Celilo Falls

File:Celilo Falls Lee 2.jpg, September 1941.]]

The main waterfall, known variously as Celilo Falls, The Chutes, Great Falls, or Columbia Falls,{{cite book |last= Gibson |first= James R. | title= The Lifeline of the Oregon Country: The Fraser-Columbia Brigade System, 1811-47 |year= 1997 |publisher= University of British Columbia (UBC) Press |isbn= 0-7748-0643-5 |url= https://archive.org/details/lifelineoforegon0000gibs |url-access= registration |pages= [https://archive.org/details/lifelineoforegon0000gibs/page/125 125]–128}} consisted of three sections: a cataract, called Horseshoe Falls or Tumwater Falls; a deep eddy, the Cul-de-Sac; and the main channel. These features were formed by the Columbia River's relentless push through basalt narrows on the final leg of its journey to the Pacific Ocean. Frequently more than a mile (1.6 km) in width, the river was squeezed here into a width of only 140 feet (43 m).{{cite book | last = Dietrich | first = William | title = Northwest Passage: The Great Columbia River | publisher = University of Washington Press | place = Seattle, WA | year = 1995 | page = 80 | isbn = 0-671-79650-X}} The seasonal flow of the Columbia changed the height of the falls over the course of a year. At low water the drop was about {{convert|20|ft|m}}. In 1839, Modeste Demers investigated the area in some detail and described not just one fall but a great many, in different channels and with different qualities. He wrote, "The number and variety [of the channels and falls] are surprising. They are not all equally deep. The falls are from 3 to 12 and 15 feet high." During the spring freshet in June and July, the falls could be completely submerged. The falls were the sixth-largest by volume in the world and were among the largest in North America.{{cite web |url=http://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/database.php?s=N&t=W&orderby=avevolume&sortLimit=5000 |title=World Waterfall Database |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927093831/http://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/database.php?s=N&t=W&orderby=avevolume&sortLimit=5000 |archive-date=2007-09-27 }} Average annual flow was about 190,000 ft³/sec (5,380 m³/s), and during periods of high water or flood, as much as 1,240,000 ft³/sec (35,113 m³/s) passed over the falls.{{cite web | title = World Waterfall database | url = http://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/waterfall.php?num=161 | access-date = 2008-02-01 | archive-date = 2006-11-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061128154519/http://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/waterfall.php?num=161 | url-status = live }}

File:Celilo Falls Lee.jpg, September 1941.]]

Celilo Falls itself was the first in a series of cascades and rapids known collectively as The Narrows or The Dalles, stretching for about {{convert|12|mi|km}} downstream.{{cite gnis |id=1530564 |name=The Dalles (historical)}} Over that length, the river dropped {{convert|82|ft|m}} at high water and {{convert|63|ft|m}} at low water.

File:Grand Dalles of the Columbia.png

Three miles (4.8 km) below Celilo Falls was a stretch of rapids known variously as the Short Narrows, Ten Mile Rapids, the Little (or Upper) Dalles, or Les Petites Dalles. These rapids were about {{convert|1|mi|km}} long and {{convert|250|ft|m}} wide. Ten miles (16 km) below Celilo Falls was another stretch of rapids, this one known as the Long Narrows, Five Mile Rapids, the Big (or Lower) Dalles, Les Grandes Dalles, or Grand Dalles. This stretch of rapids was about {{convert|3|mi|km}} long, and the river channel narrowed to {{convert|75|ft|m}}. Immediately downstream were the Dalles Rapids (or Wascopam to the local natives), about {{convert|1.5|mi|km}} long. Here the river dropped {{convert|15|ft|m}} in a tumult much commented on by early explorers.

