Cerrado languages
{{Infobox language family
| name = Cerrado
| region = Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Pará, Maranhão, formerly Piauí, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo
| familycolor = macro-je | fontcolor = white
| fam1 = Macro-Jê
| fam2 = Jê
| child1 = Jê of Goyaz
| child2 = Akuwẽ (Central Jê)
| glotto = none
| protoname = Proto-Cerrado
}}
The Cerrado languages (also referred to as Amazonian Jê{{cite journal |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Eduardo Rivail |last2=Voort |first2=Hein van der |date=2010 |title=Nimuendajú was right: the inclusion of the Jabutí language family in the Macro-Jê stock |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=76 |issue=4 |pages=517–70 |url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/artigo%3Aribeiro-voort-2010/ribeiro_voort_2010.pdf}}{{rp|549}}) are a branch of the Jê languages constituted by the Goyaz Jê languages and Akuwẽ (Central Jê).{{cite thesis|last=Nikulin |first=Andrey |date=2020 |url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Anikulin-2020/Nikulin_2020_Proto-Macro-Je.pdf |title=Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo |type=Ph.D. dissertation |location=Brasília |publisher=Universidade de Brasília}}{{rp|14–5}}
Sound changes from [[Jê languages|Proto-Jê]] to Proto-Cerrado
The occurrence of the consonant */g/ in Proto-Cerrado (as in */g/õt ‘to sleep’, */g/õ ‘to give’, */g/aj’ ‘you’) is believed to be an innovation; it has been claimed to have been inserted in onsetless-stressed syllables.{{rp|85}}
The Proto-Cerrado diphthongs *wa and *ja are believed to continue Proto-Jê monophthongs, which have been reconstructed as *ô and *ê₂. Other vowels which have been claimed to have innovated in Proto-Cerrado are:{{rp|88}}
- *ô (goes back to an unrounded vowel, reconstructed as Proto-Jê *ə̂₁);
- *u (a merger of earlier *u₁ and *u₂, distinguished in the Southern Jê languages as o and u, respectively);
- *ũ (a merger of earlier *ũ₁ and *ũ₂, distinguished as ũ and ỹ in Kaingang and as ũ and õ in Laklãnõ);
- *ə̃ (a merger of earlier *ə̃ and *ỹ, distinguished as ỹ and ĩ in Kaingang and as õ and ẽ in Laklãnõ);
- all vowels in the Proto-Jê unstressed syllables of the shape *pV- were neutralized in the Cerrado languages: Proto-Cerrado *pᵊ- (> Proto-Goyaz Jê *py-/*pu-, Proto-Akuwẽ *pi-).
Sound changes from Proto-Cerrado to the daughter languages
=Onsets=
The simple onset inventory of Proto-Cerrado is */p m w t n ɾ c ɲ j k ŋ g/, and the only complex onsets are */pɾ mɾ kɾ ŋɾ/.{{rp|158–63}}
Their reflexes in the daughter branches are shown below.
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" | Proto-Cerrado ! colspan="2" | Proto-Goyaz Jê ! colspan="4" | Proto-Akuwẽ |
| oral nucleus
! nasal nucleus ! oral nucleus ! nasal nucleus ! oral nucleus ! oral nucleus ! before a diphthong ! nasal nucleus |
|---|
| colspan="2" | *p */p/
| colspan="2" | *p */p/ | rowspan="2" | *p */p/ | rowspan="2" | *b */b/ | rowspan="4" | N/A | rowspan="2" | *m */b/ |
| *mb */m/
| *m */m/ | *mb */m/ | *m */m/ |
| colspan="2" | *pr */pɾ/
| colspan="2" | *pr */pɾ/ | rowspan="2" | *pr */pɾ/ | rowspan="2" | N/A | *mr */bɾ/ |
| *mbr */mɾ/
