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Chaetodon#Rabdophorus group

{{Short description|Genus of fishes}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|33.9|0}}Early Oligocene – Recent

| image = Chaetodon capistratus2.jpg

| image_caption = Foureye butterflyfish, C. capistratus
the type species of Chaetodon

| taxon = Chaetodon

| authority = Linnaeus, 1758

| type_species = Chaetodon capistratus

| type_species_authority = Linnaeus, 1758

| subdivision_ranks = Subgenera

| subdivision = Chaetodon Linnaeus, 1758

"Citharoedus" Kaup, 1860 (non Herrmannsen, 1847: preoccupied)

Corallochaetodon Burgess, 1978

Discochaetodon Nalbant, 1971

Exornator Nalbant, 1971

Gonochaetodon Bleeker, 1876

Lepidochaetodon Bleeker, 1876

Megaprotodon Guichenot, 1848

Rabdophorus Swainson, 1839

Rhombochaetodon Burgess, 1978 (disputed)

Tetrachaetodon Weber & Beaufort, 1936

and see text

| synonyms = *Aspilurochaetodon Mauge & Bauchot, 1984

  • Burgessius Mauge & Bauchot, 1984
  • Chaetodontops Bleeker, 1876
  • Heterochaetodon Mauge & Bauchot, 1984
  • Roaops Mauge & Bauchot, 1984
  • Tifia Jordan in Jordan & Jordan, 1922

}}

Chaetodon is a tropical fish genus in the family Chaetodontidae. Like their relatives, they are known as "butterflyfish". This genus is by far the largest among the Chaetodontidae, with about 90 living species included here,FishBase (2006) though most might warrant recognition as distinct genera.

Species

= Extant species =

There are currently 87 recognized species in this genus:{{FishBase genus | genus = Chaetodon| month = February | year = 2013}}

== ''Chaetodon sensu stricto'' ==

== ''C. robustus'' group ==

== ''Lepidochaetodon'' group ==

Image:Bep chaetodon punctatofasciatus.jpg|Spotband butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Exornator) punctatofasciatus

Image:Chaetodon guttatissimus_01.jpg|Peppered butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Exornator) guttatissimus

Image:8070 aquaimages.jpg|Fourspot butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Exornator) quadrimaculatus

Image:Chaetodon unimaculatus.jpg|Teardrop butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Lepidochaetodon) unimaculatus

Image:Bep chaetodon madagaskariensis.jpg|Seychelles butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Rhombochaetodon) madagaskariensis

Image:Chaetodon blackburnii Réunion.jpg|Brownburnie
Chaetodon (Rhombochaetodon) blackburnii

Image:Chaetodon interruptus, groupe.jpg|A group of Yellow teardrop butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Lepidochaetodon) interruptus

Subgenus Exornator (including Burgessius, Heterochaetodon and possibly Rhombochaetodon; tentatively placed here)

Subgenus Lepidochaetodon (including Tifia)

Subgenus Rhombochaetodon (including Roaops, might belong in Exornator; tentatively placed here)

== ''Megaprotodon'' group ==

Image:Chaetodon ornatissimus by NPS.jpg|Ornate butterflyfish
Chaetodon ("Citharoedus") ornatissimus

Image:Chaetodon reticulatus by NPS.jpg|Mailed butterflyfish
Chaetodon ("Citharoedus") reticulatus

Image:Bep chaetodon austriacus edit.jpg|Blacktail butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Corallochaetodon) austriacus

Image:Bep chaetodon lunulatus.jpg|Oval butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Corallochaetodon) lunulatus

Image:Bep chaetodon octofasciatus.jpg|Eightband butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Discochaetodon) octofasciatus

Image:Bep chaetodon baronessa.jpg|Eastern triangular butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Gonochaetodon) baronessa

Image:Bep chaetodon trifascialis.jpg|Chevron butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Megaprotodon) trifascialis

Image:Bep chaetodon speculum.jpg|Mirror butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Tetrachaetodon) speculum

Image:Chaetodon zanzibarensis Réunion.JPG|Zanzibar butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Tetrachaetodon) zanzibarensis

Subgenus "Citharoedus" (tentatively placed here)

Subgenus Corallochaetodon (tentatively placed here)

Subgenus Discochaetodon

Subgenus Gonochaetodon (tentatively placed here)File:Chaetodon triangulum Landaagiraavaru.jpg

Subgenus Megaprotodon

  • Chaetodon trifascialis Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 (Chevron Butterflyfish, Triangulate butterflyfish, V-lined butterflyfish)