The Long Narrows and the Dalles Rapids are sometimes grouped together under names such as Grand Dalles, Les Dalles, Big Dalles, or The Dalles. One early observer, Ross Cox, noted a three-mile "succession of boiling whirlpools." Explorer Charles Wilkes described it as "one of the most remarkable places upon the Columbia." He calculated that the river dropped about {{convert|50|ft|m}} over {{convert|2|mi|km}} here. During the spring freshet, the river rose as much as {{convert|62|ft|m}}, radically altering the nature of the rapids. Fur trader Alexander Ross wrote, "[The water] rushes with great impetuosity; the foaming surges dash through the rocks with terrific violence; no craft, either large or small, can venture there safely. During floods, this obstruction, or ledge of rocks, is covered with water, yet the passage of the narrows is not thereby improved."

{{Clear}}

File:Indians drying salmon by James M Davis, c1900.jpg drying salmon, circa 1900]]

{{quote box|width=250px|quote=Our waters shall be free: free to serve the uses and purposes of their creation by a Divine Providence.|source= —Portland investor and civic leader Joseph Nathan Teal, at the canal's opening ceremony.J. B. Tyrell, ed., David Thompson: Narrative of his Explorations in Western America, 1784-1812 (Toronto, 1916, 496-97; "Address of Joseph Nathan Teal), The Dalles-Celilo Celebration, Big Eddy, Oregon (May 5, 1915," Oregon Historical quarterly, 16 (Fall 1916), 107-8. (As quoted in {{cite web |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3951/is_200004/ai_n8884518/pg_1 |title=The Columbia River's fate in the twentieth century |access-date=2007-04-16 |archive-date=2016-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110105047/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3951/is_200004/ai_n8884518/pg_1 |url-status=live }})}}

File:Celilofalls.ogg fishers at Celilo Falls in 1956, shortly before the site was submerged by The Dalles Dam]]

File:Clark Family Collection- Volume 4. Voorhis Journal No. 4, page 7, October 22-23, 1806.jpg map, 1806]]

For 15,000 years, native peoples gathered at Wyam to fish and exchange goods.{{cite book | last = Barber | first = Katrine |author2=Ed. William G. Robbins | title=Narrative Fractures and Fractured Narratives: Celilo Falls in the Columbia Gorge Discovery Center and the Yakama Nation Cultural Heritage Center | work = The Great Northwest: The Search for Regional Identity | publisher = Oregon State University Press | place = Corvallis, Oregon | year = 2001}} They built wooden platforms out over the water and caught salmon with dipnets and long spears on poles as the fish swam up through the rapids and jumped over the falls.{{cite book | last = Dietrich | first = William | title = Northwest Passage: The Great Columbia River | publisher = University of Washington Press | place = Seattle, WA | year = 1995 | page = 154 | isbn = 0-671-79650-X}} Historically, an estimated fifteen to twenty million salmon passed through the falls every year, making it among the greatest fishing sites in North America.{{cite news | last = Rohrbacher | first = George | title = Talk of the Past: The salmon fisheries of Celilo Falls | work = Common-Place | date = January 2006 | url = http://www.common-place.org/vol-06/no-02/talk/ | access-date = 2008-02-01 | archive-date = 2007-11-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071111052106/http://www.common-place.org/vol-06/no-02/talk/ | url-status = live }}