| *mr */mɾ/ | *mbr */mɾ/ | *mr */mɾ/ | N/A |
| colspan="2" | *w */w/
| colspan="2" | *b */b/ | colspan="4" | *w */w/ |
| colspan="2" | *t */t/
| colspan="2" | *t */t/ | rowspan="2" | *t */t/ | *d */d/ | *∅ | rowspan="2" | *n */d/ |
| *nd */n/
| *n */n/ | *nd */n/ | *n */n/ | colspan="2" | N/A |
| colspan="2" | *r */ɾ/
| colspan="2" | *r */ɾ/ | colspan="2" | *r */ɾ/ | *∅ | *r */ɾ/ |
| colspan="2" | *c */c/
| colspan="2" | *c */c/ | rowspan="2" | *c */c/ | *ĵ */ɟ/, *h */h/ (before *i) | *∅ | *c */c/ |
| *nĵ */ɲ/
| N/A | *nĵ */ɲ/ | N/A | colspan="3" | N/A |
| *j */j/
| *ñ */j/ | *ĵ (stressed)/*j (unstressed) */ĵ/ | *ñ */ĵ/ | colspan="2" | *ĵ */ĵ/, *c */c/ (before *i) | *k */k/ | *ñ */ĵ/ |
| colspan="2" | *k */k/
| colspan="2" | *k */k/ | rowspan="2" | *k */k/ | rowspan="4" | *h */h/ | rowspan="4" | *∅ | *k */k/ |
| *ŋg */ŋ/
| *ŋ */ŋ/ | *ŋg */ŋ/ | *ŋ */ŋ/ | N/A |
| colspan="2" | *kr */kɾ/
| colspan="2" | *kr */kɾ/ | rowspan="2" | *kr */kɾ/ | *kr */kɾ/ |
| *ŋgr */ŋɾ/
| *ŋr */ŋɾ/ | *ŋgr */ŋɾ/ | *ŋr */ŋɾ/ | N/A |
| colspan="2" | *g */g/
| *g */g/ | *ŋ */g/ | *g */g/ | colspan="3" | N/A |
=Nuclei=
The inventory of the Proto-Cerrado monophthongs is reconstructed as follows.
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" |oral ! rowspan="5" | ! colspan="3" |nasal |
| *i */i/
|*y */ɨ/ |*u */u/ |*ĩ */ĩ/ |*ỹ */ɨ̃/ | |
| *ê */e/
|*ə̂ */ɘ/ |*ô */o/ | | | |
| *e */ɛ/
|*ə */ɜ/ |*o */ɔ/ |*ẽ */ɛ̃/ |*ə̃ */ɜ̃/ |*õ */ɔ̃/ |
| |*a */a/
| | | | |
In addition, two diphthongs can be reconstructed, */wa/ and */ja/.
The following table shows the usual reflexes of the Proto-Cerrado nuclei in Proto-Goyaz Jê and in Proto-Akuwẽ. The latter group shows a chain vowel shift known as the Akuwẽ/Central Jê vowel shift.{{cite thesis|last=Oliveira |first=Christiane Cunha de |date=February 2014 |url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Aoliveira-2005/oliveira_2005.pdf |title=The Language of the Apinajé People of Central Brazil |type=Ph.D. dissertation |location=Eugene, OR |publisher=University of Oregon}}{{rp|61}}{{cite journal |last1=Nikulin |first1=Andrey |title=A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Cerrado (Jê family) |journal=Journal of Language Relationship |date=2017 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=147–180 |doi=10.31826/jlr-2018-153-404|doi-access=free }}{{rp|164}}
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! Proto-Cerrado !! Proto-Goyaz Jê !! Proto-Akuwẽ |
| *a */a/
| *a */a/, |
|---|
| *ə */ɜ/
| *ə */ɜ/ | rowspan="2" | *e */ɛ/, *ê */e/ (before a dental coda) |
| *ə̂ */ɘ/
| *ə̂ */ɘ/ |
| *y */ɨ/
| *y */ɨ/, |
| *o */ɔ/
| *o */ɔ/ || *o */ɔ/ |
| *ô */o/
| *ô */o/ | rowspan="2" | *u */u/ |
| *u */u/
| *u */u/, |
| *wa */wa/
| *wa */wa/, *û */ua/, |
| *e */ɛ/
| *e */ɛ/ || *ê */e/ |
| *ê */e/
| *ê */e/ | rowspan="2" | *i */i/ |
| *i */i/
| *i */i/ |
| *ja */ja/
| *jê */je/, *î */ia/ || *ĵa */ɟa/ |
| *ə̃ */ɜ̃/
| *ə̃ */ɜ̃/ | rowspan="2" | *ə̃ */ə̃/ |
| *ỹ */ɨ̃/
| *ỹ */ɨ̃/ |
| *õ */ɔ̃/
| *õ */ɔ̃/ || *õ */ɔ̃/ |
| *ẽ */ɛ̃/
| *ẽ */ɛ̃/ || *ẽ */ɛ̃/ |
| *ĩ */ĩ/
| *ĩ */ĩ/ || *ĩ */ĩ/ |
=Codas=
{{Empty section|date=August 2020|section= }}
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Languages of Brazil}}
{{Macro-Jê languages}}
{{Macro-Jê-lang-stub}}