Carmonette

CARMONETTE (Combined ARms Computer MOdel) is a 1953 mainframe computer Monte Carlo simulation developed by the US Operations Research Office (ORO).{{cn|date=September 2019}} While the first computerized simulation of conventional combat was "Air Defense Simulation", developed by the Army Operations Research Office at Johns Hopkins University in 1948,{{cite book|title=CARMONETTE: A concept of tactical war games (Staff paper / Johns Hopkins University, Operations Research Office)|author=Richard E. Zimmerman}} the Carmonette series was a later variant of the genre, featuring ground combat at the levels of the individual soldier and company.{{cite book|title=Modeling, Simulation, and Operations Analysis in Afghanistan and Iraq|pages=1–12|author=Ben Connable, Walter L. Perry, Abby Doll, Natasha Lander and Dan Madden|publisher=Rand Corporation|jstor=10.7249/j.ctt5vjwt0.8|chapter=Introduction|year=2014|isbn=9780833082114}}{{Registration required|date=September 2019}} The principal architect of Carmonette was Richard E. Zimmerman.{{cite web |url=https://history.army.mil/html/books/hist_op_research/CMH_70-102-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106013431/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/hist_op_research/CMH_70-102-1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 6, 2012 |title=OFFICE OF THE DEPUTY UNDER SECRETARY OF THE ARMY FOR OPERATIONS RESEARCH UNITED STATES ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C., 2006 History of Operations Research in the United States Army |last=Shrader |first=Charles |date= |website=history.army.mil |access-date=2019-09-06}}

It was followed by CARMONETTE II which included infantry (1960–1965); CARMONETTE III which added armed helicopter support (1966–1970); also CARMONETTE IV added communications and night vision.{{Cite web|url=https://www.strategypage.com/articles/default.asp?target=Wgappen.htm#_ftn47|title= U.S. Wargaming Grows Up: A Short History of the Diffusion of Wargaming in the Armed Forces and Industry in the Postwar Period up to 1964|author=Sharon Ghamari-Tabrizi|website=www.strategypage.com}}

Piero Scaruffi described it as the first digital computer game.{{Cite web|url=https://www.scaruffi.com/science/elec3.html|title=A Brief History of Electrical Technology|website=www.scaruffi.com|access-date=2019-09-05}}