Celilo Falls and The Dalles were strategically located at the border between Chinookan and Sahaptian speaking peoples and served as the center of an extensive trading network across the Pacific Plateau.{{cite book | last=Ronda | first=James P. | title=Lewis & Clark among the Indians | work=Down the Columbia | publisher=University of Nebraska Press | place=Lincoln, Nebraska | year=1984 | url=https://archive.org/details/lewisclarkamongt00jame | access-date=2008-02-01 | isbn=0-8032-3870-3 | url-access=registration }} {{dead link| date=June 2010 | bot=DASHBot}} Artifacts from the original village site at Celilo suggest that trade goods came from as far away as the Great Plains, Southwestern United States, and Alaska.{{cite web|last=Center for Columbia River History |title=Oregon's Oldest Town: 11,000 Years of Occupation |url=http://www.ccrh.org/comm/river/celilo.htm |access-date=2008-02-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215200136/http://www.ccrh.org/comm/river/celilo.htm |archive-date=2008-02-15 }} There are also numerous rock art drawings at the head of the falls. This demonstrates the site to not just be important for trading purposes. It acted as a melting pot for the cultures which fished and traded there.{{cite book|last=Snow|first=Dean R.|title=Archaeology of Native North America|year=2010|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-13-615686-4}} When the Lewis and Clark Expedition passed through the area in 1805, the explorers found a "great emporium...where all the neighboring nations assemble," and a population density unlike anything they had seen on their journey.{{cite journal | last = Cressman | first = L.S. | title = Cultural Sequences at the Dalles, Oregon: A Contribution to Pacific Northwest Prehistory | journal = Transactions of the American Philosophical Society | volume = 50 | issue = 10 | pages = 1–108 | doi = 10.2307/1005853 | year = 1960 | publisher = American Philosophical Society | jstor = 1005853 | display-authors = etal | url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/download/pdf?id=mdp.39076005656769;orient=0;size=100;seq=3;attachment=0 | hdl = 2027/mdp.39076005656769 | hdl-access = free | access-date = 2019-09-24 | archive-date = 2019-09-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190924073658/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/imgsrv/download/pdf?id=mdp.39076005656769;orient=0;size=100;seq=3;attachment=0 | url-status = live }} Accordingly, historians have likened the Celilo area to the "Wall Street of the West."{{cite news | last = Alpert | first = Emily | title = Remembering Celilo Falls | work = The Dalles Chronicle | date = 2006-07-10 | url = http://www.bluefish.org/celilofa.htm | access-date = 2008-02-01 | archive-date = 2006-10-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061008082700/http://www.bluefish.org/celilofa.htm | url-status = live }} The Wishram people lived on the north bank, while the Wasco lived on the south bank, with the most intense bargaining occurring at the Wishram village of Nix-luidix. Charles Wilkes reported finding three major native fishing sites on the lower Columbia — Celilo Falls, the Big Dalles, and Cascades Rapids, with the Big Dalles being the largest. Alexander Ross described it as the "great rendezvous" of native traders, as "the great emporium or mart of the Columbia." Pinnipeds such as sea lions and seals followed salmon up the Columbia as far as Celilo Falls. In 1841 George Simpson wrote "these animals ascend the Columbia in great numbers in quest of the salmon."{{cite book |last = Mackie |first= Richard Somerset |title= Trading Beyond the Mountains: The British Fur Trade on the Pacific 1793-1843 |year= 1997 |publisher= University of British Columbia (UBC) Press |location= Vancouver |isbn= 0-7748-0613-3 |pages= 191–192}} online at {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKXgJw6K088C |title=Trading Beyond the Mountains: The British Fur Trade on the Pacific, 1793-1843 |isbn=9780774806138 |access-date=2016-09-23 |archive-date=2016-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426045756/https://books.google.com/books?id=VKXgJw6K088C |url-status=live |last1=MacKie |first1=Richard |date=1997 |publisher=UBC Press }}

The seasonal changes in the Columbia's flow, high in summer and low in winter, affected Celilo Falls dramatically. Lewis and Clark reached Celilo Falls in the late autumn when the water was relatively low, turning the falls into a major barrier. In contrast, when David Thompson passed Celilo Falls in July 1811, the high water obscured the falls and made his passage through the Columbia Gorge relatively easy.{{cite book |last= Meinig |first= D.W. |author-link= D.W. Meinig |title= The Great Columbia Plain |orig-year= 1968 |edition= Weyerhaeuser Environmental Classic |year= 1995 |publisher= University of Washington Press |isbn= 0-295-97485-0 |pages= 37–38, 50}} Modeste Demers wrote about the seasonal change in 1839: "One may be astonished to learn that these chutes, so terrible at low water, are smooth and still at very high water, which does not happen every year. Then it is that, instead of fearing them, the voyageurs hasten to approach them, to light their pipes and rest." More difficult was the Long Narrows, or Big Dalles, ten miles below Celilo Falls. This section of the river was impassable during high water. During the autumn low water they were passable but with unloaded boats only, and even then the passage was very dangerous. "They are never passed without dread," wrote François Blanchet in 1839. Narcissa Whitman asserted in 1836 that over one hundred "white lives" had been lost at the Dalles.The Lifeline of the Oregon Country, p. 42''