Subgenus Tetrachaetodon

== ''Rabdophorus'' group ==

Including Aspilurochaetodon, Chaetodontops

Image:Chaetodon auriga by NPS.jpg|Threadfin butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Rabdophorus) auriga

Image:Bep chaetodon falcula.jpg|Blackwedged butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Rabdophorus) falcula

File:Chaetodon melannotus edit4.jpg|Blackback butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Rabdophorus) melannotus

Image:Chaetodon lineolatus.jpg|Lined butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Rabdophorus) lineolatus

Image:Chaetodon collare 1.jpg|Redtail butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Rabdophorus) collare

Image:Chaetodon flavirostris 1.jpg|Black butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Rabdophorus) flavirostris

Image:Chaetodon semilarvatus by Konstanze Löwe.JPG|Bluecheek butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Rabdophorus) semilarvatus

Image:Chaetodon ephippium PLW edit.jpg|Saddle butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Rabdophorus) ephippium

{{div col}}

{{div col end}}

== ''Incertae sedis'' ==

Most are probably either Chaetodon sensu stricto or C. robustus group.

= Fossil species =

The following fossil species are known:{{Cite journal |last1=Marrama' |first1=Giuseppe |last2=Giusberti |first2=Luca |last3=Carnevale |first3=Giorgio |date=2022-04-28 |title=A Rupelian Coral Reef Fish Assemblage from the Venetian Southern Alps (Berici Hills, Ne Italy) |journal=Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia |language=en |volume=128 |issue=2 |doi=10.54103/2039-4942/16601 |issn=2039-4942|doi-access=free |hdl=11577/3443920 |hdl-access=free }}

  • Subgenus †Arambourgchaetodon{{Cite journal |last=CARNEVALE |first=GIORGIO |date=2006-02-01 |title=Morphology and biology of the Miocene butterflyfish Chaetodon ficheuri (Teleostei: Chaetodontidae) |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-abstract/146/2/251/2631035 |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=146 |issue=2 |pages=251–267 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00203.x |issn=0024-4082|url-access=subscription }}
  • †Chaetodon ficheuri Arambourg, 1927 (Late Miocene of Algeria)
  • Subgenus †Blumchaetodon
  • †Chaetodon wattsi Marramà, Giusberti & Carnevale, 2022 (Early Oligocene of Italy)

The species Chaetodon penniger Bogachev, 1964 from the late Oligocene of Azerbaijan cannot be confidently assigned to this genus due to the incompleteness of the fossil.

= Proposed subgenera =

Several subgenera have been proposed for splitting out of this group. It is becoming clear how the genus might be split up, with a range{{cite journal | author1 = Fessler, Jennifer L. | author2 = Westneat, Mark W | year = 2007 | title = Molecular phylogenetics of the butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae): Taxonomy and biogeography of a global coral reef fish family | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 50–68 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.018| pmid = 17625921 | bibcode = 2007MolPE..45...50F }}{{cite journal | author1 = Hsu, Kui-Ching | author2 = Chen, Jeng-Ping | author3 = Shao, Kwang-Tsao | name-list-style = amp | year = 2007 | title = Molecular phylogeny of Chaetodon (Teleostei: Chaetodontidae) in the Indo-West Pacific: evolution in geminate species pairs and species groups | journal = Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement | volume = 14 | pages = 77–86 | url = http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s14/s14rbz10_Hsu-pp77-86.pdf | access-date = 2008-09-02 | archive-date = 2007-08-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070811042056/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s14/s14rbz10_Hsu-pp77-86.pdf | url-status = dead }} of DNA sequence data in large parts agreeing with S.D. Blum's landmark 1988 phylogenetic assessment of osteology.Blum (1988)

Basically, a core group around the type species Chaetodon capistratus would remain in Chaetodon, while maybe four clades would be split off. These could use the names Lepidochaetodon, Megaprotodon and Rabdophorus, and there is one unnamed group containing the three-banded butterflyfish (C. robustus) and its relatives. But the monophyly of the Lepidochaetodon group is not fully established; it is both unclear whether Rhombochaetodon is a lineage distinct from Exornator, and whether Lepidochaetodon is indeed closer to these than to any other Chaetodon, particularly to some lineages otherwise placed in Megaprotodon.

Prognathodes, for some time contained in Chaetodon, is worthy of recognition as full genus, as is Roa.Kuiter, R. H. 2004. Description of a new species of butterflyfish, Roa australis, from northwestern Australia (Pisces: Perciformes: Chaetodontidae). Records of the Australian Museum v. 56 (no. 2): 167-171.

