meteoritical Society|website=meteoritical.org|language=en|access-date=2018-10-29|archive-date=2019-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629120826/https://meteoritical.org/awards/leonard-medalists|url-status=dead}} In 1969, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.{{OCC|1817}}

Beals received honorary degrees from Acadia University, the University of New Brunswick, Queen's University and the University of Pittsburgh.

The Carlyle S. Beals Award was established by the Canadian Astronomical Society (CASCA) in 1981.[https://www.rasc.ca/carlyle-beals Profile], rasc.ca. Accessed February 18, 2024.

The asteroid 3314 Beals and the crater Beals on the Moon are both named for Beals.

Personal life

In 1931, Beals married Miriam White Bancroft, a professional musician and piano teacher. She was the daughter of Joseph Bancroft, a longtime Liberal member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. The couple adopted a daughter, Janitza.

Beals died on July 2, 1979, aged 80.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

Selected publications

{{Cite journal|last=Beals|first=C. S.|date=1929|title=On the Nature of Wolf-Rayet Emission. (Plates 7 and 8.)|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|language=en|volume=90|issue=2|pages=202–212|doi=10.1093/mnras/90.2.202|issn=0035-8711|bibcode=1929MNRAS..90..202B|doi-access=free}}
{{Cite journal|last=Beals|first=C. S.|date=1953|title=The Spectra of the P Cygni Stars|journal=Publications of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory Victoria|language=en|volume=9|pages=1|issn=0078-6950|bibcode=1953PDAO....9....1B}}
{{Cite journal|last1=Beals|first1=C. S.|last2=Oke|first2=J. B.|date=1953-10-01|title=On the Relation Between Distance and Intensity For Interstellar Calcium and Sodium Lines|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|language=en|volume=113|issue=5|pages=530–552|doi=10.1093/mnras/113.5.530|issn=0035-8711|bibcode=1953MNRAS.113..530B|doi-access=free}}
{{Cite journal|last1=Beals|first1=C. S.|last2=M.|first2=Ferguson, G.|last3=A.|first3=Landau|date=1956|title=Canadian Scientists Report (II. A Search for Analogies Between Lunar and Terrestrial Topography on Photographs of the Canadian Shield, Part I|journal=Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada|language=en|volume=50|pages=203|issn=0035-872X|bibcode=1956JRASC..50..203B}}
{{Cite book|title=Science, history and Hudson Bay|last1=Beals|first1=Carlyle Smith|last2=Canada|last3=Department of Energy|first3=Mines and Resources|date=1968|publisher=Dept. of Energy, Mines and Resources|location=Ottawa|language=en|oclc = 19459450}}

Carlyle S. Beals

Early life and education

Career

Awards and recognition

Personal life

Selected publications

Archives

References

Further reading