In the 1840s and 1850s, American pioneers began arriving in the area, traveling down the Columbia on wooden barges loaded with wagons. Many lost their lives in the violent currents near Celilo.{{cite web | title = Waiilatpu Mission Resource Education Guide | publisher = Whitman Mission National Historic Site | date = 2004-11-14 | url =http://www.nps.gov/whmi/forteachers/upload/Waiilatpu%20Mission%20Resource%20Education%20Guide.doc

| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080228153721/http://www.nps.gov/whmi/forteachers/upload/Waiilatpu%20Mission%20Resource%20Education%20Guide.doc

| url-status =dead

| archive-date =2008-02-28

| access-date = 2008-02-01|format=DOC }} In the 1870s, the Army Corps of Engineers embarked on a plan to improve navigation on the river. In 1915, they completed the {{convert|14|mi|km|adj=on}} Celilo Canal, a portage allowing steamboats to circumvent the turbulent falls. Though the canal's opening was greeted with great enthusiasm and anticipation, the canal was scarcely used and was completely idle by 1919.{{cite book | last = Dietrich | first = William | title = Northwest Passage: The Great Columbia River | publisher = University of Washington Press | place = Seattle, WA | year = 1995 | page = 204 | isbn = 0-671-79650-X}}

{{Clear}}

File:Celilo Sonar.jpg

As more settlers arrived in the Pacific Northwest in the 1930s and 1940s, civic leaders advocated a system of hydroelectric dams on the Columbia River. They argued that the dams would improve navigation for barge traffic from interior regions to the ocean; provide a reliable source of irrigation for agricultural production; provide electricity for the World War II defense industry; and alleviate the flooding of downriver cities, as occurred in the 1948 destruction of Vanport, Oregon.

Aluminum production, shipbuilding, and nuclear production at the Hanford site contributed to a rapid increase in regional demand for electricity. By 1943, fully 96 percent of Columbia River electricity was being used for war manufacturing.{{cite book | last = Dietrich | first = William | title = Northwest Passage: The Great Columbia River | publisher = University of Washington Press | place = Seattle, WA | year = 1995 | page = 284 | isbn = 0-671-79650-X}} The volume of water at Celilo Falls made The Dalles an attractive site for a new dam in the eyes of the Corps of Engineers.

Throughout this period, native people continued to fish at Celilo, under the provisions of the 1855 Treaties signed with the Yakama Nation,{{cite web|title=Treaty with the Yakama, 1855 |url=http://www.critfc.org/text/yaktreaty.html |access-date=2008-02-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209225523/http://www.critfc.org/text/yaktreaty.html |archive-date=2008-02-09 }} the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs,{{cite web|title=Treaty of Wasco, Columbia River, Oregon Territory with the Taih, Wyam, Tenino, & Dock-Spus Bands of the Walla-Walla, and the Dalles, Ki-Gal-Twal-La, and the Dog River Bands of the Wasco |url=http://www.warmsprings.com/Warmsprings/Tribal_Community/History__Culture/Treaty__Documents/Treaty_of_1855.html |access-date=2008-02-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20071219193804/http://www.warmsprings.com/Warmsprings/Tribal_Community/History__Culture/Treaty__Documents/Treaty_of_1855.html |archive-date=2007-12-19 |url-status=dead }} and the Walla Walla, Umatilla, and Cayuse,{{cite web|title=Treaty with the Walla Walla, Cayuse and Umatilla, 1855 |url=http://www.umatilla.nsn.us/treaty.html |access-date=2008-02-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226134500/http://www.umatilla.nsn.us/treaty.html |archive-date=2008-02-26 }} which guaranteed the tribes' ancient "right of taking fish at all usual and accustomed stations." In 1947, the federal government convened Congressional hearings and concluded that the proposed dam at The Dalles would not violate tribal fishing rights under the treaties.{{cite book | last = Dietrich | first = William | title = Northwest Passage: The Great Columbia River | publisher = University of Washington Press | place = Seattle, WA | year = 1995 | page = 378 | isbn = 0-671-79650-X}} Subsequently, the government reached a monetary settlement with the affected tribes, paying $26.8 million for the loss of Celilo and other fishing sites on the Columbia.{{cite book | last = Dietrich | first = William | title = Northwest Passage: The Great Columbia River | publisher = University of Washington Press | place = Seattle, WA | year = 1995 | page = 376 | isbn = 0-671-79650-X}}