Historically, more distantly related fish were placed in Chaetodon too, for resembling them in details – e.g. the common scat Scatophagus argus, which has a similar shape and size, as well as armored larvae like the Chaetodontidae – or simply because they are colorful, smallish, and unusual-looking – e.g. the quite unrelated paradise fish, as C. chinensis.

The classification proposed in Fessler and Westneat is based on the species of Chaetodon they sampled and these sorted into the following clades:

  • Clade 1
  • Chaetodon robustus
  • Chaetodon hoefleri
  • Clade 2
  • Chaetodon kleini
  • Chaetodon unimaculatus
  • Chaetodon fremblii
  • Chaetodon burgessi
  • Chaetodon xanthurus
  • Chaetodon paucifasciatus
  • Chaetodon mertensi
  • Chaetodon quadrimaculatus
  • Chaetodon citrinellus
  • Chaetodon multicinctus
  • Chaetodon punctatofasciatus
  • Chaetodon pelewensis
  • Chaetodon sedentarius
  • Chaetodon dolosus
  • Chaetodon miliaris
  • Chaetodon guentheri
  • Clade 3
  • Chaetodon austriacus
  • Chaetodon trifasciatus
  • Chaetodon ornatissimus
  • Chaetodon reticularis
  • Chaetodon meyeri
  • Chaetodon larvatus
  • Chaetodon baronessa
  • Chaetodon trifascialis
  • Chaetodon rainfordi
  • Chaetodon octofasciatus
  • Chaetodon bennetti
  • Chaetodon plebius
  • Chaetodon speculum
  • Chaetodon zanzibarensis
  • Clade 4
  • Chaetodon ocellatus
  • Chaetodon capistratus
  • Chaetodon striatus
  • Chaetodon semeion
  • Chaetodon ephippium
  • Chaetodon selene
  • Chaetodon melannotus
  • Chaetodon ocellicaudus
  • Chaetodon rafflesi
  • Chaetodon auriga
  • Chaetodon vagabundus
  • Chaetodon collare
  • Chaetodon adiergastos
  • Chaetodon fasciatus
  • Chaetodon lunula
  • Chaetodon semilarvatus
  • Chaetodon lineolatus
  • Chaetodon oxycephalus
  • Chaetodon falcula
  • Chaetodon ulietensis

Evolution & fossil record

File: Chaetodontidae - Chaetodon species.JPGThe earliest confirmed specimens of Chaetodon are from Early Oligocene-aged coral reef deposits of Italy, belonging to the extinct species Chaetodon wattsi. This fossil is roughly concurrent when the family is thought to have radiated into its modern genus diversity. Indeterminate Chaetodon fossil specimens (including both articulated specimens and otoliths) referred to Chaetodon hoefleri are known from the Late Oligocene of Slovenia and the mid-late Miocene of Poland.

As it is not easy to distinguish this genus from close relatives, it may be that some Oligocene fossils are actually of other Chaetodontidae. The fossil record of this family is scant, with only Chelmon (or some similar genus like Chelmonops or Coradion) being known from Miocene remains. As even crude molecular clocks suggest that the ancestors of the Chaetodon and the Chelmops lineage diverged in the Late Eocene already, nothing more can be said without new fossils being discovered.Sepkoski (2002), Fessler & Westneat (2007)[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=35985 Paleobiology Database]

Footnotes

{{Reflist}}

References

{{Refbegin|indent=yes}}

  • Blum, S. D. (1988): Osteology and Phylogeny of the Chaetodontidae (Pisces: Perciformes). University of Hawaii, Honolulu.
  • Fessler, Jennifer L. & Westneat, Mark W. (2007): Molecular phylogenetics of the butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae): Taxonomy and biogeography of a global coral reef fish family. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45(1): 50–68. {{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.018}}
  • Hsu, Kui-Ching; Chen, Jeng-Ping & Shao, Kwang-Tsao (2007): Molecular phylogeny of Chaetodon (Teleostei: Chaetodontidae) in the Indo-West Pacific: evolution in geminate species pairs and species groups. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement 14: 77-86. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070811042056/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s14/s14rbz10_Hsu-pp77-86.pdf PDF fulltext]
  • Sepkoski, Jack (2002): [Chaetodon]. In: A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 364: 560. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090220223520/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class HTML database excerpt]

{{Refend}}

External links

  • {{Commons category-inline|Chaetodon}}
  • {{Wikispecies-inline|Chaetodon|Chaetodon}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q133259}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Category:Marine fish genera

Category:Rupelian genus first appearances

Category:Extant Rupelian first appearances