The Army Corps of Engineers commenced work on The Dalles Dam in 1952 and completed it five years later. On March 10, 1957, hundreds of observers looked on as a rising Lake Celilo rapidly silenced the falls, submerged fishing platforms, and consumed the village of Celilo, ending an age-old existence for those who lived there. A small Native American community exists today at nearby Celilo Village, on a bluff overlooking the former location of the falls.

In 2008 the Army Corps of Engineers completed a survey of the Celilo Falls site using sonar technology, in response to the 50th anniversary of the flooding of the falls. The survey revealed that the falls remain intact below the artificial lake, and that "rocky outcrops, carved basins and channels that match aerial photographs from the 1940s."{{cite news|title=Sonar shows Celilo Falls are intact|last=Rojas-Burke|first=Joe|date=November 28, 2008|work=The Oregonian|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2008/11/sonar_shows_celilo_falls_are_i.html|access-date=2008-11-28|archive-date=2008-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201055754/http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2008/11/sonar_shows_celilo_falls_are_i.html|url-status=live}}

Celilo Falls retains great cultural significance for native peoples. Ted Strong of the Intertribal Fish Commission told one historian, "If you are an Indian person and you think, you can still see all the characteristics of that waterfall. If you listen, you can still hear its roar. If you inhale, the fragrances of mist and fish and water come back again." In 2007, three thousand people gathered at Celilo Village to commemorate the 50-year anniversary of the inundation of the falls.{{cite news|last=Modie |first=Jonathan |title=The Celilo Legacy commemoration brought together the tribes of the lower Columbia River and others to remember Celilo Falls, bringing a mix of sadness and nostalgia. |work=Wana Chinook Tymoo |url=http://www.critfc.org/wana/legacy.html |access-date=2008-02-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515145832/http://www.critfc.org/wana/legacy.html |archive-date=2008-05-15 }}

In Ken Kesey's novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, the narrator, Chief Bromden, grows up in a native village near the waterfall. In one section, he encounters the government agents sent to appraise the land and negotiate with Bromden's father, the chief of the village at the time.

Artist and architect Maya Lin is working on interpretive artwork at Celilo for the Confluence Project, scheduled for completion in 2019.

{{cite web | title=Confluence Project: Celilo Park| url=http://www.confluenceproject.org/project_sites/celilo_park/ | access-date=2008-02-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080126062422/http://www.confluenceproject.org/project_sites/celilo_park/ |archive-date = January 26, 2008|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=Celilo Park|url=http://www.confluenceproject.org/project-sites/celilo-park/|website=Confluence Project|access-date=2014-09-08|archive-date=2014-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911002152/http://www.confluenceproject.org/project-sites/celilo-park/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.portlandoregon.gov/brfs/article/642038 |title=FY2016-17 Competitive Process Special Appropriations Grant Awardee: CONFLUENCE Grant Project: CONFLUENCE PROJECT AT CELILO PARK |access-date=2018-03-03 |archive-date=2018-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303225608/https://www.portlandoregon.gov/brfs/article/642038 |url-status=live }}

{{Wide image|Celilo Falls aerial.jpg|1350px|Aerial view of Lake Celilo on the Columbia River, after construction of The Dalles Dam. The former location of Celilo Falls, the Short Narrows, and the Long Narrows are noted in parentheses. (The river bends to the southwest downstream of Browns Island; the left panel is rotated so that the image fits horizontally.)}}

Yakama and Lummi nation leaders called for a restoration of the falls in 2019, who noted that Indigenous peoples never agreed to the submergence of the falls. They cited that the river's temperature has become hotter with the reservoir each year and that there has been a large decline in salmon populations.{{Cite web |title=Northwest Tribes Call For Removal Of Lower Columbia River Dams |url=https://www.opb.org/news/article/pacific-northwest-tribes-remove-columbia-river-dams/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=opb |language=en}} They also noted that the dam has destroyed fishing sites that were guaranteed to the tribes in treaties 150 years ago. In response, Northwest RiverPartners issued a statement that the dam remains important for hydropower electricity generation for ports and businesses in the area.

• List of waterfalls by flow rate
• List of rapids of the Columbia River

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}

• http://www.offbeatoregon.com/H1009a_celilo-falls-part-of-once-wild-Columbia.html
• The Run of the River (The Memory Palace) http://thememorypalace.us/2015/08/run-of-the-river/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912003519/http://thememorypalace.us/2015/08/run-of-the-river/ |date=2017-09-12 }}
• Woody, Elizabeth. {{cite web|url=http://www.salmonnation.com/essays/recalling_celilo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830001941/http://www.salmonnation.com/essays/recalling_celilo.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-08-30 |title=Recalling Celilo }}.
• {{cite web |url=http://www.critfc.org |title=Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission}}, includes Celilo Legacy commemoration and Celilo history
• Fisher, Andrew H. {{cite web|url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ohq/105.2/fisher.html |title=Tangled Nets: Treaty Rights and Tribal Identities at Celilo Falls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121013604/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ohq/105.2/fisher.html |archive-date=2007-11-21 }}, Oregon Historical Quarterly, summer 2004.
• Fredlund, Diana. {{cite web|url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ohq/108.4/fredlund.html |title=The Corps of Engineers and Celilo Falls: Facing the Past, Looking to the Future |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612213810/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ohq/108.4/fredlund.html |archive-date=2008-06-12 }}, Oregon Historical Quarterly, winter 2007.
• {{cite web|url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ohq/108.4/editor.html |title=Significant Events in the History of Celilo Falls |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202182940/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ohq/108.4/editor.html |archive-date=2008-12-02 }}. Oregon Historical Quarterly 108.4 (2007). Retrieved on July 7, 2008.
• Binus, Joshua. {{cite web |url=http://ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument.cfm?doc_ID=1662AFF4-E730-DED2-B9E73CA5DAE9ACF2 |title=Yakama Nation & US Corps Discuss Celilo Settlement}}, Oregon History Project, 2004.
• {{cite gnis |id=1161648 |name=Celilo Falls}}
• {{cite gnis |id=1159036 |name=Dalles Rapids}}
• {{cite gnis |id=1530564 |name=The Dalles}}

{{Oregon Native History}}

{{Oregon Early History}}

{{Oregon Modern History}}

{{Oregon Brief History}}

{{Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest}}

{{Columbia River}}

{{Waterfalls of Oregon}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Good article}}

Category:Articles containing video clips

Category:Cascade waterfalls

Category:Columbia River Gorge

Category:History of transportation in Oregon

Category:History of Washington (state)

Category:Landforms of Klickitat County, Washington

Category:Landforms of Wasco County, Oregon

Category:Submerged waterfalls

Category:Waterfalls of Oregon

Category:Waterfalls of Washington (state)

Category:Former Native American populated places in the United States

Category:Environmental racism in the United States